References
- Alaggia, R., Collin-Vézina, D., and Lateef, R., 2019. Facilitators and barriers to child sexual abuse (CSA) disclosures: a research update (2000–2016). Trauma, violence, & abuse, 20 (2), 260–283.
- Allnock, D., 2015a. What do we know about child sexual abuse and policing in England and Wales? Evidence briefing for the national policing lead for child protection and abuse investigation. Luton, UK: University of Bedfordshire. Available from: https://www.uobcsepolicinghub.org.uk/assets/documents/CSA-and-policing-briefing-FINAL.pdf-DA.pdf.
- Allnock, D., 2015b. What do we know about child neglect and policing in England and Wales? Evidence briefing for the national policing lead for child protection and abuse investigation. Luton, UK: University of Bedfordshire. Available from: https://www.uobcsepolicinghub.org.uk/assets/documents/Neglect-and-policing-brifing-FINAL.pdf.
- APPG, 2019. No place at home: risks facing children and young people who go missing from out of area placements. London: APPG. Available from: https://www.childrenssociety.org.uk/sites/default/files/2020-10/no-place-at-home.pdf.
- Arnez, J., and Condry, R., 2021. Criminological perspectives on school exclusion and youth offending. Emotional and behavioural difficulties, 26 (1).
- Assink, M., et al., 2019. Risk factors for child sexual abuse victimization: a meta-analytic review. Psychological bulletin, 145 (5), 459–489.
- Babuta, A., and Sidebottom, A., 2020. Missing children: on the extent, patterns, and correlates of repeat disappearances by young people. Policing: A journal of policy and practice, 14 (3), 698–711.
- Behavioural Insights Team, 2023. Do school exclusions increase crime? Evidence from the English school system. London: Behavioural Insights Team. Available from: https://www.bi.team/blogs/do-school-exclusions-increase-crime/.
- Biehal, N., Mitchell, F., and Wade, J., 2003. Lost from view: missing persons in the UK. Bristol: Policy Press. Available from: https://www.york.ac.uk/inst/spru/research/pdf/lostFromView.pdf.
- Boulton, L., et al., 2023. Return home interviews with children who have been missing: an exploratory analysis. Police practice and research, 24 (1), 1–16.
- Brown, J., et al., 1998. A longitudinal analysis of risk factors for child maltreatment: findings of a 17-year prospective study of officially recorded and self-reported child abuse and neglect. Child abuse & neglect, 22 (11), 1065–1078.
- Bui, L., and Deakin, J., 2021. What we talk about when we talk about vulnerability and youth crime: a narrative review. Aggression and violent behaviour, 58.
- Carballo, J.J., et al., 2020. Psychosocial risk factors for suicidality in children and adolescents. European child & adolescent psychiatry, 29, 759–776.
- Chetwynd, H., and Pona, I., 2017. Making connections: understanding how local agencies can better keep missing children safe. London: The Children’s Society.
- Children’s Commissioner, 2019a. Skipping school: invisible children. London: Children’s Commissioner. Available from: https://www.childrenscommissioner.gov.uk/report/skipping-school-invisible-children/.
- Children’s Commissioner, 2019b. Exclusions: children excluded from mainstream school. London: Children’s Commissioner. Available from: https://www.childrenscommissioner.gov.uk/resource/exclusions-from-mainstream-schools/.
- Children’s Commissioner, 2022. The children’s commissioner responds to the national child safeguarding practice review panel. London: Children’s Commissioner. Available from: https://www.childrenscommissioner.gov.uk/blog/the-childrens-commissioner-responds-to-the-national-child-safeguarding-practice-review-panel/.
- The Children’s Society, 2018. County lines and criminal exploitation toolkit. London: The Children’s Society. Available from: https://www.childrenssociety.org.uk/information/professionals/resources/county-lines-toolkit.
- Child Safeguarding Practice Review Panel, 2022. Child safeguarding practice review panel: annual report 2021. London: Child Safeguarding Practice Review Panel. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/child-safeguarding-practice-review-panel-annual-report-2021.
- Clarke, R.V., 1967. Seasonal and other environmental aspects of abscondings by approved school boys. The British journal of criminology, 7 (2), 195–202.
- Clarke, R.V., 1980. Situational crime prevention: theory and practice. British journal of criminology, 20 (2), 136–147.
- Clarke, R.V., 2010. Situational crime prevention: successful case studies. 2nd ed. London, UK: Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc.
- Clarke, R.V., 2017. Situational crime prevention. In: R. Wortley, and M. Townsley, eds. Environmental criminology and crime analysis. 2nd ed. London: Routledge, 286–303.
- Cockbain, E., Ashby, M., and Brayley, H., 2017. Immaterial boys? A large-scale exploration of gender-based differences in child sexual exploitation service users. Sexual abuse, 29 (7), 658–684.
- Cohen, L.E., and Felson, M., 1979. Social change and crime rate trends: a routine activity approach. American sociological review, 44, 588–608.
- College of Policing, 2014. Key definitions. London: College of Policing. Available from: https://www.app.college.police.uk/app-content/major-investigation-and-public-protection/child-abuse/key-definitions/#child.
- College of Policing, 2016. Missing persons. London: College of Policing. Available from: https://www.app.college.police.uk/app-content/major-investigation-and-public-protection/missing-persons/.
- College of Policing, 2023. Missing persons risk assessment. London: College of Policing. Available from: https://www.college.police.uk/app/major-investigation-and-public-protection/missing-persons/missing-persons-risk-assessment.
- Commission on Young Lives, 2022. Hidden in plain sight a national plan of action to support vulnerable teenagers to succeed and to protect them from adversity, exploitation, and harm. London: Commission on Young Lives. Available from: https://thecommissiononyounglives.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/COYL-FINAL-REPORT-FINAL-VERSION.pdf.
- Crosland, K., and Dunlap, G., 2015. Running away from foster care: what do we know and what can we do? Journal of child and family studies, 24, 1697–1706.
- Department for Education. 2014. Statutory guidance on children who run away or go missing from home or care. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/children-who-run-away-or-go-missing-from-home-or-care.
- Department for Education. 2017. Child sexual exploitation: definition and guide for practitioners. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/child-sexual-exploitation-definition-and-guide-for-practitioners.
- Department for Education, 2018. Working together to safeguard children 2018. London: Department for Education. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/working-together-to-safeguard-children–2.
- Department for Education, 2020. Complexity and challenge: a triennial analysis of SCRs 2014–2017. London: Department for Education. Available from: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/869586/TRIENNIAL_SCR_REPORT_2014_to_2017.pdf.
- Department for Education, 2022. Characteristics of children in need. London: Department for Education. Available from: https://explore-education-statistics.service.gov.uk/find-statistics/characteristics-of-children-in-need.
- Department for Education and Ministry of Justice, 2022. Education, children’s social care and offending: descriptive statistics. London: Department for Education and Ministry of Justice. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/education-childrens-social-care-and-offending.
- Doyle, R., and Barnes, G.C., 2020. Targeting missing persons most likely to come to harm among 92,681 cases reported to Devon and Cornwall police. Cambridge journal of evidence-based policing, 4 (3), 160–177.
- Fedina, L., Williamson, C., and Perdue, T., 2019. Risk factors for domestic child sex trafficking in the United States. Journal of interpersonal violence, 34 (13), 2653–2673.
- Ferguson, L., Elliott, M., and Kim, S., 2023. Examining the connection between missing persons and victimization: an application of lifestyle exposure theory. Crime & delinquency, 69 (3), 656–681.
- Ferguson, L., and Sidebottom, A., 2022. Policing and missing persons. Criminology and Criminal Justice.
- Franchino-Olsen, H., 2021. Vulnerabilities relevant for commercial sexual exploitation of children/domestic minor sex trafficking: a systematic review of risk factors. Trauma, violence, & abuse, 22 (1), 99–111.
- Frederick, J., Devaney, J., and Alisic, E., 2022. Adverse childhood experiences and potential pathways to filicide perpetration: a systematic search and review. Child abuse review, 31(3).
- Galiano López, C., et al., 2023. Further evidence on the extent and time course of repeat missing incidents involving children: a research note. The police journal: theory, practice and principles, 96 (1), 117–127.
- Gotby, V.O., et al., 2018. Childhood neurodevelopmental disorders and risk of coercive sexual victimization in childhood and adolescence – a population-based prospective twin study. Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, 59 (9), 957–965.
- Hayden, C., and Goodship, J., 2015. Children reported 'missing' to the police: is it possible to 'risk assess' every incident? British journal of social work, 45 (2), 440–456.
- Hayden, C., and Shalev Greene, K., 2018. The blue light social services? Responding to repeat reports to the police of people missing from institutional locations. Policing and society, 28 (1), 45–61.
- Hill, L., et al., 2016. ‘No-one runs away for no reason’: understanding safeguarding issues when children and young people go missing from home. Child abuse review, 25, 192–204.
- HM Government, 2018. Serious violence strategy. London: HM Government. Available from: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/698009/serious-violence-strategy.pdf.
- HM Government, 2022a. Permanent exclusions and suspensions in England. London: HM Government. Available from: https://explore-education-statistics.service.gov.uk/find-statistics/permanent-and-fixed-period-exclusions-in-england.
- HM Government, 2022b. Serious incident notifications. London: HM Government. Available from: https://explore-education-statistics.service.gov.uk/find-statistics/serious-incident-notifications.
- HM Government, 2022c. Academic year 2021/22: special educational needs in England. HM Government. Available from: https://explore-education-statistics.service.gov.uk/find-statistics/special-educational-needs-in-england/2021-22.
- HMIC, 2015. Children’s voices research report. London: HMIC. Available from: https://www.justiceinspectorates.gov.uk/hmicfrs/wp-content/uploads/childrens-voices-research-report.pdf.
- Home Office, 2017. Criminal exploitation of children and vulnerable adults: county lines. London: Home Office. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/criminal-exploitation-of-children-and-vulnerable-adults-county-lines.
- Huey, L., 2019. An absence of evidence: mapping the evidence/gaps, themes and other issues with Canadian research on missing persons. City: Independent civilian review into missing person investigations. Available from: https://8e5a70b5-92aa-40ae-a0bd-e885453ee64c.filesusr.com/ugd/681ae0_aa4eb14907cb4916a91216ea6216cf37.pdf.
- Huey, L., Ferguson, L., and Kowalski, L., 2020. The “power few” of missing persons’ cases. Policing: An international journal, 43 (2), 360–374.
- Hutchings, E., et al., 2019. Repeat missing child reports in Wales. Child abuse & neglect, 88, 107–117.
- Kamar, E., et al., 2022. Parental guardianship and online sexual grooming of teenagers: A honeypot experiment. Computers in human behavior, 137.
- Kaufman, K.L., et al., 2010. An empirically based situational prevention model for child sexual abuse. In: R. Wortley, and S. Smallbone, eds. Situational prevention of child sexual abuse. London: Lynne Reinner Publishers, 101–144.
- Landis, J., and Koch, G., 1977. The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics, 33, 159–174.
- Leclerc, B., Smallbone, S., and Wortley, R., 2015. Prevention nearby: the influence of the presence of a potential guardian on the severity of child sexual abuse. Sexual abuse, 27 (2), 189–204.
- Liel, C., et al., 2020. Risk factors for child abuse, neglect and exposure to intimate partner violence in early childhood: findings in a representative cross-sectional sample in Germany. Child abuse & neglect, 106.
- Lockitch, J., Rayment-McHugh, S., and McKillop, N., 2022. Why didn’t they intervene? examining the role of guardianship in preventing institutional child sexual abuse. Journal of child sexual abuse, 31, 649–671.
- McCluskey, G., et al., 2019. Exclusion from school in Scotland and across the UK: contrasts and questions. British educational research journal, 45 (6), 1140–1159.
- Missing People, 2019. A safer return: an analysis of the value of return home interviews in identifying risk and ensuring returning missing children are supported. London: Missing People. Available from: https://www.missingpeople.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/A_Safer_Return-full.pdf.
- Mitchell, F., Malloch, M., and Burgess, C., 2014. The role of return home welfare interviews in responding to the needs of young runaways. Children & society, 28, 55–65.
- Mulder, T.M., et al., 2018. Risk factors for child neglect: a meta-analytic review. Child abuse & neglect, 77, 198–210.
- National Crime Agency, 2021. Missing persons data report 2019/20. London: NCA.
- National Crime Agency, 2022. Missing persons data report 2020/21. London: NCA.
- Newiss, G., 1999. Missing presumed … ? The police response to missing persons. Police research series paper (Vol. 114). London: Home Office.
- Newman, C., 1989. Young runaways: findings from Britain’s first safe house. London: The Children’s Society.
- NSPCC, no date. National case review repository. London: NSPCC. Available from: https://learning.nspcc.org.uk/case-reviews/national-case-review-repository.
- Ofsted, 2013. Missing children. London: Ofsted. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/missing-children.
- ONS. 2020. Child abuse in England and Wales: January 2020. Available from: https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/crimeandjustice/bulletins/childabuseinenglandandwales/january2020.
- Pona, I., Raws, P., and Chetwynd, H., 2019. The first step: how return home interviews can improve support and safeguarding for missing young people. London.: NPCC, The Children’s Society.
- Rees, G., 2011. Still running 3: early findings from our third national survey of young runaways, 2011. London: The Children’s Society. Available from: https://www.aviva.com/content/dam/aviva-corporate/documents/newsroom/pdfs/newsreleases/2012/Still-Running-3_Full-Report_FINAL.pdf.
- Reynald, D.M., 2010. Guardians on guardianship: factors affecting the willingness to supervise, the ability to detect potential offenders, and the willingness to intervene. Journal of research in crime and delinquency, 47 (3), 358–390.
- Schaefer, L., and Mazerolle, L., 2017. Putting process into routine activity theory: variations in the control of crime opportunities. Security journal, 30, 266–289.
- Shalev-Greene, K., and Pakes, F., 2014. The cost of missing person investigations: implications for current debates. Policing, 8 (1), 27–34.
- Shalev, K., 2011. Children who go missing repeatedly and their involvement in crime. International journal of police science & management, 13 (1), 29–36.
- Shalev Greene, K., Hayler, L., and Pritchard, D., 2022. A house divided against itself cannot stand: evaluating police perception of UK missing person definition. European journal on criminal policy and research, 28 (1), 1–17.
- Sharp-Jeffs, N., 2016. Hidden links? Going missing as an indicator of child sexual exploitation. In: K. Shalev-Greene, and L. Alys, eds. Missing persons: a handbook of research. New York, NY: Taylor & Francis, 18–27.
- Sidebottom, A., et al., 2020. Missing children: risks, repeats and responses. Policing and society, 30 (10), 1157–1170.
- Simon, A., Setter, C., and Holmes, L., 2016. Heading back to harm: a study on trafficked and unaccompanied children going missing from care in the UK. London: ECPAT UK. Available from: https://www.ecpat.org.uk/heading-back-to-harm-a-study-on-trafficked-and-unaccompanied-children-going-missing-from-care-in-the-uk.
- Stern, A., et al., 2018. Associations between abuse/neglect and ADHD from childhood to young adulthood: a prospective nationally-representative twin study. Child abuse & neglect, 81, 274–285.
- Stevenson, E., and Thomas, S.D., 2018. A 10 year follow-up study of young people reported missing to the police for the first time in 2005. Journal of youth studies, 21 (10), 1361–1375.
- University of Manchester, 2017. Suicide in children and young people: national confidential inquiry into suicide and homicide by people with mental illness. Manchester: University of Manchester. Available from: https://www.basw.co.uk/resources/suicide-children-and-young-people-national-confidential-inquiry-suicide-and-homicide.
- Wortley, R., et al., 2019. What deters child sex offenders? A comparison between completed and noncompleted offenses. Journal of interpersonal violence, 34 (20), 4303–4327.
- Wortley, R., and Smallbone, S., 2010. Situational prevention of child sexual abuse. London: Rienner.
- Wortley, R., and Townsley, M., 2017. Environmental criminology and crime analysis: situating the theory, analytic approach and application. In: R. Wortley, and M. Townsley, eds. Environmental criminology and crime analysis. 2nd ed. London: Routledge, 1–25.