Between Toxics and Gold: Devaluing Informal Labor in the Global Urban Mine

References

• Agarwal, Ravi, Rakesh Ranjan, and Papiya Sarkar. 2003. Scrapping the Hi-Tech Myth: Computer Waste in India. New Delhi: Toxics Link.
   Google Scholar
• Bach, Jonathan. 2010. “‘They Come in Peasants and Leave Citizens’: Urban Villages and the Making of Shenzhen, China.” Cultural Anthropology 25 (3): 421–458. doi: 10.1111/j.1548-1360.2010.01066.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balch, Oliver. 2016. “A World without Waste: The Rise of Urban Mining.” The Guardian, October 25. https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/2016/oct/25/urban-mining-recyling-waste-buildings-offices-cities.
   Google Scholar
• Baldé, C. P., F. Wang, R. Kuehr, and J. Huisman. 2015. The Global E-Waste Monitor – 2014. Report. Bonn: United Nations University.
   Google Scholar
• Borthakur, Anwesha. 2015. “Generation and Management of Electronic Waste in India: An Assessment From Stakeholders’ Perspective.” Journal of Developing Societies 31 (2): 220–248. doi: 10.1177/0169796X14545574
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaturvedi, Bharati, and Supriya Bhardwaj. 2013. Learning to Re-E-Cycle: What Working With E-Waste Has Taught Us. New Delhi: Chintan Environmental Research and Action Group.
   Google Scholar
• Chen, Martha, Sally Roever, and Caroline Skinner. 2016. “Editorial: Urban Livelihoods: Reframing Theory and Policy.” Environment and Urbanization 28 (2): 331–342. doi: 10.1177/0956247816662405
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chintan Environmental Research and Action Group. 2007. Wasting our Local Resources: The Need for Inclusive Waste Management Policy In India. New Delhi: Chintan Environmental Research and Action Group.
   Google Scholar
• Corwin, Julia Eleanor. 2018. “‘Nothing Is Useless in Nature’: Delhi’s Repair Economies and Value-Creation in an Electronics ‘Waste’ Sector.” Environment and Planning A 50 (1): 14–30. doi: 10.1177/0308518X17739006
   Google Scholar
• Demaria, Federico, and Seth Schindler. 2016. “Contesting Urban Metabolism: Struggles Over Waste-to-Energy in Delhi, India.” Antipode 48 (2): 293–313. doi: 10.1111/anti.12191
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dilger, Daniel Eran. 2018. “Refurbished, High-end iPhones Are Suffocating the Growth of Cheap New Androids.” Apple Insider, March 14. https://appleinsider.com/articles/18/03/14/refurbished-high-end-iphones-are-suffocating-the-growth-of-cheap-new-androids.
   Google Scholar
• Ejiogu, Amanze Rajesh. 2013. “E-Waste Economics: A Nigerian Perspective.” Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal 24 (2): 199–213. doi: 10.1108/14777831311303083
   Google Scholar
• Furniss, Jamie. 2015. “Alternative Framings of Transnational Waste Flows: Reflections Based on the Egypt-China PET Plastic Trade.” Area 47 (1): 24–30. doi: 10.1111/area.12160
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcier, Romain. 2012. “One Cycle to Bind Them All? Geographies of Nuclearity in the Uranium Fuel Cycle.” In Economies of Recycling: Global Transformations of Materials, Values and Social Relations, edited by Catherine Alexander, and Joshua Reno, 76–97. London: Zed Books.
   Google Scholar
• Gidwani, Vinay. 2013. “Six Theses on Waste, Value, and Commons.” Social and Cultural Geography 14 (7): 773–783. doi: 10.1080/14649365.2013.800222
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gidwani, Vinay. 2015. “The Work of Waste: Inside India’s Infra-Economy.” Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 40 (4): 575–595. doi: 10.1111/tran.12094
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gidwani, Vinay, and Julia Corwin. 2017. “Governance of Waste.” Economic & Political Weekly 52 (31): 44–54.
   Google Scholar
• Gill, Kaveri. 2010. Of Poverty and Plastic: Scavenging and Scrap Trading Entrepreneurs in India's Urban Informal Economy. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gille, Zsuzsa. 2007. From the Cult of Waste to the Trash-Heap of History: The Politics of Waste in Socialist and Post-Socialist Hungary. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Goldstein, Jesse. 2013. “Terra Economica: Waste and the Production of Enclosed Nature.” Antipode 45 (2): 357–375. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8330.2012.01003.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant, Richard, and Martin Oteng-Ababio. 2012. “Mapping the Invisible and Real ‘African’ Economy: Urban E-Waste Circuitry.” Urban Geography 33 (1): 1–21. doi: 10.2747/0272-3638.33.1.1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gregson, Nicky, and Mike Crang. 2015. “From Waste to Resource: The Trade in Wastes and Global Recycling Economies.” Annual Review of Environment and Resources 40: 151–176. doi: 10.1146/annurev-environ-102014-021105
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gregson, Nicky, and Mike Crang. 2017. “Illicit Economies: Customary Illegality, Moral Economies and Circulation.” Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 42 (2): 206–219. doi: 10.1111/tran.12158
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gregson, Nicky, Mike Crang, Julie Botticello, Melania Calestani, and Anna Krzywoszynska. 2016. “Doing the ‘Dirty Work’ of the Green Economy: Resource Recovery and Migrant Labour in the EU.” European Urban and Regional Studies 23 (4): 541–555. doi: 10.1177/0969776414554489
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iles, Alastair. 2004. “Mapping Environmental Justice in Technology Flows: Computer Waste Impacts in Asia.” Global Environmental Politics 4 (4): 76–108. doi: 10.1162/glep.2004.4.4.76
   Google Scholar
• Inverardi-Ferri, Carlo. 2018. “The Enclosure of ‘Waste Land’: Rethinking Informality and Dispossession.” Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 43 (2): 230–244. doi: 10.1111/tran.12217
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahhat, Ramzy, and Eric Williams. 2012. “Materials Flow Analysis of E-Waste: Domestic Flows and Exports of Used Computers From the United States.” Resources, Conservation and Recycling 67: 67–74. doi: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2012.07.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kama, Kärg. 2015. “Circling the Economy: Resource-Making and Marketization in EU Electronic Waste Policy.” Area 47 (1): 16–23. doi: 10.1111/area.12143
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang, Tom. 2018. “The Surprising Growth of Used Smartphones (Press Release).” Counterpoint Research. March 7. https://www.counterpointresearch.com/surprising-growth-used-smartphones/.
   Google Scholar
• Knapp, Freyja L. 2016. “The Birth of the Flexible Mine: Changing Geographies of Mining and the E-Waste Commodity Frontier.” Environment and Planning A 48 (10): 1889–1909. doi: 10.1177/0308518X16652398
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kornberg, Dana. 2019. “Garbage as Fuel: Pursuing Incineration to Counter Stigma in Postcolonial Urban India.” Local Environment 24 (1): 1–17. doi: 10.1080/13549839.2018.1545752
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Labban, Mazen. 2014. “Deterritorializing Extraction: Bioaccumulation and the Planetary Mine.” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 104 (3): 560–576. doi: 10.1080/00045608.2014.892360
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lepawsky, Josh. 2015a. “The Changing Geography of Global Trade in Electronic Discards: Time to Rethink the E-Waste Problem.” Geographical Journal 181 (2): 147–159. doi: 10.1111/geoj.12077
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lepawsky, Josh. 2015b. “Are We Living in a Post-Basel World?” Area 47 (1): 7–15. doi: 10.1111/area.12144
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lepawsky, Josh, and Mostaem Billah. 2011. “Making Chains That (Un)Make Things: Waste-Value Relations and the Bangladeshi Rubbish Electronics Industry.” Geografiska Annaler: Swedish Society for Anthropology and Geography 93 (2): 121–139. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-0467.2011.00365.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mascarenhas, Ozzie, Doris D’Souza, and S. George. 2016. “Ethics of E-Waste Management: An Input-Process-Output Analytic Approach.” Management and Labour Studies 41 (1): 1–18. doi: 10.1177/0258042X16649467
   Google Scholar
• McGrath-Champ, Susan, Graham Pickren Al Rainnie, and Andrew Herod. 2015. “Global Destruction Networks, the Labour Process and Employment Relations.” Journal of Industrial Relations 57 (4): 624–640. doi: 10.1177/0022185615582241
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Medina, Martin. 2001. “Scavenging in America: Back to the Future?” Resources, Conservation and Recycling 31 (3): 229–240. doi: 10.1016/S0921-3449(00)00082-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minter, Adam. 2013. Junkyard Planet: Travels in the Billion Dollar Trash Trade. New York: Bloomsbury Press.
   Google Scholar
• Nagel, Robin. 2013. Picking Up: On the Streets and Behind the Trucks with the Sanitation Workers of New York City. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
   Google Scholar
• Nogrady, Bianca. 2016. “Your Old Phone is Full of Untapped Precious Metals”. BBC, October 18. http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20161017-your-old-phone-is-full-of-precious-metals.
   Google Scholar
• Noyes, Katherine. 2014. “Can ‘Urban Mining’ Solve the World’s E-waste Problem?” Fortune, June 26. http://fortune.com/2014/06/26/blueoak-urban-mining-ewaste/.
   Google Scholar
• Pickren, Graham. 2014. “Political Ecologies of Electronic Waste: Uncertainty and Legitimacy in the Governance of E-Waste Geographies.” Environment and Planning A 46 (1): 26–45. doi: 10.1068/a45728
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puckett, Jim, Leslie Byster, Sarah Westervelt, Richard Gutierrez, Sheila Davis, Asma Hussain, and Madhumitta Dutta. 2002. Exporting Harm: The High-Tech Trashing of Asia. Seattle: Basel Action Network. February. https://www.ban.org/s/Exporting-Harm-Report.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Puckett, Jim, Eric Hopson, and Monica Huang. 2016. Disconnect: Goodwill and Dell, Exporting the Public’s E-Waste to Developing Countries. Seattle: Basel Action Network.
   Google Scholar
• Reddy, Rajyashree N. 2013. “Revitalising Economies of Disassembly: Informal Recyclers, Development Experts and E-Waste Reforms in Bangalore.” Economic & Political Weekly xlviii (13): 62–70.
   Google Scholar
• Reddy, Rajyashree N. 2015. “Producing Abjection: E-Waste Improvement Schemes and Informal Recyclers of Bangalore.” Geoforum; Journal of Physical, Human, and Regional Geosciences 62: 166–174.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roy, Ananya. 2009. “Why India Cannot Plan Its Cities: Informality, Insurgence and the Idiom of Urbanization.” Planning Theory 8 (1): 76–87. doi: 10.1177/1473095208099299
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samson, Melanie. 2015. “Accumulation by Dispossession and the Informal Economy – Struggles Over Knowledge, Being and Waste at a Soweto Garbage Dump.” Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 33 (5): 813–830. doi: 10.1177/0263775815600058
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samson, Melanie. 2019. “Whose Frontier Is It Anyway? Reclaimer ‘Integration’ and the Battle Over Johannesburg’s Waste-Based Commodity Frontier.” Capitalism Nature Socialism 31 (1).
   Google Scholar
• Schindler, Seth, Federico Demaria, and Shashi B. Pandit. 2012. “Delhi’s Waste Conflict.” Economic & Political Weekly xlvii (42): 18–21.
   Google Scholar
• Scruggs, Gregory. 2018. “United Nations CITO Believes Tech Can Solve Some of the World’s Biggest Challenges if the Private Sector Steps Up.” GeekWire, May 2. https://www.geekwire.com/2018/united-nations-cito-believes-tech-can-solve-worlds-biggest-challenges-private-sector-steps/.
   Google Scholar
• Strasser, Susan. 1999. Waste and Want: A Social History of Trash. New York: Holt Paperbacks.
   Google Scholar
• Szalatkiewicz, Jakub. 2014. “Metals Content in Printed Circuit Board Waste.” Polish Journal of Environmental Studies 23 (6): 2365–2369.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thieme, Tatiana Adeline. 2018. “The Hustle Economy: Informality, Uncertainty and the Geographies of Getting By.” Progress in Human Geography 42 (2): 529–548. doi: 10.1177/0309132517690039
   Google Scholar
• Tong, Xin, Jingyan Li, Dongyan Tao, and Yifan Cai. 2015. “Re-Making Spaces of Conversion: Deconstructing Discourses of E-Waste Recycling in China.” Area 47 (1): 31–39. doi: 10.1111/area.12140
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tuçaltan, Gül. 2019. “Waste and Metropolitan Governance as Vehicles of Eviscerating Urbanism: A Case From Ankara.” Capitalism Nature Socialism 31 (1).
   Google Scholar
• Zimring, Carl A. 2009. Cash for Your Trash: Scrap Recycling in America. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
   Google Scholar