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Original Articles

Lynching performances, theatres of violence

Pages 1-37 | Published online: 05 Jun 2009

Notes

  • 1911 . “Quick Revenge for Assault on White Man,” . Louisville Evening Post , 21 April : 1
  • 1911 . “Lynched Before the Footlights,” . Louisville Evening Post , 21 April : 8
  • 1911 . “Man Shot to Death on Stage of Opera House,” . Lexington Leader , 21 April : 12
  • 1911 . “Mob Lynches Negro Over at Livermore,” . Owensboro Daily Inquirer , 21 April : 1
  • 1911 . “Negro Mobbed by 300 Livermore Men,” . Owensboro Daily Messenger , 21 April : 1
  • 1911 . “Lynched on Stage, Shots Came from Pit,” . New York Times , 21 April : 1
  • 1911 . Crisis , June : 61
  • Wright , George . 1990 . Racial Violence in Kentucky, 1865–1940 , 119 Baton Rouge : LSU Press .
  • Zangrando , Robert . 1980 . The NAACP Crusade Against Lynching, 1909–1950 , 26 Philadelphia : Temple UP .
  • 1911 . “The Theatrical Business Is Looking Up in Kentucky,” . New York Tribune , 22 April : 7
  • 1914 . “22 Lynched in First Half of Year,” . New York Call , 19 July
  • Davie , Maurice . 1941 . Negroes in American Society , 341 New York : McGraw‐Hill .
  • Ames , Jessie Daniel . 1942 . The Changing Character of Lynching , 5 Atlanta : Commission on Interracial Cooperation .
  • Dudley , Julius Wayne . 1979 . A History of the Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching, 1930–1942 , 114 U of Cincinnatti . diss.
  • Hall , Jacqueline Dowd . 1979 . Revolt Against Chivalry: Jessie Daniel Ames and the Women's Campaign Against Lynching , 133 New York : Columbia UP .
  • Raper , Arthur . 1933 . The Tragedy of Lynching , 46 Chapel Hill : UNC Press .
  • Wright , George . 1997 . “By the Book: The Legal Executions of Kentucky Blacks,” . In Under Sentence of Death: Lynching in the South , Edited by: Brundage , W. Fitzhugh . 250 – 70 . Chapel Hill : UNC Press .
  • Hall , Jacqueline Dowd . 1984 . “ ‘The Mind That Burns in Each Body’: Women, Rape, and Racial Violence,” . Southern Exposure , 12 : 62
  • Lynching in the New South: Georgia and Virginia, 1880–1930 , 44 Urbana : U of Illinois P .
  • Park , Marlene . 1993 . “Lynching and Anti‐Lynching: Art and Politics in the 1930s,” . Prospects , 18 : 312
  • Brundage . Lynching , 8
  • White , Walter . 1969 . Rope and Faggot , 92 – 3 . New York : Arno . reprint
  • Brundage . Lynching , 5 87
  • Luker , Ralph E. 1991 . The Social Gospel in Black and White: American Radical Reform, 1885–1912 , 89 Chapel Hill : UNC .
  • 1905 . “Cutler's Lynch Law,” . Nation , 20 July : 58
  • Raper . Tragedy , 47
  • 1912 . “I Met a Little Blue‐Eyed Girl,” . Crisis , July : 147
  • 1992 . “‘like an Evil Wind’: The Roanoke Riot of 1893 and the Lynching of Thomas Smith,” . Virginia Magazine of History and Biography , 100 : 199
  • 1906 . “The Statistics on Lynching,” . South Atlantic Quarterly , 15 : 344
  • “The Mind That Burns in Each Body” . Revolt , 137 61
  • 1970 . American Violence: A Documentary History , 3 11 New York : Knopf .
  • McGovern , James R. 1982 . Anatomy of a Lynching: The Killing of Claude Neal , 3 Baton Rouge : LSU .
  • Howard , Walter . 1995 . Lynchings: Extralegal Violence in Florida During the 1930s , 18 – 19 . Selinsgrove : Susquehanna UP .
  • 1907 . “A Northern Professor's View,” . Outlook , 85 : 264
  • Hall . Revolt , 137
  • Ingalls , Robert P. 1987 . “Lynching and Establishment Violence in Tampa, 1858–1935,” . Journal of Southern History , 53 : 613
  • Brundage . Lynching , 1
  • Howard , Gene L. 1994 . Death at Cross Plains: An American Reconstruction Tragedy , Birmingham : U of Alabama P .
  • Downey , Dennis and Hyser , Raymond . 1991 . No Crooked Death: Coatesville, Pennsylvania, and the Lynching of Zachariah Walker , Urbana : Uof Illinois P .
  • Thompson , Mildred . 1990 . Ida Wells‐Barnett: An Exploratory Study of an American Black Woman, 1893–1930 , Carlson .
  • Tucker , David M. 1972 . “Miss Ida B. Wells and Memphis Lynching,” . Phylon , 32 : 112 – 22 .
  • Logan , Shirley W. 1991 . “Rhetorical Strategies in Ida B. Wells's ‘Southern Horrors: Lynch Law in All Its Phases’,” . Sage , 8 : 3 – 9 .
  • Barber , Henry E. 1973 . “The Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching, 1930–1942,” . Phylon , 34 : 378 – 89 .
  • Reed , John Shelton . 1968 . “An Evaluation of an Anti‐Lynching Organization,” . Social Problems , 16 : 172 – 82 .
  • Brundage , Fitzhugh . 1991 . “ ‘To Howl Loudly’: John Mitchell Jr. and His Campaign Against Lynching in Virginia,” . Canadian Review of American Studies , 22 : 325 – 41 .
  • Wynes , Charles E. 1964 . “Lewis Harvie Blair, Virginia Reformer,” . Virginia Magazine of History and Biography , 72 : 1 – 18 .
  • Tolnay , Stewart E. and Beck , E. M. 1995 . A Festival of Violence: An Analysis of Southern Lynchings, 1882–1930 , Urbana : U of Illinois P .
  • Beck , E. M. and Tolnay , Stewart E. 1990 . “The Killing Fields of the Deep South: The Market for Cotton and the Lynching of Blacks, 1882–1930,” . American Sociological Review , 55 : 526 – 39 .
  • Inverarity , James . 1976 . “Populism and Lynching in Louisiana: A Test of Erickson's Theory of the Relationship Between Boundary Crises and Repressive Justice,” . American Sociological Review , 41 : 262 – 82 .
  • Soule , Sarah A. 1992 . “Populism and Black Lynching in Georgia, 1890–1900,” . Social Forces , 71 : 431 – 49 .
  • Corzine , Jay , Huff‐Corzine , Lin and Creech , James . 1988 . “The Tenant Labor Market and Lynching in the South: A Test of the Split Labor Market Theory,” . Sociological Inquiry , 58 : 261 – 78 .
  • Wright . Racial Violence , 89
  • Hall . “The Mind” . 64
  • Howard , W. Lynchings , 21
  • Baker , Bruce E. 1997 . “North Carolina Lynching Ballads,” . In Under Sentence of Death: Lynching in the South , Edited by: Brundage , W. Fitzhugh . 219 – 46 . Chapel Hill : UNC Press .
  • Stephens , Judith . 1998 . “Lynching Drama and Women: History and Critical Context,” . In Strange Fruit: Plays on Lynching by American Women , Edited by: Stephens , Judith and Perkins , Kathy A. 3 – 14 . Bloomington : Indiana UP .
  • Stephens , Judith . 1992 . “Anti‐Lynch Plays by African American Women: Race, Gender, and Social Protest in American Drama,” . African American Review , 26 : 328 – 39 .
  • Rolph , Daniel N. 1994 . “ To Shoot, Burn, and Hang” . In Folk‐History from a Kentucky Mountain Family and Community , Knoxville : U of Tennessee P .
  • Harris , Trudier . 1984 . Exorcising Blackness: Historical and Literary Lynching and Burning Rituals , Bloomington : Indiana UP .
  • Fearnow , Mark . 1996 . “Theatre for an Angry God: Public Burnings and Hangings in Colonial New York, 1741,” . TDR , 40.2 : 15 – 36 .
  • Fuoss , Kirk W. 20 April 1998 . “ ‘The Longest Shadows’: Lynching and the Performance Complex,” . In Inaugural Otis J Aggertt Memorial Lecture , 20 April , Terre Haute on the campus of Indiana State University . delivered in
  • Singer , Milton . 1972 . When a Great Tradition Modernizes , 71 – 3 . New York : Praeger .
  • Bauman , Richard . 1993 . “Performance,” . In Folklore, Cultural Performance and the Politics of Culture , 46 – 8 . New York : Routledge .
  • An American Lynching: Being the Burning at the Stake of Henry Lowry , New York : NAACP . n.d.
  • 1938 . Frank Shay, Judge Lynch: His First Hundred Years , 93 – 4 . New York : Ives Washburn .
  • McGovern , James R. and Howard , Walter T. 1981 . “Private Justice and National Concern: The Lynching of Claude Neal,” . Historian , 43 : 550
  • 1920 . “Letter from Texas Reveals Lynching's Ironic Facts,” . New York Negro World , 22 August
  • Ginzburg , Ralph , ed. 1988 . Years of Lynching , Vol. 100 , 140 Baltimore : Black Classic P .
  • 1918 . “Negro Murderer Is Burned at the Stake by Mob,” . Nashville Tennessean , 13 February
  • 1916 . “Negro Burned to a Stake in the Yard of the City Hall,” . Waco Semi‐Weekly Tribune , 17 May
  • 1892 . “She Called for the Torch,” . New York Times , 22 February : 5
  • 1899 . Negro Lynching in the South , 15 Washington, D.C. : Thomas W. Cadwick .
  • 1893 . “Another Negro Burned, Henry Smith Dies at Stake,” . New York Times , 1 February : 1
  • 1993 . “Capture of Smith,” . Dallas Morning News , 2 February : 1
  • 1893 . “The Fearful Retribution,” . Taylor County News , 10 February : 7
  • 1893 . “Myrtle Vance Avenged,” . Galveston Daily News , 2 February : 2
  • Moseley , Chautton and Brogdon , Frederick . 1981 . “A Lynching at Statesboro: The Story of Paul Reed and Will Cato,” . Georgia Historical Quarterly , 65 : 110
  • 1906 . “Lynch Law in the South,” . Independent , 61 : 842
  • Wright . Racial , 24
  • Nash , Roy . 1916 . “The Lynching of Anthony Crawford,” . Independent , 88 : 458
  • 1877 . “Lynch Law in Virginia, The Usual Negro Hanged,” . New York Times , 12 August : 1
  • 1921 . “Lowry Roasted by Inches Before Wife and Children,” . Memphis Press , 27 January
  • 1902 . “Torture and Lynching,” . Outlook , 71 : 533
  • 1915 . “An Outlaw Site,” . Outlook , 110 : 946
  • 1920 . “Huge Mob Tortures Negro to Avenge Brutal Slaying,” . Atlanta Journal , 21 January
  • Raper . Tragedy , 327
  • 1931 . “Missouri Mob Murder,” . Outlook and Independent , 157 : 124
  • Davie , Maurice . 1949 . Negroes in American Society , 351 – 2 . New York : McGraw Hill .
  • Brundage . Lynching , 43
  • 1930 . “The Lynching at Maryville, Missouri,” . Information Service , 3 February : 2
  • 1916 . “The Burden,” . Crisis , January : 145
  • 1916 . “Mob Takes Negro from Court House, Burns Him at Stake,” . Waco Tribune‐Herald , 15 May : 1
  • SoRelle , James . 1983 . “The ‘Waco Horror’: The Lynching of Jesse Washington,” . Southwestern Historical Quarterly , 86 : 527
  • 1912 . “Auto‐Da‐Fe in Tyler, Texas,” . Crisis , September : 248
  • 1922 . “Notes on Lynching,” . Crisis , June : 8
  • White , Walter . 1929 . “I Investigate Lynchings,” . American Mercury , 16 : 79
  • 1903 . “Belleville is Complacent Over Humble Lynching,” . New York Herald , 9 June
  • Raper . Tragedy , 327
  • Going , Kenneth and Smith , Gerald L. 1995 . “Unhidden Transcripts: Memphis and African American Agency, 1862–1920,” . Journal of Urban History , 21 : 375
  • 1897 . “The Urbana Lynching,” . New York Times , 24 June : 6
  • 1875 . “Lynch Law in Ohio,” . New York Times , 26 September : 1
  • 1885 . “Lynchers Formally Thanked,” . New York Times , 18 July : 3
  • 1895 . “Negro Lynched with Torture—He Had Committed a Frightful Crime—Expiation a Raree Show,” . New York Times , 31 October : 14
  • Raper . Tragedy , 114
  • 1934 . “Floridians Stage ‘A Lynching Up to Cannidy's’,” . Newsweek , 3 November : 38
  • Baker , Ray Stannard . 1908 . “A Lynching in Statesboro,” . Following the Color Line ,
  • Lane , Mills , ed. 1993 . Standing Upon the Mouth of a Volcano , 202 Beehive Press .
  • Haygood , Atticus . 1893 . “The Black Shadow in the South,” . Forum and Century , 16 : 168
  • 1919 . Charleston Messenger , 20 September
  • Kerlin , Robert T. , ed. 1919 . The Voice of the Negro , 122 NewYork : E. P. Dutton .
  • Burnt Cork and Crime , Atlanta : Commission on Interracial Cooperation . n.d.
  • 1919 . “White Man Blackens Face in Attack on White Girl,” . Chicago Defender , 10 May
  • 1919 . Charleston Messenger , 9 August
  • 1919 . Ashville, NC , 12 September
  • Douglass , Frederick . 1892 . “Lynch Law in the South,” . North American Review , 155 : 20
  • Wells‐Barnett , Ida B. 1900 . “Lynch Law in America,” . Arena , 23 : 19
  • Haywood , Harry and Howard , Milton . Lynching , 8 – 9 . New York : Labor Research Associates . n.d.
  • 1920 . “Fake Rape Charge Against Negroes,” . Baltimore Herald , 22 February
  • 1915 . “Yankees Attend the Lynching,” . Chicago Defender , 27 February
  • 1919 . Colorado Statesmen , 5 July
  • The Murder of the Geogles and Lynching of the Fiend Snyder , 25 Philadelphia : Barclay . n.d.
  • Baker , Ray Stannard . 1904 . “What Is a Lynching?” . McClure's , 24 : 305
  • 1893 . “Southern Lynching,” . Nation , 57 : 323
  • 1930 . “American Christianity,” . Chicago Defender , 16 August
  • “Startling Revelations of Lynching of Colored Man Contained in Report,” . Lewisville Leader ,
  • 1930 . “White Unearths Names of Mob in Indiana Outrage,” . Afro‐American , 30 August
  • Babbitt , Dean Richmond . 1904 . “The Psychology of the Lynching Mob,” . Arena , 32 : 589
  • Lynchings and What They Mean: General Findings of the Southern Commission on the Study of Lynching , 43 Atlanta : The Commission . n.d.
  • Carey , Daniel . 1899 . “Hose is a Will o’ the Wisp,” . Atlanta Constitution , 16 April : 2
  • Wells‐Barnett , Ida B. “A Negro Journalist's Account of a Lynching Bee,” . In The Burden of Race Edited by: Osofsky , Gilbert . 182
  • 1899 . “Sam Hose Still Eagerly Pursued,” . Atlanta Constitution , 19 April : 3
  • The Plight at Tuscaloosa: A Case Study of Conditions in Tuscaloosa County, Alabama, 1933 , 26 Atlanta : Southern Commission on the Study of Lynching . n.d.
  • 1891 . “Vengeance Quickly Taken,” . New York Times , 24 August : 5
  • 1877 . “Lynch Law in Kentucky,” . New York Times , 5 January : 6
  • 1903 . “Mob Lynches Three Negroes in Georgia,” . New York Times , 27 June : 2
  • 1899 . “Lynching in a Georgia Jail,” . New York Times , 16 July : 3
  • 1912 . “Crime and Lynching,” . Crisis , January : 114
  • 1911 . “Lynching and Public Sentiment: From a Southern Correspondent,” . Outlook , 98 : 289
  • 1911 . “Lynch Six Negroes; Trick Sheriff's Son,” . New York Times , 22 May : 1
  • 1911 . “Dozen Men in Autos Lynch Six Negroes at Lake City, Florida,” . 22 May
  • 1885 . “The Blakesburg Lynching,” . New York Times , 1 January : 2
  • 1884 . “Hanged by Eight Masked Men,” . New York Times , 31 December : 5
  • 1883 . “Quick Work With a Murderer,” . New York Times , 17 August : 5
  • 1879 . ’John J. Moore Hanged by South Carolina ‘Regulators’,” . New York Times , 18 June : 1
  • 1921 . “Kill Negro by Inches,” . Memphis Press , 27 January
  • “An American Lynching,” . New York : NAACP . n.d.
  • 1918 . “The Burning at Dyersberg: An NAACP Investigation,” . Crisis , February : 181
  • 1883 . “Lynching of a Negro,” . New York Times , 27 January : 1
  • Ames , essie Daniel . 1942 . The Changing Character of Lynching , 12 Atlanta : Commission on Interracial Cooperation .
  • 1920 . “Lynching Probe Ordered, Troops Patrol Duluth,” . 16 June
  • 1918 . “Negro Murder is Burned at Stake,” . Memphis Commercial Appeals , February
  • 1918 . “Urged by Woman Tennessee Mob Burns Negro in Chains,” . Washington Times , 12 February
  • 1919 . “Joe Coe's Lynching Recalled,” . Omaha Bee , 5 October
  • 1934 . “Big Preparation Made for Lynching Tonight,” . Macon Telegraph , 26 October
  • 1934 . “Floridians Stage ‘A Lynching Up to Cannidy's’,” . Newsweek , 3 November : 38
  • 1934 . “Federal Action Coming Against Lynching,” . Christian Century , 51 : 1444
  • McGovern . Anatomy , 78
  • 1875 . “Lynch Law in Ohio,” . New York Times , 26 September : 1
  • 1899 . “Negro Dies at the Stake,” . New York Times , 24 April : 2
  • 1885 . “Lynched in Broad Daylight,” . New York Times , 21 December : 1
  • 1893 . “Myrtle Vance Avenged,” . Galveston Daily Times , 2 February : 2
  • 1893 . “Horror of Horrors,” . Dallas Morning News , 2 February : 1
  • 1893 . “Fate of a Fiend,” . Dallas Times‐Herald , 1 February : 1
  • 1893 . “Negro Burned at Stake,” . Chicago Tribune , 2 February : 3
  • 1893 . “The Fearful Retribution,” . Taylor County News , 10 February : 7
  • 1893 . “An Awful Atonement,” . Halletsville Herald , 9 February : 2
  • Wells‐Barnett , Ida B. 1969 . “The Red Record,” . In On Lynchings: Southern Horrors, A Red Record, and Mob Rule in New Orleans , 28 New York : Arno . (1900; reprint
  • 1918 . “Charred Body Removed,” . Memphis Commercial Appeal , 14 February
  • 1918 . “White Cannibals Burn Human Being at Stake,” . Chicago Defender , 23 February
  • 1918 . “The Gruesome Story Told Again in Detail,” . Chattanooga Daily Times , 14 February
  • 1918 . “’Negro Murder is Burned at Stake,” . Memphis Commercial Appeal , 13 February
  • 1918 . “Murderer Is Burned at Stake by Mob of Infuriated Citizens,” . Montgomery Advertiser , 13 February
  • Cutler , James . Lynch‐Laws , 103
  • Van Deusen , John G. 1944 . The Black Man in White America , 162 Washington, D.C. : Associated Publishers .
  • Aked , Charles F. 1894 . “A Blot on a Fine Republic,” . Christian Century , 11 : 97
  • 1894 . “Lynch Law in America,” . Spectator , 72 : 744
  • 1918 . “Rewards to Catch Lynchers,” . Nation , 107 : 219
  • 1918 . “Democracy vs. Demo‐n‐cracy,” . Survey , 40 : 510
  • White . Rope , 28 – 9 .
  • 1917 . “Memphis,” . Crisis , July : 135
  • 1917 . “The Lynching at Memphis,” . Crisis , August : 185
  • 1899 . “Tiny Tots Scarcely More Than Six Years Old Kept Up the Fire that Reduced Coleman's Body to Ashes,” . Lexington Morning Herald , 7 December : 4
  • 1899 . “A Horrible Death for a Negro Fiend,” . Louisville Dispatch , 7 December : 1
  • 1899 . “Burned Alive by a Mob at Maysville,” . Louisville Times , 6 December : 1
  • 1899 . “Negro Boy Roasted Alive in Kentucky,” . New York World , 9 December
  • 1899 . “Negro Burned at a Tree,” . New York Daily Tribune , 24 April : 3
  • 1903 . “Belleville is Complacent Over Horrible Lynching,” . New York Herald , 9 June
  • 1899 . “The Georgia Exhibition,” . Springfield Weekly Press , 28 August
  • 1926 . “Florida Mob Stages Radio Lynching Bee, Victim's Screams Sent Over the Air,” . Daily Worker , 22 January
  • 1921 . “Lynch Victim's Father Called to Clear Away Son's Ashes,” . St. Louis Argus , 25 November
  • Nash . “Waco Horror” . 4
  • 1920 . “Letter from Texas Reveals Lynching's Ironic Facts,” . New York Negro World , 22 August
  • 1903 . “Wants Negro to Fight,” . New York Times , 29 June : 1
  • 1935 . “Lynching in the Raw,” . Christian Century , 52 : 11
  • Howard , W. Lynchings , 61
  • McGovern . Anatomy , 85
  • 1916 . “Jesse Washington Is Burned,” . Dallas Morning News , 15 May : 2
  • 1920 . ‘Train Porter Lynched After Insult to Woman,” . Atlanta Constitution , 9 May
  • Howard , Walter . 1988 . “Vigilante Justice and National Reaction: The 1937 Tallahassee Double Lynching,” . Florida Historical Quarterly , 67 : 43
  • 1901 . “Texas Lynchers Defiant,” . New York Tribune , 15 March : 2
  • 1914 . “Crime,” . Crisis , January : 118
  • Brundage . Lynching , 42
  • 1933 . “Lynchings 1932,” . ASWPL Bulletin , January
  • Butler , Hilton . 1931 . “Lynch Law in Action,” . New Republic , 67 : 257
  • 1930 . “The Lynching at Maryville, Missouri,” . Information Service , 7 February : 2
  • McGovern . Anatomy , 129
  • 1915 . “Lynching,” . Crisis , June : 71
  • Reed , Ralph E. Jr. 1988 . “Emory College and the Sledd Affair of 1902: A Case Study in Southern Honor and Racial Attitudes,” . Georgia Historical Quarterly , 72 : 468
  • Sledd , Andrew . 1902 . “The Negro: Another View,” . Atlantic Monthly , 90 July : 68 – 70 .
  • Brundage . Lynching , 18
  • Page , Thomas Nelson . 1904 . “The Negro: The Southerner's Problem” . Nation , : 98 – 99 .
  • Winston , J. T. 1916 . “Lynching Defended,” . Nation , 102 : 671
  • Howard , W. Lynchings , 108
  • Ames . Revolt , 150
  • Ayers , Edward L. 1984 . Vengeance and Justice: Crime and Punishment in the 19th‐century American South , 242 New York : Oxford UP .
  • Ames . Revolt , 150
  • Brundage . Lynching , 191
  • Frederickson , George M. 1972 . The Black Image in the White Mind , 278 New York : Harper & Row .
  • Myrdal , Gunnar . 1944 . An American Dilemmma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy , 562 New York : Harper & Row .
  • White . Rope , 56 – 7 .
  • Oppenheim , James . 1912 . “The Lynching of Robert Johnson,” . Independent , 73 : 823
  • Chamberlayne , L. P. 1916 . “Lynching,” . Nation , 103 : 35
  • McGovern . Anatomy , 50 – 51 .
  • Douglass , Frederick . 1892 . “Lynch Law in the South,” . North American Review , 155 : 19
  • Wells‐Barnett , Ida B. 1969 . “Mob Rule in New Orleans,” . In On Lynchings: Southern Horrors, A Red Record, and Mob Rule in New Orleans , 18 New York : Arno . reprint)
  • 1931 . “Mob ‘Justice’,” . Henderson [NC] Dispatch , 6 February
  • Wilkins , Roy . 1931 . “Talking It Over,” . Kansas City Call , 16 January
  • 1899 . New York Times , 31 March : 6
  • Ayers , Edward L. 1984 . Vengeance and justice: Crime and Punishment in the 19th‐century American South 249 Oxford, NY
  • Congdon , Charles . 1884 . “Private Justice,” . North American Review , 139 : 72
  • 1901 . “Not By Violence,” . Independent , 53 : 796
  • 1911 . Crisis , June : 61
  • 1911 . “A Lynching of a New Sort,” . New York Times , 22 April : 12
  • 1911 . “Quick Revenge for Assault on White Man,” . Louisville Evening Post , 21 April : 8
  • 1911 . “Shot by Mob,” . Paducah News Democrat , 21 April : 1

Works Cited

  • Alexander , Ann Field . 1992 . “ ‘like an Evil Wind’: The Roanoke Riot of 1893 and the Lynching of Thomas Smith.” . Virginia Magazine of History and Biography , 100 : 173 – 206 .
  • Ayers , Edward L. 1984 . Vengeance and justice: Crime and Punishment in the 19th‐century American South. , New York : Oxford UP .
  • Baker , Bruce E. 1997 . “North Carolina Lynching Ballads.” . In Under Sentence of Death: Lynching in the South. , Edited by: Brundage , W. Fitzhugh . 219 – 46 . Chapel Hill : UNC Press .
  • Barber , Henry E. 1973 . “The Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching, 1930–1942.” . Phylon , 34 : 378 – 89 .
  • Bauman , Richard . 1993 . “Performance.” . In Folklore, Cultural Performance and the Politics of Culture. , 46 – 48 . New York : Routledge .
  • Beck , E. M. and Tolnay , Stewart B. 1990 . “The Killing Fields of the Deep South: The Market for Cotton and the Lynching of Blacks, 1882–1930.” . American Sociological Review , 55 : 526 – 39 .
  • Brundage , W. Fitzhugh . 1996 . Lynching in the New South: Georgia and Virginia, 1880–1930. , Urbana : U of Illinois P .
  • Brundage , W. Fitzhugh . 1991 . “To Howl Loudly: John Mitchell Jr. and His Campaign Against Lynching in Virginia.” . Canadian Review of American Studies , 22 : 325 – 41 .
  • Corzine , Jay , Huff‐Corzine , Lin and Creech , James . 1988 . “The Tenant Labor Market and Lynching in the South: A Test of the Split Labor Market Theory.” . Sociological Inquiry , 58 : 261 – 78 .
  • Davie , Maurice . 1941 . Negroes in American Society. , New York : McGraw‐Hill .
  • Downey , Dennis and Hyser , Raymond . 1991 . No Crooked Death: Coatesville, Pennsylvania, and the Lynching of Zachariah Walker. , Urbana : U of Illinois P .
  • Dudley , Julius and Dudley , Wayne . 1979 . A History of the Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching, 1930–1942. , U of Cincinnatti . Diss.
  • Fearnow , Mark . 1996 . “Theatre for an Angry God: Public Burnings and Hangings in Colonial New York, 1741.” . TDR , 40.2 : 15 – 36 .
  • Frederickson , George M. 1972 . The Black Image in the White Mind. , New York : Harper & Row .
  • Ginzburg , Ralph , ed. 1988 . Years of Lynching. , Vol. 100 , Baltimore : Black Classic P .
  • Going , Kenneth and Smith , Gerald L. 1995 . “Unhidden Transcripts: Memphis and African American Agency, 1862–1920.” . Journal of Urban History , 21 : 372 – 94 .
  • Hall , Jacqueline Dowd . 1984 . “ ‘The Mind That Burns in Each Body’: Women, Rape, and Racial Violence.” . Southern Exposure , 12 : 61 – 71 .
  • Harris , Trudier . 1984 . Exorcising Blackness: Historical and Literary Lynching and Burning Rituals. , Bloomington : Indiana UP .
  • Harris , Trudier . 1979 . Revolt Against Chivalry: Jessie Daniel Ames and the Women's Campaign Against Lynching. , New York : Columbia UP .
  • Hofstadter , Richard and Wallace , Michael . 1970 . American Violence: A Documentary History. , New York : Knopf .
  • Howard , Gene L. 1994 . Death at Cross Plains: An American Reconstruction Tegedy. , Birmingham : U of Alabama P .
  • Howard , Walter . 1995 . Lynchings: Extralegal Violence in Florida During the 1930s. , Selinsgrove : Susquehanna UP .
  • Ingalls , Robert P. 1987 . “Lynching and Establishment Violence in Tampa, 1858–1935.” . Journal of Southern History , 53 : 613 – 44 .
  • Inverarity , James . 1976 . “Populism and Lynching in Louisiana: A Test of Erickson's Theory of the Relationship Between Boundary Crises and Repressive Justice.” . American Sociological Review , 41 : 262 – 82 .
  • Logan , Shirley W. 1991 . “Rhetorical Strategies in Ida B. Wells's ‘Southern Horrors: Lynch Law in All Its Phases’.” . Sage , 8 : 3 – 9 .
  • Luker , Ralph E. 1991 . The Social Gospel in Black and White: American Radical Reform, 1885–1912. , Chapel Hill : UNC P .
  • McGovern , James R. 1982 . Anatomy of a Lynching: The Killing of Claude Neal. , Baton Rouge : LSU P .
  • McGovern , James R. and Howard , Walter T. 1981 . “Private Justice and National Concern: The Lynching of Claude Neal.” . Historian , 43 : 546 – 59 .
  • Moseley , Charlton and Brogdon , Frederic . 1981 . “A Lynching at Statesboro: The Story of Paul Reed and Will Cato.” . Georgia Historical Quarterly , 65 : 104 – 18 .
  • Myrdal , Gunnar . 1944 . An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy. , New York : Harper & Row .
  • Park , Marlene . 1993 . “Lynching and Anti‐Lynching: Art and Politics in the 1930s.” . Prospects , 18 : 311 – 65 .
  • Raper , Arthur . 1933 . The Tragedy of Lynching. , Chapel Hill : UNC P .
  • Reed , John Shelton . 1968 . “An Evaluation of an Anti‐Lynching Organization.” . Social Problems , 16 : 172 – 82 .
  • Reed , Ralph E. Jr. 1988 . “Emory College and the Sledd Affair of 1902: A Case Study in Southern Honor and Racial Attitudes.” . Georgia Historical Quarterly , 72 : 462 – 92 .
  • Rolph , Daniel N. 1994 . "To Shoot, Burn, and Hang” . In Folk‐History from a Kentucky Mountain Family and Community. , Knoxville : U of Tennessee P .
  • Shay , Frank . 1938 . Judge Lynch: His First Hundred Years. , New York : Ives Washburn .
  • Singer , Milton . 1972 . When a Great Tradition Modernizes. , New York : Praeger .
  • SoRelle , James . 1983 . “The ‘Waco Horror’: The Lynching of Jesse Washington.” . Southwestern Historical Quarterly , 86 : 517 – 35 .
  • Soule , Sarah A. 1992 . “Populism and Black Lynching in Georgia, 1890–1900.” . Social Forces , 71 : 431 – 49 .
  • Stephens , Judith . 1992 . “Anti‐Lynch Plays by African American Women: Race, Gender, and Social Protest in American Drama.” . African American Review , 26 : 328 – 39 .
  • Stephens , Judith . 1998 . “Lynching Drama and Women: History and Critical Context.” . In Strange Fruit: Plays on Lynching by American Women. , Edited by: Stephens , Judith and Perkins , Kathy A. 3 – 14 . Bloomington : Indiana UP .
  • Thompson , Mildred. 1990 . Wells‐Barnett: An Exploratory Study of an American Black Woman. 1893–1930. , Brooklyn : Carlson .
  • Tolnay , Stewart E. and Beck , E. M. 1995 . A Festival of Violence: An Analysis of Southern Lynchings, 1882–1930. , Urbana : U of Illinois P .
  • Tucker , David M. 1972 . “Miss Ida B. Wells and Memphis Lynching.” . Phylon , 32 : 112 – 22 .
  • Van Deusen , John G. 1944 . The Black Man in White America. , Washington, D.C. : Associated Publishers .
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