Visual Impairments and Mobile Touchscreen Interaction: State-of-the-Art, Causes of Visual Impairment, and Design Guidelines

References

• Abdolrahmani, A., Kuber, R., & Hurst, A. (2016). An empirical investigation of the situationally-induced impairments experienced by blind mobile device users. In Proceedings of the 13th Web for All Conference, W4A ’16 (pp. 21:1–21:8), New York, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson, F., Grossman, T., Wigdor, D., & Fitzmaurice, G. (2015). Supporting subtlety with deceptive devices and illusory interactions. In Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI ’15 (pp. 1489–1498), New York, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Annett, M., Gupta, A., & Bischof, W. F. (2014). Exploring and understanding unintended touch during direct pen interaction. ACM Transactions on Computer–Human Interaction, 21 (5), 1–39.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anthony, L., Vatavu, R.-D., & Wobbrock, J. O. (2013). Understanding the consistency of users’ pen and finger stroke gesture articulation. In Proceedings of Graphics Interface 2013, GI ’13 (pp. 87–94), Toronto, Ontario.
   Google Scholar
• Anthony, L., & Wobbrock, J. O. (2010). A lightweight multistroke recognizer for user interface prototypes. In Proceedings of Graphics Interface 2010, GI ’10 (pp. 245–252), Toronto, Ontario.
   Google Scholar
• AppdLab. (2016). Magnify. Retrieved from https://goo.gl/SEMhlH
   Google Scholar
• Appert, C., Chapuis, O., & Pietriga, E. (2010). High-precision magnification lenses. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI ’10 (pp. 273–282), New York, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Apple. (2016). Voiceover for iOS (Let Our Voice be Your Guide). Retrieved from http://www.apple.com/accessibility/ios/voiceover/
   Google Scholar
• Appollonio, I., Carabellese, C., Frattola, L., & Trabucchi, M. (1996). Effects of sensory aids on the quality of life and mortality of elderly people: A multivariate analysis. Age Ageing, 25 (2), 89–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arefin Shimon, S. S., Lutton, C., Xu, Z., Morrison-Smith, S., Boucher, C., & Ruiz, J. (2016). Exploring non-touchscreen gestures for smartwatches. In Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI ’16 (pp. 3822–3833), New York, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Ash, D., Keegan, D., & Greenough, T. (1978). Factors in adjustment to blindness. Canadian Journal of Ophthalmology, 13 (1), 15–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azenkot, S., Bennett, C. L., & Ladner, R. E. (2013). Digitaps: Eyes-free number entry on touchscreens with minimal audio feedback. In Proceedings of the 26th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology, UIST ’13 (pp. 85–90), New York, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Azenkot, S., Prasain, S., Borning, A., Fortuna, E., Ladner, R. E., & Wobbrock, J. O. (2011). Enhancing independence and safety for blind and deaf-blind public transit riders. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI ’11 (pp. 3247–3256), New York, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Azenkot, S., Rector, K., Ladner, R., & Wobbrock, J. (2012a). Passchords: Secure multi-touch authentication for blind people. In Proceedings of the 14th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility, ASSETS ’12 (pp. 159–166), New York, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Azenkot, S., Wobbrock, J. O., Prasain, S., & Ladner, R. E. (2012b). Input finger detection for nonvisual touch screen text entry in perkinput. In Proceedings of Graphics Interface 2012, GI ’12 (pp. 121–129). Toronto, Ontario.
   Google Scholar
• Azenkot, S., & Zhai, S. (2012). Touch behavior with different postures on soft smartphone keyboards. In Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Human–Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services, MobileHCI ’12 (pp. 251–260), New York, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Azrak, C., Palazón-Bru, A., Baeza-Díaz, M., La Rosa, -D. F.-D., Hernández-Martínez, C., Martínez-Toldos, J., & Gil-Guillén, V. (2015). A predictive screening tool to detect diabetic retinopathy or macular edema in primary health care: Construction, validation and implementation on a mobile application. PeerJ, 3, e1404:1–10.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bacim, F., Sinclair, M., & Benko, H. (2013). Understanding touch selection accuracy on flat and hemispherical deformable surfaces. In Proceedings of Graphics Interface 2013, GI ’13 (pp. 197–204), Toronto, Ontario.
   Google Scholar
• Barnard, L., Yi, J. S., Jacko, J. A., & Sears, A. (2007). Capturing the effects of context on human performance in mobile computing systems. Personal and Ubiquitous Computing, 11 (2), 81–96.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bau, O., & Mackay, W. E. (2008). Octopocus: A dynamic guide for learning gesture-based command sets. In Proceedings of the 21st Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology, UIST ’08 (pp. 37–46). New York, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Bigham, J., Jayant, C., Miller, A., White, B., & Yeh, T. (2010). VizWiz::LocateIt - enabling blind people to locate objects in their environment. In Proceedings of the CVPR Workshop: Computer Vision Applications for the Visually Impaired, San Francisco, CA.
   Google Scholar
• Bischof, W., Krajnc, E., Dornhofer, M., & Ulm, M. (2012). Navcom-wlan communication between public transport vehicles and smart phones to support visually impaired and blind people. In Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Computers Helping People with Special Needs, ICCHP ’12 (pp. 91–98), Linz, Austria.
   Google Scholar
• Blagojevic, R., Chang, S.-H.-H., & Plimmer, B. (2010). The power of automatic feature selection: Rubine on steroids. In Proceedings of the Seventh Sketch-Based Interfaces and Modeling Symposium, SBIM ’10 (pp. 79–86), Aire-la-Ville, Switzerland.
   Google Scholar
• Brady, E., Morris, M. R., Zhong, Y., White, S., & Bigham, J. P. (2013). Visual challenges in the everyday lives of blind people. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI ’13 (pp. 2117–2126), New York, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Bragi. (2016). Bragi - The dash. Retrieved from http://www.bragi.com/thedash/
   Google Scholar
• Burch, D. S., & Pawluk, D. T. (2009). A cheap, portable haptic device for a method to relay 2-d texture-enriched graphical information to individuals who are visually impaired. In Proceedings of the 11th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility, Assets ’09 (pp. 215–216), New York, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Buzzi, M., Buzzi, M., Leporini, B., & Martusciello, L. (2011). Making visual maps accessible to the blind. In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Universal Access in Human–Computer Interaction: Users Diversity, UAHCI’11 (pp. 271–280), Berlin, Heidelberg.
   Google Scholar
• Buzzi, M. C., Buzzi, M., Leporini, B., & Trujillo, A. (2015). Exploring visually impaired people’s gesture preferences for smartphones. In Proceedings of the 11th Biannual Conference on Italian SIGCHI Chapter, CHItaly 2015 (pp. 94–101), New York, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Buzzi, M. C., Buzzi, M., Leporini, B., & Trujillo, A. (2016). Analyzing visually impaired people’s touch gestures on smartphones. Multimedia Tools and Applications, Advance online publication. doi:10.1007/s11042-016-3594-9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang, Y., L’Yi, S., Koh, K., & Seo, J. (2015). Understanding users’ touch behavior on large mobile touch-screens and assisted targeting by tilting gesture. In Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI ’15 (pp. 1499–1508), New York, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Chen, D., Feng, W., Zhao, Q., Hu, M., & Wang, T. (2012). An infrastructure-free indoor navigation system for blind people. In Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Intelligent Robotics and Applications, ICIRA ’12 (pp. 552–561), Berlin, Heidelberg.
   Google Scholar
• Chen, X. A., Schwarz, J., Harrison, C., Mankoff, J., & Hudson, S. E. (2014). Air+touch: Interweaving touch & in-air gestures. In Proceedings of the 27th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology, UIST ’14 (pp. 519–525), New York, NY:.
   Google Scholar
• Chhetri, A. P., Wen, F., Wang, Y., & Zhang, K. (2010). Shape discrimination test on handheld devices for patient self-test. In Proceedings of the 1st ACM International Health Informatics Symposium, IHI ’10 (pp. 502–506), New York, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Chi, P.-Y. P., & Li, Y. (2015). Weave: Scripting cross-device wearable interaction. In Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI ’15 (pp. 3923–3932). New York, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Chi, P.-Y. P., Li, Y., & Hartmann, B. (2016). Enhancing cross-device interaction scripting with interactive illustrations. In Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI ’16 (pp. 5482–5493), New York, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Choe, W., & Lee, M. W. (2015). Discomfort glare model for mobile display. In Proceedings of the IEEE 5th International Conference on Consumer Electronics (pp. 471–473), Berlin, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Csapó, A., Wersényi, G., Nagy, H., & Stockman, T. (2015). A survey of assistive technologies and applications for blind users on mobile platforms: A review and foundation for research. Journal on Multimodal User Interfaces, 9 (4), 275–286.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delamare, W., Janssoone, T., Coutrix, C., & Nigay, L. (2016). Designing 3d gesture guidance: Visual feedback and feedforward design options. In Proceedings of the International Working Conference on Advanced Visual Interfaces, AVI ’16 (pp. 152–159), New York, NY:.
   Google Scholar
• Dezfuli, N., Khalilbeigi, M., Huber, J., Müller, F., & Mühlhäuser, M. (2012). PalmRC: Imaginary palm-based remote control for eyes-free television interaction. In Proceedings of the 10th European Conference on Interactive Tv and Video, EuroiTV ’12 (pp. 27–34), New York, NY:.
   Google Scholar
• El-Glaly, Y., Quek, F., Smith-Jackson, T., & Dhillon, G. (2012). Audible rendering of text documents controlled by multi-touch interaction. In Proceedings of the 14th ACM International Conference on Multimodal Interaction, ICMI ’12 (pp. 401–408), New York, NY:.
   Google Scholar
• Elton, E., & Nicolle, C. A. (2010). The importance of context in inclusive design. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Contemporary Ergonomics and Human Factors (pp. 1–16), Keele, UK.
   Google Scholar
• Encelle, B., Ollagnier-Beldame, M., Pouchot, S., & Prié, Y. (2011). Annotation-based video enrichment for blind people: A pilot study on the use of earcons and speech synthesis. In The Proceedings of the 13th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility, ASSETS ’11 (pp. 123–130), New York, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Eriksen, C. W., & Hoffman, J. E. (1972). Temporal and spatial characteristics of selective encoding from visual displays. Perception & Psychophysics, 12 (2), 201–204.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eriksen, C. W., & James, J. D. S. (1986). Visual attention within and around the field of focal attention: A zoom lens model. Perception & Psychophysics, 40 (4), 225–240.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Exler, A., Braith, M., Schankin, A., & Beigl, M. (2016). Preliminary investigations about interruptibility of smartphone users at specific place types. In Proceedings of the 2016 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing: Adjunct, UbiComp ’16 (pp. 1590–1595), New York, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Frey, B., Southern, C., & Romero, M. (2011). Brailletouch: Mobile texting for the visually impaired. In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Universal Access in Human–Computer Interaction: Context Diversity - Volume Part III, UAHCI’11 (pp. 19–25), Berlin, Heidelberg.
   Google Scholar
• Gajos, K., & Weld, D. S. (2004). Supple: Automatically generating user interfaces. In Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces, IUI ’04 (pp. 93–100), New York, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Gajos, K. Z., Weld, D. S., & Wobbrock, J. O. (2010). Automatically generating personalized user interfaces with supple. Artificial Intelligence, 174 (12–13), 910–950.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gajos, K. Z., Wobbrock, J. O., & Weld, D. S. (2007). Automatically generating user interfaces adapted to users’ motor and vision capabilities. In Proceedings of the 20th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology, UIST ’07 (pp. 231–240). New York, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Garcia, D. G., Paluri, M., & Wu, S. (2016). Under the hood: Building accessibility tools for the visually impaired on Facebook. Retrieved from https://code.facebook.com/posts/457605107772545/under-the-hood-building-accessibility-tools-for-the-visually-impaired-on-facebook/
   Google Scholar
• GeorgiePhone. (2016). Smart android apps for blind people. Retrieved from http://www.georgiephone.com/
   Google Scholar
• Giachritsis, C., Randall, G., & Roselier, S. (2012). Development of intuitive tactile navigational patterns. In Proceedings of the 2012 International Conference on Haptics: Perception, Devices, Mobility, and Communication - Volume Part I, EuroHaptics’12 (pp. 136–147), Berlin, Heidelberg.
   Google Scholar
• Goel, M., Findlater, L., & Wobbrock, J. (2012a). Walktype: Using accelerometer data to accommodate situational impairments in mobile touch screen text entry. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI ’12 (pp. 2687–2696), New York, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Goel, M., Jansen, A., Mandel, T., Patel, S. N., & Wobbrock, J. O. (2013). Contexttype: Using hand posture information to improve mobile touch screen text entry. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI ’13 (pp. 2795–2798). New York, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Goel, M., Wobbrock, J., & Patel, S. (2012b). Gripsense: Using built-in sensors to detect hand posture and pressure on commodity mobile phones. In Proceedings of the 25th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology, UIST ’12 (pp. 545–554). New York, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Goh, T., & Kim, S. W. (2014). Eyes-free text entry interface based on contact area for people with visual impairment. In Proceedings of the Adjunct Publication of the 27th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology, UIST’14 Adjunct (pp. 69–70), New York, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Gollner, U., Bieling, T., & Joost, G. (2012). Mobile lorm glove: Introducing a communication device for deaf-blind people. In Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Tangible, Embedded and Embodied Interaction, TEI ’12 (pp. 127–130), New York, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Google. (2016a). Accessibility |Android developers. Retrieved from https://developer.android.com/design/patterns/accessibility.html
   Google Scholar
• Google. (2016b). Google talkBack. Retrieved from https://goo.gl/t43nNu
   Google Scholar
• Grossman, T., & Balakrishnan, R. (2005). The bubble cursor: Enhancing target acquisition by dynamic resizing of the cursor’s activation area. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI ’05 (pp. 281–290), New York, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Guerreiro, T., Lagoá, P., Nicolau, H., Gonçalves, D., & Jorge, J. A. (2008). From tapping to touching: Making touch screens accessible to blind users. IEEE Multimedia, 15 (4), 48–50.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guerreiro, T., Oliveira, J., Benedito, J., Nicolau, H., Jorge, J., & Gonçalves, D. (2011). Blind people and mobile keypads: Accounting for individual differences. In Proceedings of the 13th IFIP TC 13 International Conference on Human–Computer Interaction, INTERACT’11 (pp. 65–82), Lisbon, Portugal.
   Google Scholar
• Gupta, A., Irudayaraj, A., Chandran, V., Palaniappan, G., Truong, K. N., & Balakrishnan, R. (2016). Haptic learning of semaphoric finger gestures. In Proceedings of the 29th Annual Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology, UIST ’16 (pp. 219–226), New York, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Gustafson, S., Holz, C., & Baudisch, P. (2011). Imaginary phone: Learning imaginary interfaces by transferring spatial memory from a familiar device. In Proceedings of the 24th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology, UIST ’11 (pp. 283–292), New York, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Hakobyan, L., Lumsden, J., & O’Sullivan, D. (2014). Participatory research with older adults with amd: Co-designing a smart diet diary app. In Proceedings of the 28th International BCS Human–Computer Interaction Conference on HCI 2014 - Sand, Sea and Sky - Holiday HCI, BCS-HCI ’14 (pp. 32–41), Southport, UK.
   Google Scholar
• Hakobyan, L., Lumsden, J., O’Sullivan, D., & Bartlett, H. (2013). Designing a mobile diet diary application with and for older adults with amd: A case study. In Proceedings of the 27th International BCS Human–Computer Interaction Conference, BCS-HCI ’13 (pp. 17:1–17:10). Swinton, UK.
   Google Scholar
• HaptiMap. Haptimap, haptic, audio and visual interfaces for maps and location based services. Retrieved from http://www.haptimap.org/
   Google Scholar
• Hersh, M., & Johnson, M. A. (Eds.). (2008). Assistive technology for visually impaired and blind people. London, UK: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Hinckley, K., Heo, S., Pahud, M., Holz, C., Benko, H., Sellen, A., … Buxton, W. (2016). Pre-touch sensing for mobile interaction. In Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI ’16 (pp. 2869–2881), New York, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Holz, C., & Baudisch, P. (2011). Understanding touch. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI ’11 (pp. 2501–2510), New York, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Hwang, A., & Peli, E. (2014). An augmented-reality edge enhancement application for Google glass. Optometry & Vision Science, 91 (8), 1021–1030.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacko, J. A., & Sears, A. (1998). Designing interfaces for an overlooked user group: Considering the visual profiles of partially sighted users. In Proceedings of the Third International ACM Conference on Assistive Technologies, Assets ’98 (pp. 75–77), New York, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Jackson, S., & Gleeson, K. (2013). Living and coping with strabismus as an adult. European Medical Journal Ophthalmology, 1, 15–22.
   Google Scholar
• Jafri, R., Ali, S. A., Arabnia, H. R., & Fatima, S. (2014). Computer vision-based object recognition for the visually impaired in an indoors environment: A survey. Vis. Comput., 30 (11), 1197–1222.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kane, S. K., Bigham, J. P., & Wobbrock, J. O. (2008a). Slide rule: Making mobile touch screens accessible to blind people using multi-touch interaction techniques. In Proceedings of the 10th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility, Assets ’08 (pp. 73–80), New York, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Kane, S. K., Frey, B., & Wobbrock, J. O. (2013a). Access lens: A gesture-based screen reader for real-world documents. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI ’13 (pp. 347–350), New York, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Kane, S. K., Jayant, C., Wobbrock, J. O., & Ladner, R. E. (2009). Freedom to roam: A study of mobile device adoption and accessibility for people with visual and motor disabilities. In Proceedings of the 11th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility, Assets ’09 (pp. 115–122), New York, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Kane, S. K., Morris, M. R., Perkins, A. Z., Wigdor, D., Ladner, R. E., & Wobbrock, J. O. (2011a). Access overlays: Improving non-visual access to large touch screens for blind users. In Proceedings of the 24th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology, UIST ’11 (pp. 273–282), New York, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Kane, S. K., Morris, M. R., & Wobbrock, J. O. (2013b). Touchplates: Low-cost tactile overlays for visually impaired touch screen users. In Proceedings of the 15th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility, ASSETS ’13 (pp. 22:1–22:8), New York, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Kane, S. K., Wobbrock, J. O., & Ladner, R. E. (2011b). Usable gestures for blind people: Understanding preference and performance. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI ’11 (pp. 413–422), New York, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Kane, S. K., Wobbrock, J. O., & Smith, I. E. (2008b). Getting off the treadmill: Evaluating walking user interfaces for mobile devices in public spaces. In Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Human–Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services, MobileHCI ’08 (pp. 109–118), New York, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Karikoski, J., & Soikkeli, T. (2013). Contextual usage patterns in smartphone communication services. Personal and Ubiquitous Computing, 17 (3), 491–502.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karim, S., Andjomshoaa, A., & Tjoa, A. M. (2006). Exploiting sensecam for helping the blind in business negotiations. In Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Computers Helping People with Special Needs, ICCHP ’06 (pp. 1147–1154), Berlin, Heidelberg.
   Google Scholar
• Kelley, E. F., Lindfors, M., & Penczek, J. (2006). Display daylight ambient contrast measurement methods and daylight readability. Journal of the Society for Information Display, 14, 1019–1030.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kempen, G. I., & Zijlstra, G. R. (2014). Clinically relevant symptoms of anxiety and depression in low-vision community-living older adults. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 22 (3), 309–313.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khademi, M., Mousavi Hondori, H., & Videira Lopes, C. (2012). Optical illusion in augmented reality. In Proceedings of the 18th ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology, VRST ’12 (pp. 195–196), New York, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Kim, D.-J., & Lim, Y.-K. (2011). Handscope: Enabling blind people to experience statistical graphics on websites through haptics. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI ’11 (pp. 2039–2042), New York, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Kim, H. N., Smith-Jackson, T. L., & Nam, C. S. (2013). Elicitation of haptic user interface needs of people with low vision. International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, 29 (7), 488–500.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koike, H., Matoba, Y., & Takahashi, Y. (2013). Aquatop display: Interactive water surface for viewing and manipulating information in a bathroom. In Proceedings of the 2013 ACM International Conference on Interactive Tabletops and Surfaces, ITS ’13 (pp. 155–164), New York, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Krajnc, E., Feiner, J., & Schmidt, S. (2010). User centered interaction design for mobile applications focused on visually impaired and blind people. In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on HCI in Work and Learning, Life and Leisure: Workgroup Human–Computer Interaction and Usability Engineering, USAB ’10 (pp. 195–202), Klagenfurt, Austria.
   Google Scholar
• Kuber, R., Hastings, A., Tretter, M., & Fitzpatrick, D. (2012). Determining the accessibility of mobile screen readers for blind users. In Proceedings of the IASTED Conference on Human–Computer Interaction (pp. 182–189), Baltimore, MD.
   Google Scholar
• Kurtenbach, G., & Buxton, W. (1994). User learning and performance with marking menus. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI ’94 (pp. 258–264), New York, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Kurtenbach, G., Moran, T., & Buxton, W. (1994). Contextual animation of gestural commands. Computer Graphics Forum, 13 (5), 305–314.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landau, S., & Wells, L. (2003). Merging tactile sensory input and audio data by means of the talking tactile tablet. In Proceedings of EuroHaptics ’03 (pp. 414–418), Dublin, Ireland.
   Google Scholar
• Larson, S. (2016a). How tech companies are making their apps more accessible to the disabled. Retrieved from http://theweek.com/articles/628552/how-tech-companies-are-making-apps-more-accessible-disabled
   Google Scholar
• Larson, S. (2016b). Twitter finally adds photo captioning for the visually impaired. Retrieved from http://www.dailydot.com/debug/twitter-alt-text-captioning/
   Google Scholar
• Lee, S., & Zhai, S. (2009). The performance of touch screen soft buttons. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI ’09 (pp. 309–318), New York, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Leonard, V. K., Jacko, J. A., & Pizzimenti, J. J. (2005). An exploratory investigation of handheld computer interaction for older adults with visual impairments. In Proceedings of the 7th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility, Assets ’05 (pp. 12–19), New York, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Leporini, B., Buzzi, M. C., & Buzzi, M. (2012). Interacting with mobile devices via voiceover: Usability and accessibility issues. In Proceedings of the 24th Australian Computer–Human Interaction Conference, OzCHI ’12 (pp. 339–348), New York, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Lévesque, V., Pasquero, J., Hayward, V., & Legault, M. (2005). Display of virtual braille dots by lateral skin deformation: Feasibility study. ACM Trans. Appl. Percept., 2 (2), 132–149.
   Google Scholar
• Li, F. C. Y., Dearman, D., & Truong, K. N. (2010). Leveraging proprioception to make mobile phones more accessible to users with visual impairments. In Proceedings of the 12th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility, ASSETS ’10 (pp. 187–194), New York, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Lindeman, R. W., Page, R., Yanagida, Y., & Sibert, J. L. (2004). Towards full-body haptic feedback: The design and deployment of a spatialized vibrotactile feedback system. In Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology, VRST ’04 (pp. 146–149), New York, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Mack, A., Pappas, Z., Silverman, M., & Gay, R. (2002). What we see: Inattention and the capture of attention by meaning. Consciousness and Cognition, 11 (4), 488–506.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mack, A., & Rock, I. (1998). Inattentional Blindness. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Manduchi, R., & Coughlan, J. (2012). (Computer) vision without sight. Communications of the ACM, 55 (1), 96–104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manohar, P., & Parthasarathy, A. (2009). An innovative braille system keyboard for the visually impaired. In Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Computer Modelling and Simulation, UKSIM ’09 (pp. 559–562), Cambridge, UK.
   Google Scholar
• Mariakakis, A., Goel, M., Aumi, M. T. I., Patel, S. N., & Wobbrock, J. O. (2015). Switchback: Using focus and saccade tracking to guide users’ attention for mobile task resumption. In Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI ’15 (pp. 2953–2962), New York, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Matero, J., & Colley, A. (2012). Identifying unintentional touches on handheld touch screen devices. In Proceedings of the Designing Interactive Systems Conference, DIS ’12 (pp. 506–509), New York, NY.
   Google Scholar
• McGookin, D., Brewster, S., & Jiang, W. (2008). Investigating touchscreen accessibility for people with visual impairments. In Proceedings of the 5th Nordic Conference on Human–Computer Interaction: Building Bridges, NordiCHI ’08 (pp. 298–307), New York, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Meier, A., Matthies, D. J. C., Urban, B., & Wettach, R. (2015). Exploring vibrotactile feedback on the body and foot for the purpose of pedestrian navigation. In Proceedings of the 2Nd International Workshop on Sensor-based Activity Recognition and Interaction, WOAR ’15 (pp. 11:1–11:11), New York, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Meijer, P. (2016). The vOICe for Android. Retrieved from https://goo.gl/DDLg03
   Google Scholar
• Miller, D., Parecki, A., & Douglas, S. A. (2007). Finger dance: A sound game for blind people. In Proceedings of the 9th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility, Assets ’07 (pp. 253–254), New York, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Minatani, K., & Watanabe, T. (2012). A non-visual interface for tasks requiring rapid recognition and response: An rc helicopter control system for blind people. In Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Computers Helping People with Special Needs (pp. 630–635), Berlin, Heidelberg.
   Google Scholar
• Morris, M. R., Wobbrock, J. O., & Wilson, A. D. (2010). Understanding users’ preferences for surface gestures. In Proceedings of Graphics Interface 2010, GI ’10 (pp. 261–268), Toronto, Ont., Canada.
   Google Scholar
• Moschos, M. M. (2014). Physiology and psychology of vision and its disorders: A review. Medical Hypothesis, Discovery and Innovation in Ophthalmology, 3 (3), 83–90.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mott, M. E., & Wobbrock, J. O. (2014). Beating the bubble: Using kinematic triggering in the bubble lens for acquiring small, dense targets. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI ’14 (pp. 733–742), New York, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Nacenta, M. A., Kamber, Y., Qiang, Y., & Kristensson, P. O. (2013). Memorability of pre-designed and user-defined gesture sets. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI ’13 (pp. 1099–1108), New York, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Ng, A., & Brewster, S. (2013). The relationship between encumbrance and walking speed on mobile interactions. In CHI ’13 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI EA ’13 (pp. 1359–1364), New York, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Ng, A., Brewster, S. A., & Williamson, J. (2013). The impact of encumbrance on mobile interactions. In Proceedings of the 14th IFIP TC 13 International Conference on Human–Computer Interaction, INTERACT ’13 (pp. 92–109), Cape Town, South Africa.
   Google Scholar
• Nicolle, C., & Elton, E. (2016). Understanding everyday activities in context. Retrieved from http://designingwithpeople.rca.ac.uk/understanding-everyday-activities-in-context
   Google Scholar
• Oh, U., Branham, S., Findlater, L., & Kane, S. K. (2015). Audio-based feedback techniques for teaching touchscreen gestures. ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing (TACCESS), 7 (3), 1–29.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oh, U., & Findlater, L. (2015). A performance comparison of on-hand versus on-phone nonvisual input by blind and sighted users. ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing (TACCESS), 7 (4), 1–20.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oliveira, J., Guerreiro, T., Nicolau, H., Jorge, J., & Gonã§Alves, D. (2011). Brailletype: Unleashing braille over touch screen mobile phones. In Proceedings of the 13th IFIP TC 13 International Conference on Human–Computer Interaction, INTERACT’11 (pp. 100–107), Berlin, Heidelberg.
   Google Scholar
• Pamplona, V. F., Oliveira, M. M., Aliaga, D. G., & Raskar, R. (2012). Tailored displays to compensate for visual aberrations. ACM Transactions Graph, 31 (4), 1–12.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pareddy, S., Agarwal, A., & Swaminathan, M. (2016). Knowwhat: Mid field sensemaking for the visually impaired. In Proceedings of the 2016 Symposium on Spatial User Interaction, SUI ’16 (pp. 191–191), New York, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Park, K., Goh, T., & So, H.-J. (2014). Toward accessible mobile application design: Developing mobile application accessibility guidelines for people with visual impairment. In Proceedings of HCI Korea, HCIK ’15 (pp. 31–38), Seoul, South Korea
   Google Scholar
• Park, W., & Han, S. H. (2014). An analytical approach to creating multitouch gesture vocabularies in mobile devices: A case study for mobile web browsing gestures. International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, 30 (2), 126–141.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pawluk, D. T., Adams, R. J., & Kitada, R. (2015). Designing haptic assistive technology for individuals who are blind or visually impaired. IEEE Transactions on Haptics, 8, 3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pielot, M., Poppinga, B., Heuten, W., & Boll, S. (2012). Tacticycle: Supporting exploratory bicycle trips. In Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Human–Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services, MobileHCI ’12 (pp. 369–378), New York, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Pier, M. D., & Goldberg, I. R. (2005). Using water as interface media in vr applications. In Proceedings of the 2005 Latin American Conference on Human–Computer Interaction, CLIHC ’05 (pp. 162–169), New York, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Poláček, O., Grill, T., & Tscheligi, M. (2012). Towards a navigation system for blind people: A Wizard of Oz study. ACM SIGACCESS Accessibility and Computing, 104, 12–29.
   Google Scholar
• Prasanna, P., Jain, S., Bhagat, N., & Madabhushi, A. (2013). Decision support system for detection of diabetic retinopathy using smartphones. In Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Pervasive Computing Technologies for Healthcare, PervasiveHealth ’13 (pp. 176–179), ICST, Brussels, Belgium.
   Google Scholar
• Pressl, B., & Wieser, M. (2006). A computer-based navigation system tailored to the needs of blind people. In Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Computers Helping People with Special Needs, ICCHP’06 (pp. 1280–1286), Linz, Austria.
   Google Scholar
• Project-RAY. (2016). Smart phones for blind, cells for visually impaired. Retrieved from http://project-ray.com
   Google Scholar
• Qian, H., Kuber, R., & Sears, A. (2013). Developing tactile icons to support mobile users with situationally-induced impairments and disabilities. In Proceedings of the 15th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility, ASSETS ’13 (pp. 47:1–47:2). New York, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Quek, F., & Oliveira, F. (2013). Enabling the blind to see gestures. ACM Transactions on Computer–Human Interaction, 20 (1), 1–32.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rädle, R., Jetter, H.-C., Schreiner, M., Lu, Z., Reiterer, H., & Rogers, Y. (2015). Spatially-aware or spatially-agnostic? Elicitation and evaluation of user-defined cross-device interactions. In Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI ’15 (pp. 3913–3922). New York, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Rekik, Y., Grisoni, L., & Roussel, N. (2013). Towards many gestures to one command: A user study for tabletops. In Proceedings of the 14th IFIP TC 13 International Conference on Human–Computer Interaction, INTERACT ’13 (pp. 246–263), Cape Town, South Africa.
   Google Scholar
• Rekik, Y., Vatavu, R.-D., & Grisoni, L. (2014). Understanding users’ perceived difficulty of multi-touch gesture articulation. In Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Multimodal Interaction, ICMI ’14 (pp. 232–239), New York, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Rico, J., & Brewster, S. (2009). Gestures all around us: User differences in social acceptability perceptions of gesture based interfaces. In Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Human–Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services, MobileHCI ’09 (pp. 64:1–64:2). New York, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Rico, J., & Brewster, S. (2010). Usable gestures for mobile interfaces: Evaluating social acceptability. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI ’10 (pp. 887–896). New York, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Rock, I. (1997). Indirect Perception. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Rock, I., Linnett, C. M., & Grant, P. (1992). Perception without attention: Results of a new method. Cognitive Psychology, 24 (4), 502–534.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodriguez, R., Garretã3n, J. Y., & Pattini, A. (2016). Glare and cognitive performance in screen work in the presence of sunlight. Lighting Research and Technology, 48 (2), 221–238.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rotard, M., Taras, C., & Ertl, T. (2008). Tactile web browsing for blind people. Multimedia Tools and Applications, 37 (1), 53–69.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rovner, B., Casten, R., Hegel, M., Leiby, B., & Tasman, W. (2007). Preventing depression in age-related macular degeneration. Archives of General Psychiatry, 64 (8), 886–892.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubine, D. (1991). Specifying gestures by example. In Proceedings of the 18th Annual Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques, SIGGRAPH ’91 (pp. 329–337), New York, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Sagata, Y., Watanabe, M., & Asano, Y. (2007). Voiceblog for blind and weak-eyed people. In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Universal Access in Human–Computer Interaction: Applications and Services, UAHCI ’07 (pp. 961–969)..
   Google Scholar
• Sánchez, J., & Aguayo, F. (2007). Mobile messenger for the blind. In Proceedings of the 9th Conference on User Interfaces for All, ERCIM’06 (pp. 369–385), Berlin, Heidelberg.
   Google Scholar
• Schauerte, B., Martinez, M., Constantinescu, A., & Stiefelhagen, R. (2012). An assistive vision system for the blind that helps find lost things. In Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Computers Helping People with Special Needs, ICCHP’12 (pp. 566–572), Berlin, Heidelberg.
   Google Scholar
• Schildbach, B., & Rukzio, E. (2010). Investigating selection and reading performance on a mobile phone while walking. In Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Human–Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services, MobileHCI ’10 (pp. 93–102). New York, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Schmidt, A., Aidoo, K. A., Takaluoma, A., Tuomela, U., Laerhoven, K. V., & Velde, W. V. D. (1999). Advanced interaction in context. In Proceedings of the 1st International Symposium on Handheld and Ubiquitous Computing, HUC ’99 (pp. 89–101), London, UK.
   Google Scholar
• Schönauer, C., Mossel, A., Zaiti, I.-A., & Vatavu, R.-D. (2015). Touch, movement & vibration: User perception of vibrotactile feedback for touch and mid-air gestures. In Proceedings of the 15th IFIP TC.13 International Conference on Human–Computer Interaction, INTERACT ’15 (pp. 165–172), Bamberg, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Schuchhardt, M., Jha, S., Ayoub, R., Kishinevsky, M., & Memik, G. (2015). Optimizing mobile display brightness by leveraging human visual perception. In Proceedings of the 2015 International Conference on Compilers, Architecture and Synthesis for Embedded Systems, CASES ’15 (pp. 11–20), Piscataway, NJ.
   Google Scholar
• Sears, A., Lin, M., Jacko, J., & Xiao, Y. (2003). When computers fade: Pervasive computing and situationally-induced impairments and disabilities. In Proceedings of HCI International ’03 (pp. 1298–1302), Crete, Greece.
   Google Scholar
• Senra, H., Barbosa, F., Ferreira, P., Vieira, C. R., Perrin, P. B., Rogers, H., … Leal, I. (2015). Psychologic adjustment to irreversible vision loss in adults: A systematic review. Ophthalmology, 122 (4), 851–861.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaik, A. S., Hossain, G., & Yeasin, M. (2010). Design, development and performance evaluation of reconfigured mobile android phone for people who are blind or visually impaired. In Proceedings of the 28th ACM International Conference on Design of Communication, SIGDOC ’10 (pp. 159–166), New York, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Shen, F. (2016). Talking location. Retrieved from https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/talking-location/id887104200?mt=8
   Google Scholar
• Shinohara, K., & Tenenberg, J. (2007). Observing sara: A case study of a blind person’s interactions with technology. In Proceedings of the 9th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility, Assets ’07 (pp. 171–178), New York, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Siqueira, J., Soares, F. A. A. d. M. N., Ferreira, D. J., Silva, C. R. G., Berretta, d. O., Ferreira, C. B. R., Félix, I. M., Soares, A. d. S., Costa, R. M. d., Luna, M. M. (2016). Braille text entry on smartphones: A systematic review of the literature. In Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE 40th Annual Computer Software and Applications Conference (COMPSAC) (pp. 521–526), Atlanta, GA.
   Google Scholar
• SmartTools. (2016). Smart magnifier. Retrieved from https://goo.gl/9XFBTS
   Google Scholar
• Song, J., Sörös, G., Pece, F., Fanello, S. R., Izadi, S., Keskin, C., & Hilliges, O. (2014). In-air gestures around unmodified mobile devices. In Proceedings of the 27th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology, UIST ’14 (pp. 319–329), New York, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Statista. (2016). Smartphone users worldwide 2014–2019 |Statistic. Retrieved from http://www.statista.com/statistics/330695/number-of-smartphone-users-worldwide/
   Google Scholar
• Su, C.-H., Chan, L., Weng, C.-T., Liang, R.-H., Cheng, K.-Y., & Chen, B.-Y. (2013). Naildisplay: Bringing an always available visual display to fingertips. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI ’13 (pp. 1461–1464), New York, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Szpiro, S., Hashash, S., Zhao, Y., & Azenkot, S. (2016a). How people with low vision access computing devices: Understanding challenges and opportunities. In Proceedings of the 18th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility, ASSETS ’16, Reno, NV.
   Google Scholar
• Szpiro, S., Zhao, Y., & Azenkot, S. (2016b). Finding a store, searching for a product: A study of daily challenges of low vision people. In Proceedings of the 2016 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing, UbiComp ’16 (pp. 61–72), New York, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Szymczak, D., Magnusson, C., & Rassmus-Gröhn, K. (2012). Guiding tourists through haptic interaction: Vibration feedback in the lund time machine. In Proceedings of the 2012 International Conference on Haptics: Perception, Devices, Mobility, and Communication - Volume Part II, EuroHaptics’12 (pp. 157–162), Berlin, Heidelberg.
   Google Scholar
• Tanuwidjaja, E., Huynh, D., Koa, K., Nguyen, C., Shao, C., Torbett, P., … Weibel, N. (2014). Chroma: A wearable augmented-reality solution for color blindness. In Proceedings of the 2014 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing, UbiComp ’14 (pp. 799–810), New York, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Tian, Y., & Yuan, S. (2010). Clothes matching for blind and color blind people. In Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Computers Helping People with Special Needs, ICCHP’10 (pp. 324–331), Vienna, Austria.
   Google Scholar
• Tinwala, H., & MacKenzie, I. S. (2010). Eyes-free text entry with error correction on touchscreen mobile devices. In Proceedings of the 6th Nordic Conference on Human–Computer Interaction: Extending Boundaries, NordiCHI ’10 (pp. 511–520), New York, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Tomlinson, B. J., Schuett, J. H., Shortridge, W., Chandran, J., & Walker, B. N. (2016). Talkin’ about the weather: Incorporating talkback functionality and sonifications for accessible app design. In Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Human–Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services, MobileHCI ’16 (pp. 377–386), New York, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Tu, H., Ren, X., Tian, F., & Wang, F. (2014). Evaluation of flick and ring scrolling on touch-based smartphones. International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, 30 (8), 643–653.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tu, H., Ren, X., & Zhai, S. (2015). Differences and similarities between finger and pen stroke gestures on stationary and mobile devices. ACM Transactions on Computer–Human Interaction, 22 (5), 1–39.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turunen, M., Valkama, P., Rajaniemi, J.-P., Raisamo, R., Heimonen, T., Rantala, J., … Raisamo, R. (2010). Accessible multimodal media center application for blind and partially sighted people. Comput. Entertain, 8 (3), 1–30.
   Google Scholar
• Vatavu, R.-D., Anthony, L., & Wobbrock, J. O. (2012). Gestures as point clouds: A $p recognizer for user interface prototypes. In Proceedings of the 14th ACM International Conference on Multimodal Interaction, ICMI ’12 (pp. 273–280), New York, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Vatavu, R.-D., Anthony, L., & Wobbrock, J. O. (2013). Relative accuracy measures for stroke gestures. In Proceedings of the 15th ACM on International Conference on Multimodal Interaction, ICMI ’13 (pp. 279–286), New York, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Vatavu, R.-D., Anthony, L., & Wobbrock, J. O. (2014). Gesture heatmaps: Understanding gesture performance with colorful visualizations. In Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Multimodal Interaction, ICMI ’14 (pp. 172–179), New York, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Vatavu, R.-D., Cramariuc, G., & Schipor, D. M. (2015). Touch interaction for children aged 3 to 6 years: Experimental findings and relationship to motor skills. International Journal of Human–Computer Studies, 74, 54–76.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vatavu, R.-D., & Mancas, M. (2014). Visual attention measures for multi-screen TV. In Proceedings of the 2014 ACM International Conference on Interactive Experiences for TV and Online Video, TVX ’14 (pp. 111–118), New York, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Vatavu, R.-D., & Mancas, M. (2015). Evaluating visual attention for multi-screen television: Measures, toolkit, and experimental findings. Personal and Ubiquitous Computing, 19 (5–6), 781–801.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vatavu, R.-D., Mossel, A., & Schönauer, C. (2016). Digital vibrons: Understanding users’ perceptions of interacting with invisible, zero-weight matter. In Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Human–Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services, MobileHCI ’16 (pp. 217–226), New York, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Vatavu, R.-D., & Wobbrock, J. O. (2015). Formalizing agreement analysis for elicitation studies: New measures, significance test, and toolkit. In Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI ’15 (pp. 1325–1334), New York, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Vatavu, R.-D., & Wobbrock, J. O. (2016). Between-subjects elicitation studies: Formalization and tool support. In Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI ’16 (pp. 3390–3402), New York, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Vertanen, K. (2016). Counting fingers: Eyes-free text entry without touch location. Presented at CHI’16 Workshop on Inviscid Text Entry and Beyond, San Jose, CA.
   Google Scholar
• Vogel, D., & Balakrishnan, R. (2010). Occlusion-aware interfaces. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI ’10 (pp. 263–272), New York, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Vogel, D., & Casiez, G. (2012). Hand occlusion on a multi-touch tabletop. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI ’12 (pp. 2307–2316), New York, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Vogel, D., Cudmore, M., Casiez, G., Balakrishnan, R., & Keliher, L. (2009). Hand occlusion with tablet-sized direct pen input. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI ’09 (pp. 557–566), New York, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Voykinska, V., Azenkot, S., Wu, S., & Leshed, G. (2016). How blind people interact with visual content on social networking services. In Proceedings of the 19th ACM Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work & Social Computing, CSCW ’16 (pp. 1584–1595), New York, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Wall, S. A., & Brewster, S. A. (2006). Tac-tiles: Multimodal pie charts for visually impaired users. In Proceedings of the 4th Nordic Conference on Human–Computer Interaction: Changing Roles, NordiCHI ’06 (pp. 9–18), New York, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, Z., Li, N., & Li, B. (2012). Fast and independent access to map directions for people who are blind. Interacting with Computers, 24 (2), 91–106.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO. (2012). Global data on visual impairments 2010. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/blindness/GLOBALDATAFINALforweb.pdf
   Google Scholar
• WHO. (2014). Visual impairment and blindness (Fact Sheet No. 282). Retrieved from http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs282/en/
   Google Scholar
• WHO. (2016). International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems 10th revision (icd-10) - WHO version for 2016. Retrieved from http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2016/en
   Google Scholar
• Wiese, J., Saponas, T. S., & Brush, A. B. (2013). Phoneprioception: Enabling mobile phones to infer where they are kept. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI ’13 (pp. 2157–2166), New York, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Wimmer, R., & Echtler, F. (2013). Exploring the benefits of fingernail displays. In CHI ’13 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI EA ’13 (pp. 937–942), New York, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Wobbrock, J. O. (2006). The future of mobile device research in HCI. In Proceedings of the CHI ’06 Workshop What is the Next Generation of Human–Computer Interaction? (pp. 131–134), Quebec, Canada.
   Google Scholar
• Wobbrock, J. O., Aung, H. H., Rothrock, B., & Myers, B. A. (2005). Maximizing the guessability of symbolic input. In CHI ’05 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI EA ’05 (pp. 1869–1872), New York, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Wobbrock, J. O., Kane, S. K., Gajos, K. Z., Harada, S., & Froehlich, J. (2011). Ability-based design: Concept, principles and examples. ACM Trans. Access. Comput, 3 (3), 1–27.
   Google Scholar
• Wobbrock, J. O., Morris, M. R., & Wilson, A. D. (2009). User-defined gestures for surface computing. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI ’09 (pp. 1083–1092), New York, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Wobbrock, J. O., Wilson, A. D., & Li, Y. (2007). Gestures without libraries, toolkits or training: A $1 recognizer for user interface prototypes. In Proceedings of the 20th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology, UIST ’07 (pp. 159–168), New York, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Wolf, K., & Henze, N. (2014). Comparing pointing techniques for grasping hands on tablets. In Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Human–Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices & Services, MobileHCI ’14 (pp. 53–62), New York, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Wu, S., & Adamic, L. A. (2014). Visually impaired users on an online social network. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI ’14 (pp. 3133–3142), New York, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Xu, C., Israr, A., Poupyrev, I., Bau, O., & Harrison, C. (2011). Tactile display for the visually impaired using teslatouch. In CHI ’11 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI EA ’11 (pp. 317–322), New York, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Yang, Y., & Hwang, S. (2007). Specialized design of web search engine for the blind people. In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Universal Access in Human–Computer Interaction: Applications and Services, UAHCI ’07 (pp. 997–1005), Berlin, Heidelberg.
   Google Scholar
• Ye, H., Malu, M., Oh, U., & Findlater, L. (2014). Current and future mobile and wearable device use by people with visual impairments. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI ’14 (pp. 3123–3132), New York, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Yoon, D., Hinckley, K., Benko, H., Guimbretière, F., Irani, P., Pahud, M., & Gavriliu, M. (2015). Sensing tablet grasp + micro-mobility for active reading. In Proceedings of the 28th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software & Technology, UIST ’15 (pp. 477–487), New York, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, J., Ong, S. K., & Nee, A. Y. C. (2008). Navigation systems for individuals with visual impairment: A survey. In Proceedings of the 2Nd International Convention on Rehabilitation Engineering & Assistive Technology, iCREATe ’08 (pp. 159–162). Kaki Bukit TechPark II, Singapore.
   Google Scholar
• Zhao, S., & Balakrishnan, R. (2004). Simple vs. compound mark hierarchical marking menus. In Proceedings of the 17th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology, UIST ’04 (pp. 33–42), New York, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Zhao, Y., Szpiro, S., & Azenkot, S. (2015). Foresee: A customizable head-mounted vision enhancement system for people with low vision. In Proceedings of the 17th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers & Accessibility, ASSETS ’15 (pp. 239–249), New York, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Zhao, Y., Szpiro, S., Knighten, J., & Azenkot, S. (2016). Cuesee: Exploring visual cues for people with low vision to facilitate a visual search task. In Proceedings of the 2016 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing, UbiComp ’16 (pp. 73–84), New York, NY.
   Google Scholar