Self-interest and fairness in coalition formation: A social utility approach to understanding partner selection and payoff allocations in groups

References

• Adams , J. S. 1963 . Towards an understanding of inequity . Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology , 67 : 422 – 436 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allison , S. R. and Messick , D. M. 1990 . Social decision heuristics in the use of shared resources . Journal of Behavioural Decision Making , 3 : 195 – 204 .
   Google Scholar
• Allison , S. T. , McQueen , L. R. and Schaerfl , L. M. 1992 . Social decision making and the equal partitionment of shared resources . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 28 : 23 – 42 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Babcock , L. and Loewenstein , G. 1997 . Explaining bargaining impasse: The role of self-serving biases . Journal of Economic Perspectives , 11 : 109 – 126 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Babcock , L. , Loewenstein , G. , Issacharoff , S. and Camerer , C. 1995 . Biased judgements of fairness in bargaining . American Economic Review , 85 : 1337 – 1334 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baron , J. 1993 . “ Heuristics and biases in equity judgements: A utilitarian approach ” . In Psychological perspectives on justice: Theory and applications , Edited by: Mellers , B. A. and Baron , J. 109 – 137 . New York : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Baron , J. 1994 . Blind justice: Fairness to groups and the do-no-harm principle . Journal of Behavioural Decision Making , 8 : 71 – 83 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Batson , C. D. , Early , S. and Salvarani , G. 1997 . Perspective taking: Imagining how another feels versus imagining how you would feel . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 23 : 751 – 758 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Batson , C. D. , Lishner , D. A. , Carpenter , A. , Dulin , L. , Harjusola-Webb , S. Stocks , E. L. 2003 . “… As you would have them do unto you”: Does imagining yourself in the other's place stimulate moral action? . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 29 : 1190 – 1201 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baumeister , R. F. and Leary , M. R. 1995 . The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation . Psychological Bulletin , 117 : 497 – 529 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bazerman , M. H. , Curhan , J. R. , Moore , D. A. and Valley , K. L. 2000 . Negotiation . Annual Review of Psychology , 51 : 279 – 314 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beersma , B. and De Dreu , C. K. W. 2002 . Integrative and distributive negotiation in small groups: Effects of task structure, decision rule and social motive . Organisational Behaviour and Human Decision Processes , 87 : 227 – 252 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blumberg , H. H. 1994 . “ Bargaining, coalitions, and games ” . In Small group research: A handbook , Edited by: Hare , A. P. , Blumberg , H. H. , Davies , M. F. and Kent , M. V. Norwood , NJ : Ablex Publishing Corporation .
   Google Scholar
• Bottom , W. and Studt , A. 1993 . Framing effects and the distributive aspects of integrative bargaining . Organisational Behaviour and Human Decision Processes , 56 : 459 – 474 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brewer , M. and Kramer , R. 1986 . Choice behaviour in social dilemmas: Effects of social identity, group size, and decision framing . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 50 : 543 – 549 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Camerer , C. F. and Thaler , R. H. 1995 . Ultimatums, dictators and manners . Journal of Economic Perspectives , 9 : 209 – 219 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carnevale , P. J. and Pruitt , D. G. 1992 . Negotiation and mediation . Annual Review of Psychology , 43 : 531 – 582 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chertkoff , J. M. and Braden , J. L. 1974 . Effects of experience and bargaining restrictions on coalition formation . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 30 ( 1 ) : 169 – 177 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cook , K. S. and Gillmore , M. R. 1984 . Power, dependence, and coalitions . Advances in Group Processes , 1 : 27 – 58 .
   Google Scholar
• Crott , H. W. and Albers , W. 1981 . The equal division kernel: An equity approach to coalition formation and payoff distribution in N-person games . European Journal of Social Psychology , 11 : 285 – 305 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis , M. H. 1983 . Measuring individual-differences in empathy: Evidence for a multidimensional approach . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 44 : 113 – 126 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis , M. H. 1994 . Empathy: A social psychological approach , Madison , WI : Brown & Benchmark .
   Google Scholar
• De Dreu , C. K. W. 1996 . Gain-loss-frame in outcome-interdependence: Does it influence equality or equity considerations? . European Journal of Social Psychology , 26 : 315 – 324 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Dreu , C. K. W. and Carnevale , P. 2003 . “ Motivational bases of information processing and strategy in conflict and negotiation ” . In Advances in experimental social psychology , Edited by: Zanna , M. P. Vol. 35 , 235 – 291 . San Diego , CA : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Druckman , D. 1994 . Determinants of compromising behaviour in negotiation . Journal of Conflict Resolution , 38 : 507 – 556 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• French , J. R. P. and Raven , B. 1959 . “ The bases of social power ” . In Studies in social power , Edited by: Cartwright , D. Ann Arbor , MI : Institute for Social Research .
   Google Scholar
• Gallagher , M. , Laver , M. and Mair , P. 2001 . Representative government in modern Europe , 3th ed , New York : McGraw Hill .
   Google Scholar
• Gamson , W. A. 1961 . An experimental test of a theory of coalition formation . American Sociological Review , 26 : 565 – 573 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gamson , W. A. 1964 . “ Experimental studies of coalition formation ” . In Advances in experimental social psychology , Edited by: Berkowitz , L. Vol. 1 , 81 – 110 . New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Güth , W. and Tietz , R. 1990 . Ultimatum bargaining behaviour: A survey and comparison of experimental results . Journal of Economic Psychology , 11 : 417 – 449 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Handgraaf , M. J. J. , Van Dijk , E. and De Cremer , D. 2003 . Social utility in ultimatum bargaining . Social Justice Research , 16 : 263 – 283 .
   Google Scholar
• Harinck , F. , Van Dijk , E. , Van Beest , I. and Mersmann , P. in press . When gains loom larger than losses: Loss aversion and small amounts of money . Psychological Science ,
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Homans , G. C. 1974 . Social behaviour: Its elementary forms , New York : Harcourt Brace Jovanovitch, Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• Kahan , J. P. and Helwig , R. A. 1971 . Coalitions: A system of programs for computer-controlled bargaining games . General Systems , 16 : 31 – 41 .
   Google Scholar
• Kahan , J. P. and Rapoport , A. 1984a . Social psychology and the theory of games: A mixed-motive relationship . Representative Research in Social Psychology , 14 : 65 – 71 .
   Google Scholar
• Kahan , J. P. and Rapoport , A. 1984b . Theories of coalition formation , Hillsdale , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• Kahneman , D. and Tversky , A. 1979 . Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk . Econometrica , 47 : 263 – 291 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelley , H. H. 1979 . Personal relationships , Hillsdale , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• Kelley , H. H. and Arrowood , A. J. 1960 . Coalitions in the triad: Critique and experiment . Sociometry , 23 : 231 – 244 .
   Google Scholar
• Komorita , S. S. 1974 . A weighted probability model of coalition formation . Psychological Review , 81 : 242 – 256 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Komorita , S. S. 1979 . An equal excess model of coalition formation . Behavioural Science , 24 : 369 – 381 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Komorita , S. S. 1984 . Coalition bargaining . Advances in Experimental Social Psychology , 18 : 183 – 245 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Komorita , S. S. and Chertkoff , J. M. 1973 . A bargaining theory of coalition formation . Psychological Review , 80 : 149 – 162 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Komorita , S. S. and Kravitz , D. 1983 . “ Coalition formation: A social psychological approach ” . In Basic group processes , Edited by: Paulus , P. B. 179 – 203 . New York : Springer-Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Komorita , S. S. and Meek , D. D. 1978 . Generality and validity of some theories of coalition formation . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 36 : 392 – 404 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Komorita , S. S. and Moore , D. 1976 . Theories and processes of coalition formation . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 33 : 371 – 381 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Komorita , S. S. and Nagao , D. 1983 . The functions of resources in coalition bargaining . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 44 : 95 – 106 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Komorita , S. S. and Parks , C. D. 1995 . “ Interpersonal relations: Mixed-motive interaction ” . In Annual review of psychology , Edited by: Spence , J. T. , Darley , J. M. and Foss , D. J. Vol. 46 , 183 – 207 . Palo Alto , CA : Annual Reviews .
   Google Scholar
• Kravitz , D. A. 1981 . Effects of resources and alternatives on coalition formation . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 41 : 87 – 98 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kravitz , D. A. and Iwaniszek , J. 1984 . Number of coalitions and resources as sources of power in coalition bargaining . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 47 : 534 – 548 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawler , E. J. 1975 . An experimental study of factors affecting the mobilization of revolutionary coalitions . Sociometry , 38 : 163 – 179 .
   Google Scholar
• Lawler , E. J. 1992 . Power processes in bargaining . The Sociological Quarterly , 33 : 17 – 34 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leary , M. R. 1990 . Responses to social exclusion: social anxiety, jealousy, loneliness, depression, and low self-esteem . Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology , 9 : 221 – 229 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levine , J. M. and Moreland , R. L. 1990 . Progress in small group research . Annual Review of Psychology , 41 : 585 – 634 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewicki , R. J. , Saunders , D. M. and Barry , B. 2006 . Negotiation , (5th ed.) , Singapore : McGraw-Hill .
   Google Scholar
• Loewenstein , G. , Issacharoff , S. , Camerer , C. and Babcock , L. 1993 . Self-serving assessments of fairness and pretrial bargaining . Journal of Legal Studies , 22 : 135 – 159 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loewenstein , G. and Moore , D. A. 2004 . When ignorance is bliss: Information exchange and ineffeciency in bargaining . Journal of Legal Studies , 33 : 37 – 58 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loewenstein , G. , Thompson , L. and Bazerman , M. H. 1989 . Social utility and decision making in interpersonal contexts . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 57 : 426 – 441 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luce , R. D. and Raiffa , H. 1959 . Games and decisions , New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Mannix , E. A. 1994 . Will we meet again? Effects of power, distribution norms and scope of future interaction in small group negotiation . Journal of Conflict Management , 5 : 343 – 368 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin , L. W. and Stevenson , R. T. 2001 . Government formation in parliamentary democracies . American Journal of Political Science , 45 : 33 – 50 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCusker , C. and Carnevale , P. 1995 . Frame and loss aversion in social dilemmas . Organisational Behaviour and Human Decision Processes , 61 : 190 – 201 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mclean Parks , J. , Gatewood , W. , Nekkich , J. C. , Boles , T. L. , Gibson , K. Straub , P. 1996 . Distributing adventitious outcomes: Social norms, egocentric martyrs, and the effects on future relationships . Organisational Behaviour and Human Decision Processes , 67 : 181 – 200 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Messick , D. M. and McClintock , C. G. 1968 . Motivational bases of choice in experimental games . Journal of Experimental and Social Psychology , 4 : 1 – 25 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Messick , D. M. and Sentis , K. P. 1979 . Fairness and preference . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 15 : 418 – 434 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Messick , D. M. and Sentis , K. P. 1983 . “ Fairness, preference, and fairness biases ” . In Equity theory , Edited by: Messick , D. M. and Cook , K. S. 61 – 94 . New York : Praeger .
   Google Scholar
• Michener , H. A. 1992 . Coalition anomalies in light of the central-union theory . Advances in Group Processes , 9 : 65 – 88 .
   Google Scholar
• Michener , H. A. , Fleishman , J. A. , Vaske , J. J. and Statza , G. R. 1975 . Minimum resource and pivotal power theories: A competitive test in four-person coalitional situations . Journal of Conflict Resolution , 19 ( 1 ) : 89 – 107 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michener , H. A. and Lawler , E. J. 1971 . Revolutionary coalition strength and collective failure as determinants of status reallocation . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 8 : 180 – 195 .
   Google Scholar
• Michener , H. A. and Myers , D. 1998 . Probabilistic coalition structure theories: An empirical comparison in four-person superadditive sidepayment games . Journal of Conflict Resolution , 42 : 830 – 860 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller , C. E. 1980 . A test of four theories of coalition formation: Effects of payoffs and resources . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 38 : 153 – 164 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller , C. E. and Wong , J. 1986 . Coalition behaviour: Effects of earned versus unearned resources . Organisational Behaviour and Human Decision Processes , 38 : 257 – 277 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mummendey , A. and Otten , S. 1998 . “ Positive – negative asymmetry in social discrimination ” . In European review of social psychology , Edited by: Stroebe , W. and Hewstone , M. Vol. 9 , 107 – 143 . Chichester , , UK : John Wiley & Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Mummendey , A. , Simon , B. , Dietze , C. , Grunert , M. , Haeger , G. Kessler , S. 1992 . Categorization is not enough: Intergroup discrimination in negative outcome allocation . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 28 : 125 – 144 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murnighan , J. K. 1978 . Models of coalition behaviour: Game theoretic, social psychological, and political perspectives . Psychological Bulletin , 85 : 1130 – 1153 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murnighan , J. K. 1991 . The dynamics of bargaining games , Englewood Cliffs , NJ : Prentice Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Neale , M. A. and Bazerman , M. H. 1985 . The effect of framing and negotiator overconfidence on bagaining behaviour and outcomes . Academy of Management Journal , 28 : 34 – 49 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nitz , L. H. and Phillips , J. L. 1969 . The effects of divisibility of payoff on confederative behaviour . Journal of Conflict Resolution , 13 : 381 – 387 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohtsubo , Y. and Kameda , T. 1998 . The function of equality heuristic in distributive bargaining: Negotiated allocation of costs and benefits in a demand revelation context . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 34 : 90 – 108 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polzer , J. T. , Mannix , E. A. and Neale , M. A. 1998 . Interest alignment and coalitions in multiparty negotiation . Academy of Management Journal , 41 : 42 – 54 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pruitt , D. G. and Carnevale , P. J. 1993 . Negotiation in social conflict , Buckingham , , UK : Open University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Pruitt , D. G. and Rubin , J. Z. 1986 . Social conflict: Escalation, stalemate, and settlement , New York : Random House .
   Google Scholar
• Rapoport , A. and Kahan , J. P. 1982 . The power of a coalition and payoff disbursement in three-person negotiable conflicts . Journal of Mathematical Sociology , 8 : 193 – 225 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubin , J. Z. , Pruitt , D. G. and Kim , S. H. 1994 . Social conflict: Escalation, stalemate, and settlement , New York : McGraw-Hill, Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• Rusbult , C. E. and Van Lange , P. A. M. 2003 . Interdependence, interaction and relationships . Annual Review of Psychology , 54 : 351 – 375 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schelling , T. C. 1960 . The strategy of conflict , Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Schopler , J. and Insko , C. A. 1992 . “ The discontinuity effect in interpersonal and intergroup relations: Generality and mediation ” . In European review of social psychology , Edited by: Stroebe , W. and Hewstone , M. Vol. 3 , 121 – 151 . Chichester , , UK : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Shaply , L. S. 1953 . “ A value for n-person games ” . In Contributions to the theory of games , Edited by: Kuhn , H. W. and Tucker , A. W. Vol. 2 , 307 – 317 . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Ten Velden , F. S. , Beersma , B. and De Dreu , C. K. W. 2007 . Majority and minority influence in group negotiation: The moderating effects of social motivation and decision rules . Journal of Applied Psychology , 92 : 259 – 268 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thaler , R. H. 1988 . The ultimatum game . Journal of Economic Perspectives , 2 : 195 – 206 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thibaut , J. and Kelley , H. H. 1959 . The social psychology of groups , New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Thompson , L. and Loewenstein , G. 1992 . Egocentric interpretations of fairness and interpersonal conflict . Organisational Behaviour and Human Decision Processes , 51 : 176 – 197 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Törnblom , K. Y. and Jonsson , D. R. 1985 . Subrules of the equality and contribution principles: Their perceived fairness in distribution and retribution . Social Psychology Quarterly , 48 : 249 – 261 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Törnblom , K. Y. and Jonsson , D. R. 1987 . Distribution vs. retribution: The perceived justice of the contribution and equality principles for cooperative and competitive relationships . Acta Sociologica , 30 : 25 – 52 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Beest , I. , Andeweg , R. , Koning , L. and Van Lange , P. A. M. in press . Do groups exclude others more readily than individuals in coalition formation? . Group Processes and Intergroup Relations ,
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Beest , I. , Van Dijk , E. , De Dreu , C. K. W. and Wilke , H. A. M. 2005 . Do-no-harm in coalition formation: Why losses inhibit exclusion and promote fairness cognitions . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 41 : 609 – 617 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Beest , I. , Van Dijk , E. and Wilke , H. 2004a . Resources and alternatives in coalition formation: The effects on payoff, self-serving behaviour, and bargaining length . European of Journal of Social Psychology , 34 : 713 – 728 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Beest , I. , Van Dijk , E. and Wilke , H. 2004b . The interplay of self-interest and equity in coalition formation . European of Journal of Social Psychology , 34 : 547 – 565 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Beest , I. , Wilke , H. and Van Dijk , E. 2003 . The excluded player in coalition formation . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 29 : 237 – 247 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Beest , I. and Williams , K. D. 2006 . When inclusion costs and ostracism pays, ostracism still hurts . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 91 : 918 – 928 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Dijk , E. and De Cremer , D. 2006 . “ Tacit coordination and social dilemmas: On the importance of self-interest and fairness ” . In Social psychology and economics , Edited by: De Cremer , D. , Zeelenberg , M. and Murnighan , J. K. 141 – 154 . Mahwah , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• Van Dijk , E. , De Cremer , D. and Handgraaf , M. J. J. 2004 . Social value orientations and the strategic use of fairness in ultimatum bargaining . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 40 : 697 – 707 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Dijk , E. and Vermunt , R. 2000 . Strategy and fairness in social decision making: Sometimes it pays to be powerless . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 36 : 1 – 25 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Kleef , G. A. , Van Dijk , E. , Steinel , W. , Harinck , F. and Van Beest , I. in press . Anger in social conflict: Cross-situational comparisons and suggestions for the future . Group Decision and Negotiation ,
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Lange , P. A. M. 2000 . “ Beyond self-interest: A set of propositions relevant to interpersonal orientations ” . In European review of social psychology , Edited by: Stroebe , W. and Hewstone , M. Vol. 11 , 297 – 331 . Chichester , , UK : John Wiley & Sons Ltd. .
   Google Scholar
• Van Lange , P. A. M. , De Cremer , D. , Van Dijk , E. and Van Vugt , M. 2007 . “ Self-interest and beyond: Basic principles of social interaction ” . In Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles , 2nd ed. , Edited by: Kruglanski , A. W. and Higgins , E. T. 540 – 561 . New York : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Van Lange , P. A. M. and Kuhlman , D. M. 1994 . Social value orientations and impressions of partner's honesty and intelligence: A test of the might versus morality effect . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 67 : 126 – 141 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Prooijen , J. -W. , Van den Bos , K. and Wilke , H. A. M. 2002 . Procedural justice and status: status salience as antecedents of procedural fairness effects . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 83 : 1353 – 1361 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vinacke , W. E. and Arkoff , A. 1957 . An experimental study of coalitions in the triad . American Sociological Review , 22 ( 1 ) : 406 – 414 .
   Google Scholar
• Von Neumann , J. and Morgenstern , O. 1947 . Theory of games and economic behaviour , (2nd ed.) , Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Walster , E. and Walster , G. W. 1975 . Equity and social justice . Journal of Social Issues , 31 : 21 – 43 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walster , E. , Walster , G. W. and Berscheid , E. 1978 . Equity: Theory and research , Boston : Allyn & Bacon .
   Google Scholar
• Ward , H. 1990 . Three men in a boat, two must row: An analysis of a three-person chicken pregame . Journal of Conflict Resolution , 34 : 371 – 400 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wildschut , T. , Pinter , B. , Vevea , J. L. , Insko , C. A. and Schopler , J. 2003 . Beyond the group mind: A quantitative review of the interindividual – intergroup discontinuity effect . Psychological Bulletin , 129 : 698 – 722 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilke , H. A. M. 1985 . Coalition formation , New York : Elsevier .
   Google Scholar
• Williams , K. D. 2001 . Ostracism: The power of silence , New York : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Williams , K. D. 2007 . Ostracism . Annual Review of Psychology , 58 : 425 – 452 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams , K. D. , Cheung , C. K. T. and Choi , W. 2000 . Cyberostracism: Effects of being ignored over the Internet . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 79 : 748 – 762 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willis , R. H. 1962 . Coalitions in the triad . Sociometry , 25 : 358 – 376 .
   Google Scholar
• Young , H. P. 1995 . Dividing the Indivisible . American Behavioural Scientist , 38 : 904 – 920 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar