References
- Barber, S., Brown, J., and Ferguson, D. 2021. Coronavirus: lockdown laws. House of Commons Library. Available from: https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-8875/CBP-8875.pdf [Accessed 29 July 2021].
- BBC. 2020. Coronavirus: Peak District drone police criticised for ‘lockdown shaming’. BBC 27 March 2020. Available from: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-derbyshire-52055201 [Accessed 3 March 2021].
- Bottoms, A., and Tankebe, J., 2013. Beyond procedural justice: a dialogic approach to legitimacy in criminal justice. Journal of criminal Law & criminology, 102 (1), 119–170.
- Bourdieu, P., 1991. Language and symbolic power. Cambridge: Polity Press.
- Bowling, B., Reiner, R., and Sheptycki, J.W.E., 2019. The politics of the police. 5th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Braun, V. and Clarke, V., 2006. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3, 77–101.
- Cherney, A., and Murphy, K., 2011. Understanding the contingency of procedural justice outcomes. Policing: a journal of policy and practice, 5 (3), 228–235.
- Clements, J., and Skidmore, M. 2020. Policing the pandemic: public attitudes to police visibility, enforcement and fairness. The Police Foundation. Available from: https://www.police-foundation.org.uk/2020/10/long-read-policing-the-pandemic-public-attitudes-to-police-visibility-enforcement-and-fairness/ [Accessed 4 May 2021].
- College of Policing. 2021. Understanding the law. Available from: https://www.college.police.uk/guidance/covid-19/understanding-law [Accessed 19 July 2021].
- Fancourt, D., et al., 2020. Covid-19 social study. results release 26. London: University College London. Available from: https://www.covidsocialstudy.org/results [Accessed 19 July 2021].
- Fancourt, D., et al., 2021. Covid-19 social study. results release 34. London: University College London. Available from: https://www.covidsocialstudy.org/results [Accessed 19 July 2021].
- Fox, B., et al., 2021. Are the effects of legitimacy and its components invariant? Operationalization and the generality of sunshine and Tyler’s empowerment hypothesis. Journal of research in crime and delinquency, 58 (1), 3–40.
- Ghaemmaghami, A., et al., 2021. Responding to the public during a pandemic: perceptions of ‘satisfactory’ and ‘unsatisfactory’ policing. Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice, 15 (4), 2310–2328.
- Gov.UK. 2021. Guidance. COVID-19 Response - Spring 2021 (summary). Roadmap out of lockdown. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/covid-19-response-spring-2021/covid-19-response-spring-2021-summary [Accessed 4 May 2021].
- Grace, S., 2020. Policing social distancing: gaining and maintaining compliance in the age of coronavirus. Policing: a journal of policy and practice, 14 (4), 1034–1053.
- Halliday, S., Meers, J., and Tomlinson, J. 2020. Public attitudes on compliance with Covid-19 lockdown restrictions. The Nuffield Foundation. Available from: https://mk0nuffieldfounpg9ee.kinstacdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/PublicAttitudes-on-Compliance-with-COVID19-Lockdown-Restrictions.pdf [Accessed 4 May 2021].
- Hamilton, F. 2021. Metropolitan Police cleared over handling of Sarah Everard vigil. The Times, 30 March.
- Hamm, J.A., Trinkner, R., and Carr, J.D., 2017. Fair process, trust, and cooperation: moving toward an integrated framework of police legitimacy. Criminal justice and behavior, 44 (9), 1183–1212.
- Hampshire Constabulary, 2019. Force management statement summary. Available from: https://www.hampshire.police.uk/SysSiteAssets/media/downloads/hampshire/stats-anddata/force-management-statement/force-management-statement-2019.pdf.
- Harris, S., et al., 2021. A threat to public safety: policing, racism and the Covid-19 pandemic. Institute of Race Relations. Available from: https://irr.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/A-threat-to-public-safety-v3.pdf.
- HMICFRS. 2021. Policing in the pandemic: the police response to the coronavirus pandemic during 2020. Available from: https://www.justiceinspectorates.gov.uk/hmicfrs/wpcontent/uploads/policing-in-the-pandemic-police-response-to-coronavirus-pandemic-during-2020.pdf.
- Hough, M., 2020. Good policing: trust, legitimacy and authority. Bristol: Policy Press.
- Jackson, J., et al., 2011. Compliance with the law and policing by consent: notes on police and legal legitimacy. In: A. Crawford, and A. Hucklesby, eds. Legitimacy and compliance in criminal justice (pp. 29-49). London: Routledge.
- Jackson, J., et al. 2012. Policing by consent: understanding the dynamics of police power and legitimacy. ESS country specific topline results series 1. European Commission.
- Jackson, J., et al., 2013. Just authority? Trust in the police in England and Wales. London: Routledge.
- Jonathon-Zamir, T., and Weisburd, D., 2009. Does police performance increase in importance for the public during times of security threats, and do evaluations of procedural justice decline in importance? Findings from a quasi-experimental study of antecedents of police legitimacy in Israel. Israel: Hebrew University.
- Loader, I., and Mulcahy, A., 2003. Policing and the condition of England. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Mazerolle, L., et al., 2013. Legitimacy in policing: A systematic review. Campbell systematic reviews, 9 (1), i–147.
- McLean, K., and Nix, J., 2021. Understanding the bounds of legitimacy: weber’s facets of legitimacy and the police empowerment hypothesis. Justice quarterly. doi: 10.1080/07418825.2021.1933141.
- Murphy, K., and Cherney, A., 2012. Understanding cooperation with police in a diverse society. British journal of criminology, 52, 181–201.
- National Police Chiefs’ Council. 2021. Fixed penalty notices issued under COVID-19 emergency health regulations by police forces in England and Wales. 25 March 2021. Available from: https://cdn.prgloo.com/media/c1cd9d23512643b28d36a2b5f0eabc3e.pdf [Accessed 20 July 2021].
- Nix, J., Ivanov, S., and Pickett, J.T., 2020. What does the public want police to do during pandemics? A national experiment. Criminology & public policy. doi:10.1111/1745-9133.12535.
- Office for National Statistics. 2021a. Coronavirus and compliance with government guidance, UK: April 2021. Exploring the attitudes and behaviours of different social groups in relation to compliance with coronavirus (COVID-19) government guidance across the UK. Available from: https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/healthandsocialcare/conditionsanddiseases/bulletins/coronavirusandcompliancewithgovernmentguidanceuk/april2021 [Accessed 20 July 2021].
- Office for National Statistics. 2021b. Crime in England and Wales: coronavirus (COVID-19) and crime tables (Year ending March 2021). Available from: https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/crimeandjustice/datasets/crimeinenglandandwalescoronavirusandcrimetables [Accessed 20 July 2021].
- Peacock, R., 2021. Dominance analysis of police legitimacy’s regressors: disentangling the effects of procedural justice, effectiveness, and corruption. Police practice and research, 22 (1), 589–605. doi: 10.1080/15614263.2020.1851229.
- Pósch, K., et al., 2020. Truly free consent”? Clarifying the nature of police legitimacy using causal mediation analysis. Journal of experimental criminology. doi:10.1007/s11292-020-09426-x.
- Schaap, D., 2021. Police trust-building strategies. A socio-institutional, comparative approach. Policing and society, 31 (3), 304–320. doi: 10.1080/10439463.2020.1726345.
- Shaw, D. 2021. Policing the COVID lockdown - what the public thinks nine months on. Crest Advisory. Available from: https://www.crestadvisory.com/post/policing-the-covid-lockdown-what-the-public-thinks-nine-months-on [Accessed 19 April 2021].
- Sheldon, D., 2021. Policing the pandemic: maintaining compliance and legitimacy during Covid-19. King's law journal, 32 (1), 14–25. doi: 10.1080/09615768.2021.1889809.
- St. Louis, S., and Greene, J.R., 2020. Social context in police legitimacy: giving meaning to police/community contacts. Policing and society, 30 (6), 656–673. doi:10.1080/10439463.2019.1578768.
- Sunshine, J., and Tyler, T.R., 2003. The role of procedural justice and legitimacy in shaping public support for policing. Law & society review, 37 (3), 513–548. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1555077.
- Trinkner, R., Jackson, J., and Tyler, T.R., 2018. Bounded authority: expanding “appropriate” police behavior beyond procedural justice. Law and human behavior, 42 (3), 280–293.
- Tyler, T.R., 2001. Public trust and confidence in legal authorities: what do majority and minority group members want from the law and legal institutions? Behavioral sciences & the law, 19 (2), 215–235. doi:10.1002/bsl.438. PMID: 11385699.
- Tyler, T.R., 2006a. Psychological perspectives on legitimacy and legitimation. Annual review of psychology, 57, 375–400.
- Tyler, T.R., 2006b. Why people obey the law. 2nd ed. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
- Tyler, T.R., and Fagan, J., 2008. Legitimacy and cooperation: why do people help the police fight crime in their communities? Ohio state journal of criminal Law, 6, 231–275.
- Tyler, T.R., and Huo, Y.J., 2002. Trust in the law. New York: Russell Sage.
- Yesberg, J., et al. 2021. Public support for empowering police during the COVID-19 crisis: Evidence from London. SocArXiv. doi:10.31235/osf.io/scj46 [Accessed 19 April 2021].
- Yogev, D., 2021. Social capital transformation and social control: what can we learn from the changing style in communication between religious communities and the police during COVID-19. Policing and society. doi: 10.1080/10439463.2021.1965141.
- Zundel, M., MacIntosh, R., and Mackay, D., 2018. The utility of video diaries for organizational research. Organizational research methods, 21 (2), 386–411. doi:10.1177/1094428116665463.