8,555
Views
249
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Another view of “we”: Majority and minority group perspectives on a common ingroup identity

, &
Pages 296-330 | Published online: 22 Jul 2010

References

  • Adorno , T. W. , Frenkel-Brunswik , E. , Levinson , D. J. and Sanford , R. N. 1950 . The authoritarian personality , New York : Harper .
  • Allport , G. W. 1954 . The nature of prejudice , Cambridge , MA : Addison-Wesley .
  • Aron , A. , McLaughlin-Volpe , T. , Mashek , D. , Lewandowski , G. , Wright , S. C. and Aron , E. N. 2004 . “ Including others in the self ” . In European review of social psychology , Edited by: Stroebe , W. and Hewstone , M. Vol. 15 , 101 – 132 . Hove , , UK : Psychology Press .
  • Berry , J. W. 1997 . Immigration, acculturation, and adaptation . Applied Psychology: An International Review , 46 : 5 – 34 .
  • Bettencourt , B. A. , Dorr , N. , Charlton , K. and Hume , D. L. 2001 . Status differences and in-group bias: A meta-analytic examination of the effects of status stability, status legitimacy, and group permeability . Psychological Bulletin , 127 : 520 – 542 .
  • Billig , M. G. and Tajfel , H. 1973 . Social categorisation and similarity in intergroup behaviour . European Journal of Social Psychology , 3 : 27 – 52 .
  • Bobo , L. D. 1999 . Prejudice as group position: Microfoundations of a sociological approach to racism and race relations . Journal of Social Issues , 55 : 445 – 472 .
  • Boen , F. , Vanbeselaere , N. , Brebels , L. , Huybens , W. and Millet , K. 2007 . Post-merger identification as a function of pre-merger identification, relative representation, and pre-merger status . European Journal of Social Psychology , 37 : 380 – 389 .
  • Brewer , M. B. 1991 . On the social self: On being the same and different at the same time . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 17 : 475 – 482 .
  • Brewer , M. B. 2001 . “ Social identities and social representations: A question of priority? ” . In Representations of the social: Bridging theoretical traditions , Edited by: Deaux , K. and Philogène , G. 305 – 311 . Malden , MA : Blackwell .
  • Brown , R. and Hewstone , M. 2005 . “ An integrative theory of intergroup contact ” . In Advances in experimental social psychology , Edited by: Zanna , M. P. Vol. 37 , 255 – 343 . San Diego , CA : Academic Press .
  • Christopher , A. N. and Schlenker , B. R. 2005 . The Protestant work ethic and attributions of responsibility: Applications of the triangle model . Journal of Applied Social Psychology , 35 : 1502 – 1518 .
  • Crisp , R. J. , Stone , C. H. and Hall , N. R. 2006a . Recategorisation and identification: Predicting and preventing threats from common ingroups . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 32 : 230 – 243 .
  • Crisp , R. J. , Walsh , J. and Hewstone , M. 2006b . Crossed categorisation in common ingroup contexts . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 32 : 1204 – 1218 .
  • Davies , P. G. , Steele , C. M. and Markus , H. in press . A nation challenged . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology ,
  • de la Garza , R. O. , Falcon , A. and Garcia , F. C. 1996 . Will the real Americans please stand up? Anglo and Mexican-American support of core American political values . American Journal of Political Science , 40 : 335 – 351 .
  • Devos , T. and Banaji , M. R. 2005 . American = White? . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 88 : 447 – 466 .
  • Dixon , J. A. , Durrheim , K. and Tredoux , C. 2005 . Beyond the optimal strategy: A “reality check” for the contact hypothesis . American Psychologist , 60 : 697 – 711 .
  • Doosje , B. , Ellemers , N. and Spears , R. 1999 . “ Commitment and intergroup behaviour ” . In Social identity: Context, commitment and content , Edited by: Ellemers , N. , Spears , R. and Doosje , B. 84 – 107 . Oxford , , UK : Blackwell .
  • Dovidio , J. F. and Gaertner , S. L. 2004 . “ Aversive racism ” . In Advances in experimental social psychology , Edited by: Zanna , M. P. Vol. 36 , 1 – 51 . San Diego , CA : Academic Press .
  • Dovidio , J. F. , Gaertner , S. L. and Johnson , J. D. New directions in prejudice and prejudice reduction: The role of cognitive representations and affect . Symposium paper presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Experimental Social Psychology . St. Louis , MO . October .
  • Dovidio , J. F. , Gaertner , S. L. and Kafati , G. 2000a . “ Group identity and intergroup relations: The Common In-Group Identity Model ” . In Advances in group processes , Edited by: Thye , S. R. , Lawler , E. J. , Macy , M. W. and Walker , H. A. Vol. 17 , 1 – 34 . Stamford , CT : JAI Press .
  • Dovidio , J. F. , Gaertner , S. L. , Kawakami , K. and Hodson , G. 2002 . Why can't we just get along? Interpersonal biases and interracial distrust . Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology , 8 : 88 – 102 .
  • Dovidio , J. F. , Gaertner , S. L. and Loux , S. 2000b . “ Subjective experiences and intergroup relations: The role of positive affect ” . In The message within: The role of subjective states in social cognition and behaviour , Edited by: Bless , H. and Forgas , J. 340 – 371 . Philadelphia , PA : Psychology Press .
  • Dovidio , J. F. , Gaertner , S. L. , Neimann , Y. F. and Snider , K. 2001 . Racial, ethnic, and cultural differences in responding to distinctiveness and discrimination on campus: Stigma and common group identity . Journal of Social Issues , 57 : 167 – 188 .
  • Dovidio , J. F. , Gaertner , S. L. , Saguy , T. and Halabi , S. 2007 . “ From when to why: Understanding how contact reduces bias ” . In Improving intergroup relations: Building on the legacy of Thomas F. Pettigrew , Edited by: Wagner , U. , Tropp , L. R. , Finchilescu , G. and Tredoux , C. Malden , MA : Wiley-Blackwell .
  • Dovidio , J. F. , Gaertner , S. L. , Validzic , A. , Matoka , K. , Johnson , B. and Frazier , S. 1997 . Extending the benefits of re-categorisation: Evaluations, self-disclosure and helping . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 33 : 401 – 420 .
  • Dovidio , J. F. and Kafati , G. 2003 . Majority and minority group support for assimilation and multiculturalism in relation to racial climate , Hamilton , NY : Department of Psychology, Colgate University . Unpublished data
  • Dovidio , J. F. , ten Vergert , M. , Stewart , T. L. , Gaertner , S. L. , Johnson , J. D. Esses , V. M. 2004 . Perspective and prejudice: Antecedents and mediating mechanisms . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 30 : 1537 – 1549 .
  • DuBois , W. E. B. 1938 . The souls of Black folk. Essays and sketches , Chicago , IL : A. C. McLurg .
  • Ellemers , N. and Barreto , M. 2001 . “ The impact of relative group status: Affective, behavioural, and perceptual consequences ” . In Blackwell handbook of social psychology: Intergroup processes , Edited by: Brown , R. and Gaertner , S. L. 324 – 343 . Oxford , , UK : Blackwell .
  • Fischer , P. , Gretemeyer , T. , Omay , S. I. and Frey , D. 2007 . Mergers and group status: The impact of high, low, and equal group status on identification and satisfaction with a company merger . Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology , 17 : 203 – 217 .
  • Frederickson , G. M. 1999 . “ Models of American interethnic relations: A historical perspective ” . In Cultural divides: Understanding and overcoming group conflict , Edited by: Prentice , D. and Miller , D. 23 – 34 . New York : Russell Sage Foundation .
  • Gaertner , S. L. , Bachman , B. A. , Dovidio , J. D. and Banker , B. S. 2001 . “ Corporate mergers and stepfamily marriages: Identity, harmony, and commitment ” . In Social identity in organisations , Edited by: Hogg , M. A. and Terry , D. 265 – 288 . Oxford , , UK : Blackwell .
  • Gaertner , S. L. and Dovidio , J. F. 2000 . Reducing intergroup bias: The Common Ingroup Identity Model , Philadelphia , PA : The Psychology Press .
  • Gaertner , S. L. , Dovidio , J. F. , Anastasio , P. A. , Bachman , B. A. and Rust , M. C. 1993 . “ The common ingroup identity model: Recategorisation and the reduction of intergroup bias ” . In European review of social psychology , Edited by: Stroebe , W. and Hewstone , M. Vol. 4. , 1 – 26 . New York : John Wiley & Sons .
  • Gaertner , S. L. , Dovidio , J. F. , Nier , J. , Ward , C. and Banker , B. 1999 . “ Across cultural divides: The value of a superordinate identity ” . In Cultural divides: Understanding and overcoming group conflict , Edited by: Prentice , D. and Miller , D. 173 – 212 . New York : Russell Sage Foundation .
  • Gaertner , S. L. , Mann , J. A. , Dovidio , J. F. , Murrell , A. J. and Pomare , M. 1990 . How does cooperation reduce intergroup bias? . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 59 : 692 – 704 .
  • Gaertner , S. L. , Mann , J. A. , Murrell , A. J. and Dovidio , J. F. 1989 . Reduction of intergroup bias: The benefits of recategorisation . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 57 : 239 – 249 .
  • Gaertner , S. L. , Rust , M. C. , Dovidio , J. F. , Bachman , B. A. and Anastasio , P. A. 1996 . “ The Contact Hypothesis: The role of a common ingroup identity on reducing intergroup bias among majority and minority group members ” . In What's social about social cognition? , Edited by: Nye , J. L. and Brower , A. M. 230 – 260 . Newbury Park , CA : Sage Publications .
  • González , R. and Brown , R. 2003 . Generalization of positive attitude as a function of subgroup and superordinate group identification in intergroup contact . European Journal of Social Psychology , 33 : 195 – 214 .
  • González , R. and Brown , R. 2006 . Dual identities and intergroup contact: Group status and size moderate the generalization of positive attitude change . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 42 : 753 – 767 .
  • Guerra , R. , Rebelo , M. , Monteiro , M. B. , Riek , B. M. , Mania , E. W. Gaertner , S. L. 2007 . Do recategorisation strategies for reducing prejudice generalize? Manuscript submitted for publication
  • Hall , N. R. and Crisp , R. J. 2005 . Considering multiple criteria for social categorisation can reduce intergroup bias . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 31 : 1435 – 1444 .
  • Hewstone , M. and Brown , R. J. 1986 . “ Contact is not enough: An intergroup perspective on the “Contact Hypothesis.” . In Contact and conflict in intergroup encounters , Edited by: Hewstone , M. and Brown , R. 1 – 44 . Oxford , , UK : Basil Blackwell .
  • Hewstone , M. , Turner , R. N. , Kenworthy , J. B. and Crisp , R. J. 2006 . “ Multiple social categorisation: Integrative themes and future research priorities ” . In Multiple social categorisation: Processes, models, and applications , Edited by: Crisp , R. J. and Hewstone , M. 271 – 310 . Hove , , UK : Psychology Press .
  • Hogg , M. A. 2001 . “ Self-category and subjective uncertainty resolution: Cognitive and motivational facets of social identity and group membership ” . In The social mind: Cognitive and motivational aspects of interpersonal behaviour , Edited by: Forgas , J. P. , Williams , K. D. and Wheeler , L. 323 – 349 . New York : Cambridge University Press .
  • Horenczyk , G. 1996 . “ Migrant identities in conflict: Acculturation attitudes and perceived acculturation ideologies ” . In Changing European identities: Social psychological analyses of social change , Edited by: Breakwell , G. and Lyons , E. 241 – 250 . Oxford , , UK : Butterworth-Heinemann .
  • Hornsey , M. J. and Hogg , M. A. 2000 . Subgroup relations: A comparison of mutual intergroup differentiation and common ingroup identity models of prejudice reduction . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 26 : 242 – 256 .
  • Houlette , M. , Gaertner , S. L. , Johnson , K. M. , Banker , B. S. , Riek , B. M. and Dovidio , J. F. 2004 . Developing a more inclusive social identity: An elementary school intervention . Journal of Social Issues , 60 : 35 – 56 .
  • Howard , J. M. and Rothbart , M. 1980 . Social categorisation for in-group and out-group behaviour . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 38 : 301 – 310 .
  • Insko , C. A. , Schopler , J. , Gaertner , L. , Wildschut , T. , Kozar , R. Pinter , B. 2001 . Interindividual – intergroup discontinuity reduction through the anticipation of future interaction . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 80 : 95 – 111 .
  • Islam , M. R. and Hewstone , M. 1993 . Dimensions of contact as predictors of intergroup anxiety, perceived outgroup variability and outgroup attitude: An integrative model . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 19 : 700 – 710 .
  • Iyer , A. , Leach , C. W. and Crosby , F. J. 2003 . White guilt and racial compensation: The benefits and limits of self-focus . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 29 : 117 – 129 .
  • Jackman , M. R. 1994 . The velvet glove , Berkeley , CA : University of California Press .
  • Jetten , J. , Spears , R. and Manstead , A. S. R. 1997 . Distinctiveness threat and prototypicality: Combined effects on intergroup discrimination and collective self-esteem . European Journal of Social Psychology , 27 : 635 – 657 .
  • Johnson , K. M. , Gaertner , S. L. and Dovidio , J. F. 2001 . The effect of equality of job assignment on ingroup identity and bias for low and high status groups , Newark , DE : Department of Psychology, University of Delaware . Unpublished data
  • Jost , J. T. and Banaji , M. R. 1994 . The role of stereotyping in system-justification and the production of false consciousness . British Journal of Social Psychology , 33 : 1 – 27 .
  • Jost , J. T. , Burgess , D. and Mosso , C. O. 2001 . “ Conflicts of legitimation among self, group, and system ” . In The psychology of legitimacy , Edited by: Jost , J. T. and Major , B. 363 – 388 . New York : Cambridge University Press .
  • King , M. L. 1964 . Why we can't wait , New York : Penguin books .
  • Lalonde , R. N. and Silverman , R. A. 1994 . Behavioural preferences in response to social injustice: The effects of group permeability and social identity salience . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 66 : 78 – 85 .
  • Miller , N. 2002 . Personalisation and the promise of Contact Theory . Journal of Social Issues , 58 : 387 – 410 .
  • Mottola , G. 1996 . The effects of relative group status on expectations of merger success , Newark , DE : Department of Psychology, University of Delaware . PhD Dissertation
  • Mullen , B. , Brown , R. and Smith , C. 1992 . Ingroup bias as a function of salience, relevance, and status: An integration . European Journal of Social Psychology , 22 : 103 – 122 .
  • Mummendey , A. , Klink and Brown , R. 2001 . Nationalism and patriotism: National identification and out-group rejection . British Journal of Social Psychology , 40 : 159 – 172 .
  • Mummendey , A. and Wenzel , M. 1999 . Social discrimination and tolerance in intergroup relations: Reactions to intergroup difference . Personality and Social Psychology Review , 3 : 158 – 174 .
  • Nier , J. A. , Gaertner , S. L. , Dovidio , J. F. , Banker , B. S. and Ward , C. M. 2001 . Changing interracial evaluations and behaviour: The effects of a common group identity . Group Processes and Intergroup Relations , 4 : 299 – 316 .
  • Otten , S. and Moskowitz , G. B. 2000 . Evidence for implicit evaluative in-group bias: Affect-based spontaneous trait inference in a minimal group paradigm . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 36 : 77 – 89 .
  • Rebelo , M. , Guerra , R. and Monteiro , M. B. Reducing prejudice: Comparative effects of three theoretical models . 5th Biennial Convention of the Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues . Washington , DC . June .
  • Rebelo , M. , Guerra , R. and Monteiro , M. B. Generalizing positive intergroup relations in realistic settings: A comparison among recategorisation, decategorisation and dual identity models . General Meeting of the European Association of Experimental Social Psychology . Wurzburg , Germany. July .
  • Robbins , J. M. and Krueger , J. I. 2005 . Social projection to ingroups and outgroups: A review and meta-analysis . Personality and Social Psychology Review , 9 : 32 – 47 .
  • Ruscher , J. B. 2001 . Prejudiced communication: A social psychological perspective , New York : Guilford Press .
  • Sachvev , I. and Bourhis , R. Y. 1991 . Power and status differentials in minority and majority group relations . European Journal of Social Psychology , 21 : 1 – 24 .
  • Saguy , T. , Dovidio , J. F. and Pratto , F. in press . Beyond contact: Intergroup contact in the context of power relations . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin ,
  • Shelton , J. N. and Richeson , J. A. 2006 . “ Interracial interactions: A relational approach ” . In Advances in experimental social psychology , Edited by: Zanna , M. P. Vol. 38 , 121 – 181 . New York : Academic Press .
  • Shelton , J. N. , Richeson , J. A. and Vorauer , J. D. 2006 . “ Threatened identities and interethnic interactions ” . In European review of social psychology , Edited by: Stoebe , W. and Hewstone , M. Vol. 17 , 312 – 358 . Hove , , UK : Psychology Press .
  • Shnabel , N. and Nadler , A. in press . A needs-based model of reconciliation: Satisfying the differential emotional needs of victim and perpetrator as a key to promoting reconciliation . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology ,
  • Sidanius , J. , Feshbach , S. , Levin , S. and Pratto , F. 1997 . The interface between ethnic and national attachment: Ethnic pluralism or ethnic dominance? . Public Opinion Quarterly , 61 : 103 – 133 .
  • Sidanius , J. and Pratto , F. 1999 . Social dominance: An intergroup theory of social hierarchy and oppression , New York : Cambridge University Press .
  • Simon , B. and Brown , R. 1987 . Perceived intragroup homogeneity in minority – majority contexts . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 53 : 703 – 711 .
  • Smith , H. J. and Tyler , T. R. 1996 . Justice and power: When will justice concerns encourage the advantaged to support policies which redistribute economic resources and the disadvantaged to willingly obey the law? . European Journal of Social Psychology , 26 : 171 – 200 .
  • Smooha , S. 2003 . Jewish ethnicity in Israel as a persistent real phenomenon . Iyunim Bitkumat Israel , 13 : 413 – 425 . [Hebrew journal.]
  • Tajfel , H. 1969 . Cognitive aspects of prejudice . Journal of Social Issues , 25 ( 4 ) : 79 – 97 .
  • Tajfel , H. and Turner , J. C. 1979 . “ An integrative theory of intergroup conflict ” . In The social psychology of intergroup relations , Edited by: Austin , W. G. and Worchel , S. 33 – 48 . Monterey , CA : Brooks/Cole .
  • Tropp , L. R. and Pettigrew , T. F. 2005 . Relationship between intergroup contact and prejudice among minority and majority status groups . Psychological Science , 16 : 951 – 957 .
  • Turner , J. C. 1985 . “ Social categorisation and the self-concept: A social cognitive theory of group behaviour ” . In Advances in group processes , Edited by: Lawler , E. J. Vol. 2 , 77 – 122 . Greenwich , CT : JAI Press .
  • Turner , J. C. , Hogg , M. A. , Oakes , P. J. , Reicher , S. D. and Wetherell , M. S. 1987 . Rediscovering the social group: A self-categorisation theory , Oxford , , UK : Basil Blackwell .
  • Tyler , T. and Blader , S. L. 2003 . The Group Engagement Model: Procedural justice, social identity, and cooperative behaviour . Personality and Social Psychology Review , 7 : 349 – 361 .
  • van Dijk , T. A. 1993 . Elite discourse and racism , Newbury Park , CA : Sage .
  • van Oudenhoven , J. P. , Prins , K. S. and Buunk , B. 1998 . Attitudes of minority and majority members towards adaptation of immigrants . European Journal of Social Psychology , 28 : 995 – 1013 .
  • Verkuyten , M. 2006 . “ Multicultural recognition and ethnic minority rights: A social identity perspective ” . In European review of social psychology , Edited by: Stroebe , W. and Hewstone , M. Vol. 17 , 148 – 184 . Hove , , UK : Psychology Press .
  • Voci , A. 2006 . The link between identification and in-group favouritism: Effects of threat to social identity and trust-related emotions . British Journal of Social Psychology , 45 : 265 – 284 .
  • Vorauer , J. D. 2006 . An information search model of evaluative concerns in intergroup interaction . Psychological Review , 113 : 862 – 886 .
  • Waldzus , S. , Mummendey , A. , Wenzel , M. and Boettcher , F. 2004 . Of bikers, teachers, and Germans: Groups' diverging views about their prototypicality . British Journal of Social Psychology , 43 : 385 – 400 .
  • Wenzel , M. , Mummendey , A. and Waldzus , S. 2007 . “ Superordinate identities and intergroup conflict: The ingroup projection model ” . In European Review of Social Psychology , Edited by: Stroebe , W. and Hewstone , M. Vol. 18 , 331 – 372 . Hove , , UK : Psychology Press .
  • Wenzel , M. , Mummendey , A. , Weber , U. and Waldzus , S. 2003 . The ingroup as pars pro toto: Projection from the ingroup onto the inclusive category as a precursor to social discrimination . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 29 : 461 – 473 .
  • Wilder , D. A. 1981 . “ Perceiving persons as a group: Categorisation and intergroup relations ” . In Cognitive processes in stereotyping and intergroup behaviour , Edited by: Hamilton , D. L. 213 – 257 . Hillsdale , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc. .
  • Wohl , M. J. A. and Branscombe , N. 2005 . Forgiveness and collective guilt assignment to historical perpetrator groups depend on level of social category inclusiveness . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 88 : 288 – 303 .
  • Wolsko , C. , Park , B. and Judd , C. M. 2006 . Considering the Tower of Babel: Correlates of assimilation and multiculturalism among ethnic minority and majority groups in the United States . Social Justice Research , 19 : 277 – 306 .
  • Worrell , F. C. and Gardner-Kitt , D. L. 2006 . The relationship between racial and ethnic identity in Black adolescents: The Cross Racial Identity Scale and the Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure . Identity , 6 : 293 – 315 .
  • Wright , S. C. 2001 . “ Strategic collective action: Social psychology and social change ” . In Intergroup processes , Edited by: Brown , R. and Gaertner , S. L. 223 – 256 . Oxford , , UK : Blackwell .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.