536
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Articles

Artificially Intelligent, Interactive, and Assistive Machines: A Definitional Framework for Intelligent Assistants

ORCID Icon
Pages 776-789 | Received 16 Feb 2021, Accepted 01 Mar 2022, Published online: 18 Apr 2022

References

  • Agarwal, V., Khan, O. Z., & Sarikaya, R. (2017, March). Remembering what you said: semantic personalized memory for personal digital assistants. In IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP) (pp. 5835–5839). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICASSP.2017.7953275
  • Almeida, V., Furtado, E. S., Furtado, V., & Almeida, V. (2020). Personal digital assistants: The need for governance. IEEE Internet Computing, 24(6), 59–64. https://doi.org/10.1109/MIC.2020.3009897
  • Araujo, T. (2018). Living up to the chatbot hype: The influence of anthropomorphic design cues and communicative agency framing on conversational agent and company perceptions. Computers in Human Behavior, 85, 183–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.03.051
  • Azvine, B., Djian, D., Tsui, K. C., & Wobcke, W. (2021). The intelligent assistant: An overview. In B. Azvine, D. D. Nauck, & N. Azarmi (Eds.), Intelligent systems and soft computing: Prospects, tools and applications (pp. 215–238). Springer.
  • Barwise, J., & Cooper, R. (1981). Generalized quantifiers and natural language. Linguistics and Philosophy, 4(2), 159–219. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00350139
  • Berry, P. M., Gervasio, M. T., Peintner, B., Uribe, T. E., & Yorke-Smith, N. (2006). Multi-criteria evaluation in user-centric distributed scheduling agents. In AAAI spring symposium: Distributed plan and schedule management (pp. 151–152). AAAI Press.
  • Boden, M. A. (2016). AI: Its nature and future. Oxford University Press.
  • Bourbakis, N. G., & Kavraki, D. (2001, November). An intelligent assistant for navigation of visually impaired people. In Proceedings 2nd Annual IEEE International Symposium on Bioinformatics and Bioengineering (BIBE 2001) (pp. 230–235). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/BIBE.2001.974434
  • Brandtzaeg, P. B., & Følstad, A. (2017). Why People Use Chatbots. Internet Science, 377–392. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70284-1_30
  • Bush, V. (1945). As we may think. The Atlantic Monthly, 176(1), 101–108.
  • Canbek, N. G., & Mutlu, M. E. (2016). On the track of artificial intelligence: Learning with intelligent personal assistants. International Journal of Human Sciences, 13(1), 592–601. https://doi.org/10.14687/ijhs.v13i1.3549
  • Cao, C., Zhao, L., & Hu, Y. (2019). Anthropomorphism of Intelligent Personal Assistants (IPAs): Antecedents and consequences. PACIS, 187. https://aisel.aisnet.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1186&context=pacis2019
  • Chaudhri, V. K., Cheyer, A., Guili, R., Jarrold, B., Myers, K. L., & Niekarsz, J. (2006). A case study in engineering a knowledge base for an intelligent personal assistant. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Semantic Desktop and Social Semantic Collaboration, Volume 202, 25–32. CEUR-WS.org. https://doi.org/10.5555/2889986.2889989
  • Chowdhury, S. S., & Talukdar, A., Mahmud, A., & Rahman, T. (2018). Domain Specific Intelligent Personal Assistant with Bilingual Voice Command Processing. TENCON 2018 - 2018 IEEE Region 10 Conference, 0731–0734. https://doi.org/10.1109/TENCON.2018.8650203
  • Chung, H., Iorga, M., Voas, J., & Lee, S. (2017). Alexa, can I trust you? Computer, 50(9), 100–104.
  • Congressional Research Service. (2020, August 26). Artificial intelligence and national security. https://fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/R45178.pdf
  • Cooper, R. S., McElroy, J. F., Rolandi, W., Sanders, D., Ulmer, R. M., & Peebles, E. (2004). Personal virtual assistant (US Patent No. 6757362). U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
  • Cora. (n.d). Meet cora: Here to help you 24/7. https://personal.rbs.co.uk/personal/support-centre/cora.html
  • Cowan, B. R., Pantidi, N., Coyle, D., Morrissey, K., Clarke, P., Al-Shehri, S., Earley, D., & Bandeira, N. (2017). What can I help you with? Infrequent users’ experiences of intelligent personal assistants. In Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services, ACM, 43.
  • Currans, K. G., & Bertani, J. A. (2004). Personal digital assistant with streaming information display (US Patent 6727930). U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
  • Danaher, J. (2018). Toward an ethics of AI assistants: An initial framework. Philosophy & Technology, 31(4), 629–653. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13347-018-0317-3
  • Davis, K. H., Biddulph, R., & Balashek, S. (1952). Automatic recognition of spoken digits. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 24(6), 637–642. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.1906946
  • Denes, P., & Mathews, M. V. (1960). Spoken digit recognition using time‐frequency pattern matching. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 32(11), 1450–1455. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.1907936
  • Dersch, W. C. Jr. (1969). Signal translating apparatus (US Patent No. 3470321). U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/d1/1a/2c/a12d2b8d153773/US3470321.pdf
  • Dudley, H., & Balashek, S. (1958). Automatic recognition of phonetic patterns in speech. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 30(8), 721–732. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.1909742
  • Empson, R. (2011, October 5). Siri-ous mind blowing: Video evidence of Apple’s prophetic past — circa 1987. TechCrunch. https://social.techcrunch.com/2011/10/05/siri-ous-mind-blowing-video-evidence-of-apples-prophetic-past-circa-1987/
  • Evers, M., Northway, D., Christopher, D., Thorpe, Z., Utigard, L., & Yoshimoto, M. (2001). Personal digital assistant device (US Patent No. D443612:S1). U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
  • Feigenbaum, E. A. (1963). Artificial intelligence research. IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, 9(4), 248–253. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIT.1963.1057864
  • Feigenbaum, E. A. (1977). The art of artificial intelligence: I. Themes and case studies of knowledge engineering (Technical Report, CS-TR-77-621). Stanford University.
  • Gelman, A., Altman, S., Pallakoff, M., Doshi, K., & Manago, C. (1988). FRM: An intelligent assistant for financial resource management. AAAI.
  • Ghandeharioun, A., McDuff, D., Czerwinski, M., & Rowan, K. (2018). Emma: An emotionally intelligent personal assistant for improving wellbeing. arXiv Preprint arXiv:1812. 11423.
  • Grama, A., Petreus, D., Coca, O., Petrasuc, G., Stetco, E. M., Bia, B., & Socaciu, V. (2019, October). Personal assistant based on internet of things. In 2019 IEEE 25th International Symposium for Design and Technology in Electronic Packaging (SIITME) (pp. 248–251). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/SIITME47687.2019.8990799
  • Guzman, A. L. (2018). What is human-machine communication, anyway? In A. L. Guzman (Ed.), Human-machine communication: Rethinking communication, technology, and ourselves (pp. 1–28). Peter Lang.
  • Guzman, A. L., & Lewis, S. C. (2020). Artificial intelligence and communication: A Human–Machine Communication research agenda. New Media & Society, 22(1), 70–86. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444819858691
  • Hauswald, J., Laurenzano, M. A., Zhang, Y., Li, C., Rovinski, A., Khurana, A., Dreslinski, R. G., Mudge, T., Petrucci, V., Tang, L., & Mars, J. (2015). Sirius: An open end-to-end voice and vision personal assistant and its implications for future warehouse scale computers. In Proceedings of the Twentieth International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems (pp. 223–238). ACM.
  • Hill, J., Ford, W. R., & Farreras, I. G. (2015). Real conversations with artificial intelligence: A comparison between human–human online conversations and human–chatbot conversations. Computers in Human Behavior, 49, 245–250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.02.026
  • Honan, M. (2013). Remembering the Apple's Newton's prophetic failure and lasting impact. Wired. https://www.wired.com/2013/08/remembering-the-apple-newtons-prophetic-failure-and-lasting-ideals/
  • Hoy, M. B. (2018). Alexa, Siri, Cortana, and more: An introduction to voice assistants. Medical Reference Services Quarterly, 37(1), 81–88. https://doi.org/10.1080/02763869.2018.1404391
  • Huff, K. E., & Lesser, V. R. (1988). A plan-based intelligent assistant that supports the software development. ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes, 13(5), 97–106. https://doi.org/10.1145/64137.65012
  • IBM Archives: IBM Shoebox. (n.d.). IBM Shoebox. https://www.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/specialprod1/specialprod1_7.html
  • Jepson, A. D., Richards, W. (1993). What is a percept? Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto. https://www.cs.toronto.edu/∼jepson/papers/jepson_richards_percept.pdf
  • Kaiser, G. E., & Feiler, P. H. (1987). An architecture for intelligent assistance in software development. In Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Software Engineering (pp. 180–188). Associate for Computing Machinery.
  • Këpuska, V., & Bohouta, G. (2018). Next-generation of virtual personal assistants (Microsoft Cortana, Apple Siri, Amazon Alexa and Google Home). In 2018 IEEE 8th Annual Computing and Communication Workshop and Conference (CCWC) (pp. 99–103). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/CCWC.2018.8301638
  • Khan, M. A., Tripathi, A., Dixit, A., & Dixit, M. (2019, January). Correlative analysis and impact of intelligent virtual assistants on machine learning. In 2019 11th International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Communication Networks (CICN) (pp. 133–139). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/CICN.2019.8902424
  • Khusnutdinov, A., Usachev, D., Mazzara, M., Khan, A., & Panchenko, I. (2018, May). Open source platform digital personal assistant. In 2018 32nd International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications Workshops (WAINA) (pp. 45–50). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/WAINA.2018.00062
  • Kim, C. W., Suh, C. K. (2017, October). Factors affecting the intention to use the intelligent personal assistant. In Proceedings of International Academic Conferences (No. 5807971). International Institute of Social and Economic Sciences.
  • Kim, K., de Melo, C. M., Norouzi, N., Bruder, G., & Welch, G. F. (2020). Reducing task load with an embodied intelligent virtual assistant for improved performance in collaborative decision making. In 2020 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces (VR) (pp. 529–538). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/VR46266.2020.00074
  • Kline, R. R. (2015). The cybernetics moment: Or why we call our age the information age. Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • Leavitt, D. (2006). The man who knew too much: Alan Turing and the invention of the computer. WW Norton & Company.
  • Liddy, E. D. (2001). Natural language processing. In M. A. Drake (Ed.), Encyclopedia of library and information science (pp. 2126–2136). Marcel Decker.
  • Lodhi, P., Mishra, O., Jain, S., & Bajaj, V. (2018). StuA: An Intelligent Student Assistant. International Journal of Interactive Multimedia and Artificial Intelligence, 5(2), 17–25. https://doi.org/10.9781/ijimai.2018.02.008
  • López, G., Quesada, L., & Guerrero, L. A. (2018). Alexa vs. Siri vs. Cortana vs. Google Assistant: A comparison of speech-based natural user interfaces. In Advances in human factors and systems interaction (pp. 241–250). Springer International Publishing.
  • Mane, P., Sonone, S., Gaikwad, N., & Ramteke, J. (2017, August). Smart personal assistant using machine learning. In 2017 International Conference on Energy, Communication, Data Analytics and Soft Computing (ICECDS) (pp. 368–371). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICECDS.2017.8390128
  • Mani, S. (2020, June 3). Artificial intelligence powered digital assistants - voice tech podcast - medium. Voice Tech Podcast. https://medium.com/voice-tech-podcast/artificial-intelligence-powered-digital-assistants-1e0bdf108641
  • Manikonda, L., Deotale, A., & Kambhampati, S. (2018). What’s up with privacy? User preferences and privacy concerns in intelligent personal assistants. In Proceedings of the 2018 AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society (pp. 229–235). ACM. https://doi.org/10.1145/3278721.3278773
  • Martin, T. B. (1976). Practical applications of voice input to machines. Proceedings of the IEEE, 64(4), 487–501. https://doi.org/10.1109/PROC.1976.10157
  • McCarthy, J., Minsky, M. L., Rochester, N., & Shannon, C. E. (2006). A proposal for the Dartmouth summer research project on artificial intelligence, August 31, 1955. AI Magazine, 27(4), 12. https://doi.org/10.1609/aimag.v27i4.1904
  • Meadow, C. T. (1970). Man-machine communication. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Microsoft (n.d). Cortana - your personal productivity assistant. Retrieved May 26, 2020, from https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/cortana
  • Mihale-Wilson, C., Zibuschka, J., & Hinz, O. (2017). About user preferences and willingness to pay for a secure and privacy protective ubiquitous Personal assistant. In Proceedings of the 25th European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS). AISeL. https://aisel.aisnet.org/ecis2017_rp/3/
  • Miksch, S., Cheng, K., & Hayes-Roth, B. (1997, February). An intelligent assistant for patient health care. In Proceedings of the First International Conference on Autonomous Agents (pp. 458–465). https://doi.org/10.1145/267658.267770
  • Missig, J. K., Bernstein, J. T., Cieplinski, A. E., Khoe, M.-L., Hart, D. J., Costanzo, B. C., Zambetti, N., & Brown, M. I. (2014). Intelligent digital assistant in a desktop environment US Patent (No. 20140218372:A1). U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
  • Moskvitch, K. (2017, February 15). The machines that learned to listen. BBC. https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20170214-the-machines-that-learned-to-listen
  • Myers, K., Berry, P., Blythe, J., Conley, K., & Gervasio, M. (2007). An intelligent personal assistant for task and time management. AI Magazine. https://www.aaai.org/ojs/index.php/aimagazine/article/view/2039
  • Myers, K. L., & Yorke-Smith, N. (2005). A cognitive framework for delegation to an assistive user agent. In Proceedings of AAAI 2005 Fall Symposium on Mixed-Initiative Problem-Solving Assistants (pp. 94–99). U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
  • Nagel, J., & Seni, G. (2007). Text input method for personal digital assistants and the like (US Patent No. 7158678). U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
  • Nass, C., Steuer, J., Tauber, E. R. (1994). Computers are social actors. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 72–78). ACM.
  • Newell, A., & Simon, H. (1956). The logic theory machine–A complex information processing system. IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, 2(3), 61–79. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIT.1956.1056797
  • Newell, A., & Simon, H. A. (1961). Computer simulation of human thinking. Science (New York, N.Y.), 134(3495), 2011–2017. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.134.3495.2011
  • Newell, A., Shaw, J. C., & Simon, H. A. (1958). Elements a theory of human problem solving. Psychological Review, 65(3), 151–166. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0048495
  • Oberquelle, H., Kupka, I., & Maass, S. (1983). A view of human—machine communication and co-operation. International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 19(4), 309–333. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7373(83)80057-1
  • Pauker, S. G., Gorry, G. A., Kassirer, J. P., & Schwartz, W. B. (1976). Towards the simulation of clinical cognition: Taking a present illness by computer. The American Journal of Medicine, 60(7), 981–996.
  • Pinker, S., & Bloom, P. (1990). Natural language and natural selection. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 13(4), 707–784. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X00081061
  • Priest, D., Dyson, T., Martin, T. (2019, September 17). The complete list of Alexa commands so far. CNET. https://www.cnet.com/how-to/the-complete-list-of-alexa-commands-for-your-amazon-echo/
  • Purington, A., Taft, J. G., Sannon, S., Bazarova, N. N., & Taylor, S. H. (2017). “Alexa is my new BFF”: Social roles, user satisfaction, and personification of the Amazon Echo. In Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 2853–2859). ACM.
  • Reeves, B., & Nass, C. I. (1996). The media equation: How people treat computers, television, and new media like real people and places. Cambridge University Press.
  • rkarena (2007, April 8). Apple’s 1987 knowledge navigator video. Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HGYFEI6uLy0
  • Roediger, H. L. III. (2004). What happened to behaviorism. APS Observer, 17(3), 40–42.
  • Roemmele, B. (2019). The 1961 IBM Shoebox—The First Voice First device created. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gQqCCzrS5_I
  • Rough, D., & Cowan, B. (2020, August). Poster: APIs for IPAs? Towards end-user tailoring of intelligent personal assistants. In 2020 IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages and Human-Centric Computing (VL/HCC) (pp. 1–2). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/VL/HCC50065.2020.9127267
  • Russell, S. J., & Norvig, P. (2015). Artificial intelligence: A modern approach. Pearson Education Limited.
  • Sacks, H., Schegloff, E. A., & Jefferson, G. (1974). A simplest systematics for the organization of turn-taking for conversation. Language, 50(4), 696–735. [Database] https://doi.org/10.1353/lan.1974.0010
  • Sakagami, Y., Watanabe, R., Aoyama, C., Matsunaga, S., Higaki, N., & Fujimura, K. (2002). The intelligent ASIMO: System overview and integration. In IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (Vol. 3, pp. 2478–2483). IEEE.
  • Scott, A. C., Clayton, J. E., & Garnier, J. (1987). Intelligent assistant for using and operating computer system capabilities to solve problems (US Patent No 4713775A). U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
  • Segal, R. B., & Kephart, J. O. (1999). MailCat: An intelligent assistant for organizing e-mail. Proceedings of the Third Annual Conference on Autonomous Agents Publisher: Association of Computing Machinery, AAAI/IAAI, 925–926.
  • Shannon, C. E., & Weaver, W. (1948). A mathematical theory of communication. University of Illinois Press.
  • Siitonen, L., & Ronkka, R. (1997). Personal digital assistant with real time search capability (US Patent No. 6049796A). U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
  • Singh, S. (1999). The code book: The science of secrecy from ancient Egypt to quantum cryptography. Doubleday.
  • Solomonoff, R. J. (1966). Some recent work in artificial intelligence. Proceedings of the IEEE, 54(12), 1687–1697. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/1447180/
  • Suchman, L. A. (1987). Plans and situated actions: The problem of human-machine communication. Cambridge University Press.
  • Todorov, J., Valkanov, V., Stoyanov, S., Daskalov, B., Popchev, I., & Orozova, D. (2018). Personal assistants in a virtual education space. In V. Sgurev, V. Jotsov, & J. Kacprzyk (Eds.), Practical issues of intelligent innovations (pp. 131–153). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78437-3_6
  • Tou, F. N., Williams, M. D., Fikes, R., Henderson, D. A., Jr., & Malone, T. W. (1982). RABBIT: An intelligent database assistant (pp. 314–318). AAAI.
  • Turing, A. M. (1950). Computing machinery and intelligence. Mind, LIX(236), 433–460. https://doi.org/10.1093/mind/LIX.236.433
  • Wall, M. (2018). Meet CIMON. The 1st robot with artificial intelligence to fly in space. https://www.space.com/41041-artificial-intelligence-cimon-space-exploration.html
  • Weiner, N. (1948). Cybernetics: Or control and communication in animal and machine. MIT Press.
  • Weizenbaum, J. (1966). ELIZA – A computer programme for the study of natural language communication between men and machines. Communications of the ACM, 9(1), 36–45. https://doi.org/10.1145/365153.365168
  • Winkler, R., Söllner, M., Neuweiler, M. L., Conti Rossini, F., & Leimeister, J. M. (2019). Alexa, can you help us solve this problem? How conversations with smart personal assistant tutors increase task group outcomes. In Extended Abstracts of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 1–6). Association for Computing Machinery. https://doi.org/10.1145/3290607.3313090
  • Zhang, B., Dafoe, A. (2019). Artificial intelligence: American attitudes and trends. https://governanceai.github.io/US-Public-Opinion-Report-Jan-2019/us_public_opinion_report_jan_2019.pdf
  • Zimmermann, M., Stolcke, A., & Shriberg, E. (2006). Joint segmentation and classification of dialog acts in multiparty meetings. In 2006 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics Speech and Signal Processing Proceedings (Vol. 1, pp. I–I). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICASSP.2006.1660087

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.