Getting back to the state: policing the Covid-19 pandemic

References

• Alvarado, N., Sutton, H., and Laborda, L., 2020. COVID 19 and police agency operations in Latin America and Caribbean. Washington: Inter-American Development Bank.
   Google Scholar
• Araujo, K.2020. Hilos tensados: para leer el octubre chileno. Santiago: USACH.
   Google Scholar
• Arias, E., and Goldstein, D.2010. Violent democracies in Latin America. The cultures and practice of violence series. Durham [NC]: Duke University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ariel, B., et al., 2020. Using wearable technology to increase police legitimacy in Uruguay: the case of body-worn cameras. Law & social inquiry, 45 (1), 52–80.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Auyero, J., and de Lara, A., 2012. In harm’s Way at the urban margins. Ethnography, 13 (4), 531–557.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergman, M., 2018. More money, more crime: prosperity and rising crime in Latin America. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bergman, M., and Fondevila, G., 2020. Prisons and crime in Latin America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bolger, P.C., and Walters, G.D., 2019. The relationship between police procedural justice, police legitimacy, and people’s willingness to cooperate with law enforcement: A meta-analysis. Journal of criminal justice, 60, 93–99.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonner, M.D., 2013. The politics of police image in Chile. Journal of latin American studies, 45 (4), 669–694.
   Google Scholar
• Bonner, M., and Dammert, L., 2021. Constructing police legitimacy during protests: frames and consequences for human rights. Policing and society, doi:10.1080/10439463.2021.1957887.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bottoms, A., and Tankebe, J., 2012. Beyond procedural justice: A dialogic approach to legitimacy in criminal justice. The journal of criminal law and criminology, 119–170.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brunson, R.K., and Wade, B.A., 2019. “Oh hell no, we don’t talk to police” insights on the lack of cooperation in police investigations of urban gun violence. Criminology & public policy, 18 (3), 623–648.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cao, L., and Zhao, J.S., 2005. Confidence in the police in Latin America. Journal of criminal justice, 33 (5), 403–412.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carreras, M., 2013. The impact of criminal violence on regime legitimacy in Latin America. Latin American research review, 48, 85–107.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castiglioni, R. 2020. La Política Chilena en Tiempos de Pandemia: Entre la (Des)movilización Social y la Crisis Sanitaria. Nueva Sociedad 287. La política chilena en tiempos de pandemia Entre la (des)movilización social y la crisis sanitaria | Nueva Sociedad (nuso.org).
   Google Scholar
• Clements, J. 2020. Policing the COVID-19 lockdown: new poll. https://www.crestadvisory.com/post/policing-the-COVID-19-lockdown-new-poll.
   Google Scholar
• Clunes Clunes, R., 2020. Pandemia COVID-19 en Chile. Question/cuestión, 1 (mayo), e323. doi:10.24215/16696581e323.
   Google Scholar
• Collado, M.D. 1997. Estimating binary choice models from cohort data. http://hdl.handle.net/10016/6225.
   Google Scholar
• Corbacho, A., Phillip, J., and Ruiz-Vega, M., 2015. Crime and erosion of trust: evidence for Latin America. World development, 70, 400–415.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Córdova, A., and Kras, H., 2020. Addressing violence against women: The effect of women’s police stations on police legitimacy. Comparative political studies, 53 (5), 775–808.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crehan, A.C., and Goodman-Delahunty, J., 2019. Procedural justice and complaints about police. Salus journal, 7 (1), 58–87.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cruz, J.M., 2015. Police misconduct and political legitimacy in Central America. Journal of latin American studies, 47 (2), 251–283.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cruz, J.M., 2021. Police legitimacy and hybrid security orders in Central America. Social forces., soab087, doi:10.1093/sf/soab087.
   Google Scholar
• Dammert, L., 2017. Confianza en la policía en Chile: Un arma de doble filo. Civitas – revista de ciências sociais, 16 (4), 575–594.
   Google Scholar
• Dammert, L., 2020. Carabineros de Chile ¿El modelo latinoamericano de seguridad? Análisis carolina, 25, 1.
   Google Scholar
• Dammert, L., Elorrieta, F., and Alda, E., 2021. Satisfaction with the police in Chile: The importance of legitimacy and fair treatment. Latin American politics and society, 63 (4), 124–145.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dammert, L and Malone, M. F. T., 2020. From community policing to political police in Nicaragua. European Review of Latin American and Caribbean Studies/Revista Europea de Estudios Latinoamericanos y del Caribe (110), 79–99.
   Google Scholar
• Dasgupta, R., et al., 2015. Some remarks on pseudo panel data. In: Growth curve and structural equation modeling. Cham: Springer, 25–34.
   Google Scholar
• Deflem, M., and Sutphin, S., 2009. Policing katrina: managing law enforcement in New Orleans. Policing: A journal of policy and practice, 3 (1), 41–49.
   Google Scholar
• Encuesta Nacional Urbana de Seguridad Ciudadana (ENUSC). 2020. https://www.ine.cl/docs/default-source/seguridad-ciudadana/publicaciones-y-anuarios/2020/s%C3%ADntesis-de-resultados—17-enusc-2020.pdf?sfvrsn=f57d6dc6_2.
   Google Scholar
• Farrow, K., 2020. Policing the pandemic in the UK using the principles of procedural justice. Policing: A journal of policy and practice, 14 (3), 587–592.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faúndes, J.M.M., 2019. Chile despertó: El modelo chileno, la matriz de desigualdad y la protesta de 2019. Crítica y resistencias. revista de conflictos sociales latinoamericanos, 9, 54–69.
   Google Scholar
• Fondevila, G., and Meneses, R., 2017. El rol del policía municipal en México: trabajo social y mediación de conflictos [The role of the municipal police in Mexico: social work and conflict mediation]. Gestión y política pública, XXVI (1), 139–165.
   Google Scholar
• Fondevila, G., Vilalta, C., and Massa, R., 2021. On the relationship between police patrol force and crime in Mexico: A spatial analysis. Police practice and research, 23 (2), 159–173.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gau, J.M., and Brunson, R.K., 2010. Procedural justice and order maintenance policing: A study of inner-city young men’s perceptions of police legitimacy. Justice quarterly, 27, 255–279.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• González, Y.M., 2019. The social origins of institutional weakness and change: preferences, power, and police reform in Latin America. World politics, 71 (1), 44–87.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordon, C., and Arian, A., 2001. Threat and decision making. Journal of conflict resolution, 45, 197–215.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guillerm, M., 2017. Pseudo-panel methods and an example of application to household wealth data. Economie et statistique / economics and statistics, 491 (1), 109–130.
   Google Scholar
• Hirano, K., et al., 2001. Combining panel data sets with attrition and refreshment samples. Econometrica, 69 (6), 1645–1659.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Informe Epidemiológico. 2020. https://www.minsal.cl/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/INFORME_EPI_COVID19_20200330.pdf Ministry of Health (Chile).
   Google Scholar
• Jackson, J., et al. 2020. The lockdown and social norms: Why the UK is complying by consent rather than compulsion. https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/politicsandpolicy/lockdown-social-norms/.
   Google Scholar
• Jennings, W.G., and Perez, N.M., 2020. The immediate impact of COVID-19 on law enforcement in the United States. American journal of criminal justice, 45, 690–701.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jonathan-Zamir, T., and Weisburd, D., 2013. The effects of security threats on antecedents of police legitimacy: findings from a quasi-experiment in Israel. Journal of research in crime and delinquency, 50 (1), 3–32.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, D.J., 2020. The potential impacts of pandemic policing on police legitimacy: planning past the COVID-19 crisis. Policing: A journal of policy and practice, 14 (3), 579–586.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kane, R.J., 2005. Compromised police legitimacy as a predictor of violent crime in structurally disadvan-taged communities. Criminology, 43 (2), 469–498.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LaFree, G., and Adamczyk, A., 2017. The impact of the Boston marathon bombings on public willingness to cooperate with police. Justice quarterly, 34 (3), 459–490.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lai, B., and Reiter, D., 2005. Rally ‘round the union jack? public opinion and the use of force in the United Kingdom, 1948–2001. International studies quarterly, 49 (2), 255–272.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larkins, E.R., 2013. Performances of police legitimacy in rio's hyper favela. Law & social inquiry, 38 (3), 553–575.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Latinobarómetro2020. https://www.latinobarometro.org/lat.jsp?Idioma=0
   Google Scholar
• Lessing, B., and Willis, G.D., 2019. Legitimacy in criminal governance: managing a drug empire from behind bars. American political science review, 113 (2), 584–606.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levi, S., and Goldberg, M.H. 2021. Democracy influences climate change concern [Preprint]. SocArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/6vk9d.
   Google Scholar
• Liebertz, S., 2020. Political elites, crime, and trust in the police in Latin America. International criminal justice review, 30 (2), 175–196.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lum, C., Maupin, C., and Stoltz, M. 2020. The impact of COVID-19 on law enforcement agencies (wave 1). International Association of Chiefs of Police and the Center for Evidence-Based Crime Policy, George Mason University. Washington, DC.
   Google Scholar
• Malone, M.F.T., 2010. The verdict is in: the impact of crime on public trust in central American justice systems. Journal of politics in Latin America, 3, 99–128.
   Google Scholar
• Malone, M.F.T., and Dammert, L., 2021. The police and the public: policing practices and public trust in Latin America. Policing and society, 31 (4), 418–433.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mason, P., Kearns, A., and Livingston, M., 2013. “Safe going”: the influence of crime rates and perceived crime and safety on walking in deprived neighbourhoods. Social science & medicine, 91, 15–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Massa, R., and Fondevila, G., 2019. Police crackdowns in Mexico city. Policing: international journal of police strategies & management, 42 (5), 798–813.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazerolle, L., and Wickes, R., 2015. Police legitimacy in community context. Journal of contemporary criminal justice, 31 (2), 128–131.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCarthy, M., et al., 2021. Policing COVID-19 physical distancing measures: managing defiance and fostering compliance among individuals least likely to comply. Policing and society, doi:10.1080/10439463.2020.1869235.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McClelland, A., and Luscombe, A., 2021. Policing the pandemic: counter-mapping policing responses to COVID-19 across Canada. Annual review of interdisciplinary justice research, 10, 195.
   Google Scholar
• Moffitt, R., 1993. Identification and estimation of dynamic models with a time series of repeated cross-sections. Journal of econometrics, 59 (1–2), 99–123.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morales Quiroga, M., 2020. Estallido social en Chile 2019: participación, representación, confianza institucional y escándalos públicos. Análisis político, 33 (98), 3–25.
   Google Scholar
• Muñoz, C.V., Ibacache, K.R., and Pávez, F.C., 2021. La represión durante la revuelta popular de octubre: Prácticas y discursos en torno a la policialización del conflicto social en Chile. Contemporánea: historia y problemas del siglo XX, 14 (1), 127–145.
   Google Scholar
• Murphy, K., et al., 2020. Why people comply with COVID-19 social distancing restrictions: self-interest or duty? Australian and New Zealand journal of criminology, 53 (4), 477–496.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagin, D.S., and Telep, C.W., 2017. Procedural justice and legal compliance. Annual review of Law and social science, 13 (1), 5–28.
   Google Scholar
• National Institute of Statistics and Geography -INEGI-. 2021. Encuesta Nacional de Seguridad Pública Urbana (ENSU) https://www.inegi.org.mx/programas/ensu/.
   Google Scholar
• National Institute of Statistics -INE-. 2017. https://www.ine.cl/estadisticas/sociales/censos-de-poblacion-y-vivienda.
   Google Scholar
• Neyroud, P. 2020. Policing Social Distancing in the COVID 19 Pandemic. Social Distancing in the Pandemic: Policing and Compliance (Webinar), University of Cambridge, 24.
   Google Scholar
• Ochoa-Rosales, C., et al., 2020. Impacto de diferentes medidas de mitigación en el curso de la pandemia de COVID-19 en Chile: proyección preliminar para el período del 14 de abril al 14 de mayo. Revista de Salud Pública, 22 (2.
   Google Scholar
• Olea, J.A., and López, V.T., 2020. Reseña casos de montajes policiales: una aproximación desde las prácticas de carabineros de Chile y la policía de investigaciones entre 1993 y 2018. Revista Némesis, 16, 99–104.
   Google Scholar
• Oliveira, T.R., Zanetic, A., and Natal, A., 2020. Predictors and impacts of police legitimacy: testing the theory of procedural fairness in São Paulo. Dados, 63 (1).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ordóñez, S.L., 2020. Impacto de la justicia procedimental en la legitimidad de la policía: evidencia de Colombia. Revista Derecho del Estado, 47, 215–254.
   Google Scholar
• Paternoster, R., et al., 1997. Do fair procedures matter-the effect of procedural justice on spouse assault. Law & Soc'y Rev, 31, 163.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perry, G., and Jonathan-Zamir, T., 2020. Expectations, effectiveness, trust, and cooperation: public attitudes towards the Israel police during the COVID-19 pandemic. Policing: A journal of policy and practice, 14 (4), 1073–1091.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reicher, S., and Stott, C., 2020. Policing the coronavirus outbreak: processes and prospects for collective disorder. Policing: A journal of policy and practice, 14 (3), 569–573.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reisig, M.D., Tankebe, J., and Meško, G., 2012. Procedural justice, police legitimacy, and public cooperation with the police Among young Slovene adults. Varstvoslovje: journal of criminal justice & security, 14 (2), 147–164.
   Google Scholar
• Roché, S., 2020. Police and the public in France. Policing in France, 269–293.
   Google Scholar
• Sabet, D., 2012. Corruption or insecurity? understanding dissatisfaction with Mexico’s police. Latin American politics and society, 55 (1), 22–45.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandrin, R., and Simpson, R., 2021. Public assessments of police during the COVID-19 pandemic: the effects of procedural justice and personal protective equipment. Policing: An international journal, doi:10.1108/PIJPSM-03-2021-0045.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sibley, C.G., et al., 2020. Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and nationwide lockdown on trust, attitudes toward government, and well-being. American psychologist, 75 (5), 618.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sozzo, M., 2016. Policing after dictatorship in South America. In: The SAGE handbook of global policing. London: SAGE Publications, 337–355.
   Google Scholar
• Stock, J., and Watson, M., 2011. Introduction to econometrics. Addison Wesley Longman.
   Google Scholar
• Sunshine, J., and Tyler, T.R., 2003. The role of procedural justice and legitimacy in shaping public support for policing. Law & society review, 37 (3), 513–548.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terpstra, J., et al., 2021. Policing the corona crisis: A comparison between France and The Netherlands. International journal of police science & management, 23 (2), 168–181.
   Google Scholar
• Terrill, W., Paoline, E.A., and Gau, J.M., 2016. Three pillars of police legitimacy: procedural justice, use of force, and occupational culture. In: The politics of policing: between force and legitimacy. ct: Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
   Google Scholar
• Tyler, T.R., 2006. Why people obey to the Law. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Tyler, T.R., and Fagan, J., 2008. Why do people cooperate with the police. Ohio state journal of criminal Law, 6 (1), 231–275.
   Google Scholar
• Vilalta, C., and Fondevila, G., 2020. Perceived police corruption and fear of crime. Mexican studies, 36 (3), 425–450.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viollier Bonvin, P., and Ortega Romo, V., 2019. Cuando el Estado hackea: el caso de Operación Huracán. Revista chilena de derecho y tecnología, 8 (2), 83–110.
   Google Scholar
• Waygood, E.O.D., and Susilo, Y.O., 2015. Walking to school in Scotland: Do perceptions of neighbourhood quality matter? IATSS research, 38 (2), 125–129.
   Google Scholar
• Weibel, M., 2018. Ni orden ni patria: La trama secreta del” Pacogate” el mayor fraude fiscal en la historia de Chile. Santiago: Aguilar.
   Google Scholar
• Weisburd, D.L., and Bayley, D.H., 2015. The role of the police in counterterrorism. To protect and To serve: policing in an Age of terrorism. New York: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• White, M.D., and Fradella, H.F., 2020. Policing a pandemic: stay-at-home orders and what they mean for the police. American journal of criminal justice, 45, 702–717.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willis, G.D., 2014. Antagonistic authorities and the civil police in São Paulo, Brazil. Latin American research review, 49 (1), 3–22.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar