References
- Ahmed, I., & Khan, M. K. (2016). Organizational justice, counterproductive work behavior and turnover intentions relation: Mediation by dehumanization and moderation by gender. Paradigms, 10(2), 120–131. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.24312/paradigms100211
- Alquist, J. L., Ainsworth, S. E., & Baumeister, R. F. (2013). Determined to conform: Disbelief in free will increases conformity. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 49(1), 80–86. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2012.08.015
- Andreoni, P. (2005). Tempo e lavoro. Storia, psicologia e nuove problematiche [Time and work. History, psychology and new problems]. Mondadori.
- Andrighetto, L., Baldissarri, C., Gabbiadini, A., Sacino, A., Valtorta, R. R., & Volpato, C. (2018). Objectified conformity: Working self-objectification increases conforming behavior. Social Influence, 13(2), 78–90. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/15534510.2018.1439769
- Andrighetto, L., Baldissarri, C., & Volpato, C. (2017). (Still) modern times: Objectification at work. European Journal of Social Psychology, 47(1), 25–35. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2190
- Arendt, A. (1958). The human condition. University of Chicago Press.
- Aristotle. (1995). Aristotle: Selections (T. Irwin & G. Fine, Trans). Hackett.
- Ashforth, B. E., & Kreiner, G. E. (1999). “How can you do it?”: Dirty work and the challenge of constructing a positive identity. Academy of Management Review, 24(3), 413–434. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1999.2202129
- Auzoult, L. (2020). Can meaning at work guard against the consequences of objectification? Psychological Reports, 123(3), 872–884. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0033294119826891
- Auzoult, L., & Personnaz, B. (2016). The role of organizational culture and self-consciousness in self-objectification in the workplace. TPM, Testing, Psychometrics, Methodology in Applied Psychology, 23(3), 1–14. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4473/TPM23.3.1
- Babalola, M. T., Mawritz, M. B., Greenbaum, R. L., Ren, S., & Garba, O. A. (2021). Whatever it takes: How and when supervisor bottom-line mentality motivates employee contributions in the workplace. Journal of Management, 47(5), 1134–1154. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206320902521
- Baldissarri, C., & Andrighetto, L. (2021a). Being treated as an instrument: Consequences of instrumental treatment and self-objectification on task engagement and performance. Human Performance, 34(2), 85–106. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/08959285.2021.1878182
- Baldissarri, C., & Andrighetto, L. (2021b). Humanness in times of uncertainty: Consequences of job insecurity on self-objectification and well-being. Manuscript Submitted for Publication.
- Baldissarri, C., Andrighetto, L., Di Bernardo, G. A., & Annoni, A. (2020). Workers‘ self-objectification and tendencies to conform to others. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 30(5), 547–560. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/casp.2461
- Baldissarri, C., Andrighetto, L., Gabbiadini, A., & Volpato, C. (2017). Work and freedom? Working self-objectification and belief in personal free will. British Journal of Social Psychology, 56(2), 250–269. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12172
- Baldissarri, C., Andrighetto, L., & Volpato, C. (2014). When work does not ennoble man: Psychological consequences of working objectification. TPM, Testing, Psychometrics Methodology in Applied Psychology, 21(3), 327–339. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4473/TPM21.3.7
- Baldissarri, C., Andrighetto, L., & Volpato, C. (2019). Feeling like an object: A field study on working self-objectification and the belief in personal free will. TPM, Testing, Psychometrics Methodology in Applied Psychology, 26(2), 185–197. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4473/TPM26.2
- Baldissarri, C., Gabbiadini, A., Andrighetto, L., & Volpato, C. (2020). The ACME Shop: A paradigm to investigate working (self-) objectification. The Journal of Social Psychology, 1–17. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.2020.1845592
- Baldissarri, C., Valtorta, R. R., Andrighetto, L., & Volpato, C. (2017). Workers as objects: The nature of working objectification and the role of perceived alienation. TPM, Testing, Psychometrics Methodology in Applied Psychology, 24(2), 153–166. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4473/TPM24.2.1
- Bartky, S. (1990). Femininity and domination: Studies in the phenomenology of oppression. NewYork: Routledge Press.
- Bastian, B., & Haslam, N. (2011). Experiencing dehumanization: Cognitive and emotional effects of everyday dehumanization. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 33(4), 295–303. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/01973533.2011.614132
- Baumeister, R. F. (2005). The cultural animal: Human nature, meaning, and social life. Oxford University Press.
- Baumeister, R. F., & Monroe, A. E. (2014). Recent research on free will: Conceptualizations, beliefs, and processes. Advances In Experimental Social Psychology, 50, 1–52. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-800284-1.00001-1
- Bell, C. M., & Khoury, C. (2016). Organizational powerlessness, dehumanization, and gendered effects of procedural justice. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 31(2), 570–585. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1108/JMP-09-2014-0267
- Belmi, P., & Laurin, K. (2016). Who wants to get to the top? Class and lay theories about power. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 111(4), 505–529. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/pspi0000060
- Belmi, P., & Schroeder, J. (2021). Human “resources”? Objectification at work. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 120(2), 384–417. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000254
- Bem, D. J. (1967). Self-perception: The dependent variable of human performance. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 2(2), 105–121. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/0030-5073(67)90025-6
- Berkman, L. F. (2014). Commentary: The hidden and not so hidden benefits of work: Identity, income and interaction. International Journal of Epidemiology, 43(5), 1517–1519. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyu110
- Bernard, P., Gervais, S. J., & Klein, O. (2018). Objectifying objectification: When and why people are cognitively reduced to their parts akin to objects. European Review of Social Psychology, 29(1), 82–121. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/10463283.2018.1471949
- Blauner, B. (1964). Alienation and freedom: The factory worker and his industry. University of Chicago Press.
- Bloodworth, J. (2018). Hired: Six months undercover in low wage Britain. Atlantic Books.
- Caesens, G., Nguyen, N., & Stinglhamber, F. (2018). Abusive supervision and organizational dehumanization. Journal of Business and Psychology, 34(5), 1–20. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-018-9592-3
- Caesens, G., & Stinglhamber, F. (2019). The relationship between organizational dehumanization and outcomes: The mediating role of emotional exhaustion. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 61(9), 699–703. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1097/JOM.0000000000001638
- Caesens, G., Stinglhamber, F., Demoulin, S., & De Wilde, M. (2017). Perceived organizational support and employees’ well-being: The mediating role of organizational dehumanization. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 26(4), 527–540. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2017.1319817
- Calogero, R. M. (2013). Objects don’t object: Evidence that self-objectification disrupts women’s social activism. Psychological Science, 24(3), 312–318. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797612452574
- Carey, R. M., & Markus, H. R. (2017). Social class shapes the form and function of relationships and selves. Current Opinion in Psychology, 18, 123–130. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.08.031
- Castellano, V., & Palmieri, A. (2016, September 25). Viaggio dentro il modello di lavoro Amazon. La7 Attualità. [ Video]. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R-yj0GIvleg&t=176s
- Castelli, L., Vanzetto, K., Sherman, J., & Arcuri, L. (2001). The explicit and implicit perception of in-group members who use stereotypes: Blatant rejection but subtle conformity. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 37(5), 419–426. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1006/jesp.2000.1471
- Christoff, K. (2014). Dehumanization in organizational settings: Some scientific and ethical considerations. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8, 748. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2014.00748
- Converse, B. A., & Fishbach, A. (2012). Instrumentality boosts appreciation: Helpers are more appreciated while they are useful. Psychological Science, 23(6), 560–566. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797611433334
- Cooley, C. H. (1902). Human nature and social order. Scribner’s.
- Cooley, E., Payne, B. K., Cipolli, W., III, Cameron, C. D., Berger, A., & Gray, K. (2017). The paradox of group mind: “People in a group” have more mind than “a group of people”. Journal of Experimental Psychology. General, 146(5), 691–699. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/xge0000293
- De Witte, H., Pienaar, J., & De Cuyper, N. (2016). Review of 30 years of longitudinal studies on the association between job insecurity and health and well-being: Is there causal evidence? Australian Psychologist, 51(1), 18–31. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/ap.12176
- Delios, A. (2010). How can organizations be competitive but dare to care? Academy of Management Perspectives, 24(3), 25–36. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5465/amp.24.3.25
- Demoulin, S., Nguyen, N., Chevallereau, T., Fontesse, S., Bastart, J., Stinglhamber, F., & Maurage, P. (2020). Examining the role of fundamental psychological needs in the development of metadehumanization: A multi-population approach. British Journal of Social Psychology, 60(1), 196–221. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12380
- Dennett, D. C. (1987). The intentional stance. MIT Press.
- Dyer-Whietford, N. (2015). Cyber-Proletariat: Global labour in the digital vortex. Between the Lines.
- Eisenberger, R., Stinglhamber, F., Vandenberghe, C., Sucharski, I. L., & Rhoades, L. (2002). Perceived supervisor support: Contributions to perceived organizational support and employee retention. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(3), 565–573. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0021-9010.87.3.565
- Epley, N., Waytz, A., Akalis, S., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2008). When we need a human: Motivational determinants of anthropomorphism. Social Cognition, 26(2), 143–155. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.2008.26.2.143
- Fiske, A. P. (1991). Structures of social life: The four elementary forms of human relations: Communal sharing, authority ranking, equality matching, market pricing. Free Press.
- Fiske, S. T., Cuddy, A. J., Glick, P., & Xu, J. (2002). A model of (often mixed) stereotype content: competence and warmth respectively follow from perceived status and competition. Journal of personality and social psychology, 82(6), 878–902. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.82.6.878
- Fiske, S. T., Cuddy, A. J. C., & Glick, P. (2007). Universal dimensions of social cognition: Warmth and competence. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 11(2), 77–83. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2006.11.005
- Ford, H. (1922). My life and work ( pp. 2007). Cosimo, Inc.
- Fredrickson, B. L., & Roberts, T. A. (1997). Objectification Theory: Toward Understanding Women’s Lived Experiences And Mental Health Risks. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21(2), 173–206. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1997.tb00108.x
- Fromm, E. (1974). Is man lazy by nature? In E. Fromm (Ed.) The pathology of normalcy. 2011. Lantern Books. 109–146.
- Gray, H. M., Gray, K., & Wegner, D. M. (2007). Dimensions of mind perception. Science, 315(5812), 619. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1134475
- Gray, M. L., & Suri, S. (2019). Ghost work: How to stop silicon valley from building a new global underclass. Eamon Dolan Books.
- Greenbaum, R. L., Mawritz, M. B., & Eissa, G. (2012). Bottom-line mentality as an antecedent of social undermining and the moderating roles of core self-evaluations and conscientiousness. Journal of Applied Psychology, 97(2), 343–359. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/a0025217
- Greenwald, A. G., McGhee, D. E., & Schwartz, J. L. (1998). Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The implicit association test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(6), 1464–1480. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.74.6.1464
- Gruenfeld, D. H., Inesi, M. E., Magee, J. C., & Galinsky, A. D. (2008). Power and the objectification of social targets. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95(1), 111–127. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0022-3514.95.1.111
- Gwinn, J. D., Judd, C. M., & Park, B. (2013). Less power = less human? Effects of power differentials on dehumanization. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 49(3), 464–470. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2013.01.005
- Hackman, J. R., & Oldham, G. R. (1976). Motivation through the design of work: Test of a theory. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 16(2), 250–279. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/0030-5073(76)90016-7
- Haque, O. S., & Waytz, A. (2012). Dehumanization in medicine: Causes, solutions, and functions. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 7(2), 176–186. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691611429706
- Harris, L. T., Lee, V. K., Capestany, B. H., & Cohen, A. O. (2014). Assigning economic value to people results in dehumanization brain response. Journal of Neuroscience, Psychology, and Economics, 7(3), 151–163. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/npe0000020
- Haslam, N. (2006). Dehumanization: An integrative review. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 10(3), 252–264. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr1003_4
- Haslam, N., Loughnan, S., & Holland, E. (2013). The psychology of humanness. In S. J. Gervais (Ed.), Objectification and (de)humanization: The 60th Nebraska Symposium on motivation (pp. 25–51). Springer.
- Haslam, N., Kashima, Y., Loughnan, S., Shi, J., & Suitner, C. (2008). Subhuman, inhuman, and superhuman: Contrasting humans with nonhumans in three cultures. Social Cognition, 26(2), 248–258. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.2008.26.2.248
- Haslam, N., Loughnan, S., Kashima, Y., & Bain, P. (2008). Attributing and denying humanness to others. European Review of Social Psychology, 19(1), 55–85. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/10463280801981645
- Henkel, A. P., Boegershausen, J., Hoegg, J., Aquino, K., Lemmink, J., Campbell, M. C., Winterich, K. P., & Forehand, M. (2018). Discounting humanity: When consumers are price conscious, employees appear less human. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 28(2), 272–292. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/jcpy.1023
- Hodson, G., & Doucher, C. (2020). Language framing shapes dehumanization of groups: A successful replication and extension of Cooley et al. (2017). Journal of Experimental Psychology. General, 149(8), 1603–1607. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/xge0000723
- Holland, E., & Haslam, N. (2013). Worth the weight: The objectification of overweight vs. thin targets. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 37(4), 462–468. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0361684312474800
- Honneth, A. (2008). Reification and recognition: A new look at an old idea. In M. Jay (Ed.), Reification: A new look at an old idea (pp. 17–96). Oxford University Press.
- Hӓusser, J. A., Schulz-Hardt, S., Schultze, T., Tomaschek, A., & Mojzisch, A. (2014). Experimental evidence for the effects of task repetitiveness on mental strain and objective work performance. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 35(5), 705–721. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/job.1920
- Islam, G. (2012). Recognition, reification, and practices of forgetting: Ethical implications of human resource management. Journal of Business Ethics, 111(1), 37–48. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-012-1433-0
- Jaeggi, R. (2014). Alienation. Columbia University press.
- Jones, O. (2011). Chavs: The demonization of the working class. Verso.
- Kawamura, K. M., Eisler, R., Islam, G., & Marin Kawamura, K. (2013). Recognizing employees: Reification, dignity and promoting care in management. Cross Cultural Management: An International Journal, 20(2), 235–250. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1108/13527601311313490
- Kohler, T. A., Smith, M. E., Bogaard, A., Feinman, G. M., Peterson, C. E., Betzenhauser, A., Pailes, M., Stone, E. C., Marie Prentiss, A., Dennehy, T. J., Ellyson, L. J., Nicholas, L. M., Faulseit, R. K., Styring, A., Whitlam, J., Fochesato, M., Foor, T. A., & Bowles, S. (2017). Greater post-Neolithic wealth disparities in Eurasia than in North America and Mesoamerica. Nature, 551(7682), 619–622. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1038/nature24646
- Kozak, M. N., Marsh, A. A., & Wegner, D. M. (2006). What do I think you’re doing? Action identification and mind attribution. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90(4), 543–555. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0022-3514.90.4.543
- Kraus, M. W., Park, J. W., & Tan, J. J. (2017). Signs of social class: The experience of economic inequality in everyday life. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 12(3), 422–435. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691616673192
- Kteily, N., Hodson, G., & Bruneau, E. (2016). They see us as less than human: Metadehumanization predicts intergroup conflict via reciprocal dehumanization. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 110(3), 343–370. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/pspa0000044
- Landau, M. J., Sullivan, D., Keefer, L. A., Rothschild, Z. K., & Osman, M. R. (2012). Subjectivity uncertainty theory of objectification: Compensating for uncertainty about how to positively relate to others by downplaying their subjective attributes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48(6), 1234–1246. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2012.05.003
- Li, M., Leidner, B., & Castano, E. (2014). Toward a comprehensive taxonomy of dehumanization: Integrating two senses of humanness, mind perception theory, and stereotype content model. TPM: Testing, Psychometrics, Methodology in Applied Psychology, 21(3), 285–300. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4473/TPM21.3.4
- Loughnan, S., Baldissarri, C., Spaccatini, F., & Edler, L. (2017). Internalizing objectification: Objectified individuals see themselves as less warm, competent, moral, and human. British Journal of Social Psychology, 56(2), 217–232. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12188
- Loughnan, S., & Haslam, N. (2007). Animals and androids implicit associations between social categories and nonhumans. Psychological Science, 18(2), 116–121. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01858.x
- Loughnan, S., Haslam, N., Sutton, R. M., & Spencer, B. (2014). Dehumanization and social class: Animality in the stereotypes of “White Trash,” “Chavs,” and “Bogans”. Social Psychology, 45(1), 54–61. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000159
- MacKinnon, C. (1989). Towards a feminist theory of the State. Harvard University Press.
- Martínez, R., Rodríguez-Bailón, R., Moya, M., & Vaes, J. (2017). Interacting with dehumanized others? Only if they are objectified. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 20(4), 465–482. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430215612219
- Marx, K. (1844). Economic and philosophic manuscripts of 1844 (pp. 2012). (M. Milligan, Trans). Dover Publications, Inc.
- Mayo, E. (1945). The social problem of an industrial civilization. Harvard Business School.
- Mehrabian, A., & Stefl, C. A. (1995). Basic temperament components of loneliness, shyness, and conformity. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 23(3), 253–263. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.1995.23.3.253
- Molina, M., Van de Walle, G. A., Condry, K., & Spelke, E. S. (2004). The animate-inanimate distinction in infancy: Developing sensitivity to constraints on human actions. Journal of Cognition and Development, 5(4), 399–426. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327647jcd0504_1
- Moradi, B., & Huang, Y. (2008). Objectification theory and psychology of women: A decade of advances and future directions. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 32(4), 377–398. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.2008.00452.x
- Nussbaum, M. (1995). Objectification. Philosophy & Public Affairs, 24(4), 249–291. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1088-4963.1995.tb00032.x
- Orehek, E., & Forest, A. L. (2016). When people serve as means to goals: Implications of a motivational account of close relationships. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 25(2), 79–84. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721415623536
- Orehek, E., & Weaverling, C. G. (2017). On the nature of objectification: Implications of considering people as means to goals. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 12(5), 719–730. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691617691138
- Overbeck, J. R., & Park, B. (2001). When power does not corrupt: Superior individuation processes among powerful perceivers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(4), 549–565. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0022-3514.81.4.549
- Poon, K. T., Chen, Z., Teng, F., & Wong, W. Y. (2020). The effect of objectification on aggression. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 87, 103940. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2019.103940
- Rakos, R. F., Laurene, K. R., Skala, S., & Slane, S. (2008). Belief in free will: Measurement and conceptualization innovations. Behavior and Social Issues, 17(1), 20–39. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5210/bsi.v17i1.1929
- Rauthmann, J. F., Gallardo-Pujol, D., Guillaume, E. M., Todd, E., Nave, C. S., Sherman, R. A., Funder, D. C., Jones, A. B., & Funder, D. C. (2014). The Situational Eight DIAMONDS: A taxonomy of major dimensions of situation characteristics. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 107(4), 677–718. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037250
- Sainz, M., Loughnan, S., Martínez Gutiérrez, R., Moya Morales, M. C., & Rodríguez Bailón, R. M. (2020). Dehumanization of socioeconomically disadvantaged groups decreases support for welfare policies via perceived wastefulness. International Review of Social Psychology, 33(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5334/irsp.414
- Sainz, M., Martínez, R., Moya, M., & Rodríguez‐Bailón, R. (2019). Animalizing the disadvantaged, mechanizing the wealthy: The convergence of socio-economic status and attribution of humanity. International Journal of Psychology, 54(4), 423–430. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/ijop.12485
- Schaerer, M., Du Plessis, C., Yap, A. J., & Thau, S. (2018). Low power individuals in social power research: A quantitative review, theoretical framework, and empirical test. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 149, 73–96. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2018.08.004
- Stachowiak, J. (2020). On the civilising of objectification. Language use, discursive patterns and the psychological expertise of work planning. Language & Communication, 74, 52–60. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.langcom.2020.05.006
- Stephens, N. M., Markus, H. R., & Phillips, L. T. (2014). Social class culture cycles: How three gateway contexts shape selves and fuel inequality. Annual Review of Psychology, 65(1), 611–634. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115143
- Taskin, L., Parmentier, M., & Stinglhamber, F. (2019). The dark side of office designs: Towards de-humanization. New Technology, Work and Employment, 34(3), 262–284. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/ntwe.12150
- Taylor, F. W. (1911). The principles of scientific management (pp. 1919). Harper & Brothers Publishers.
- Teng, F., Chen, Z., Poon, K. T., Zhang, D., & Jiang, Y. (2016). Money and relationships: When and why thinking about money leads people to approach others. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 137, 58–70. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2016.08.002
- U.S. Reports: Dred Scott v. Sandford, 60 U.S. (19 How.) 393 (1856).
- Vaes, J., Loughnan, S., & Puvia, E. (2014). The inhuman body: When sexual objectification become dehumanizing. In P. Bain, J. Vaes, & J.-P. Leyens (Eds.), Humanness and dehumanization (pp. 186–204). Psychology Press.
- Valtorta, R. R., Baldissarri, C., Andrighetto, L., & Volpato, C. (2019). Dirty jobs and dehumanization of workers. British Journal of Social Psychology, 58(4), 955–970. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12315
- Vohs, K. D. (2015). Money priming can change people’s thoughts, feelings, motivations, and behaviors: An update on 10 years of experiments. Journal of Experimental Psychology. General, 144(4), e86–e93. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0000091
- Vohs, K. D., Mead, N. L., & Goode, M. R. (2006). The psychological consequences of money. Science, 314(5802), 1154–1156. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1132491
- Volpato, C., & Andrighetto, L. (2015). Dehumanization. In International encyclopedia of the social & behavioral sciences (pp. 31–37). Elsevier Inc.
- Volpato, C., Andrighetto, L., & Baldissarri, C. (2017). Perceptions of low-status workers and the maintenance of the social class status Quo. Journal of Social Issues, 73(1), 192–210. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/josi.12211
- Vonasch, A. J., & Baumeister, R. F. (2013). Implications of free will beliefs for basic theory and societal benefit: Critique and implications for social psychology. British Journal of Social Psychology, 52(2), 219–227. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8309.2012.02102.x
- Wang, X., & Krumhuber, E. G. (2017). The love of money results in objectification. British Journal of Social Psychology, 56(2), 354–372. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12158
- Yang, W., Jin, S., He, S., Fan, Q., Zhu, Y., & von Hecker, U. (2015). The impact of power on humanity: Self-dehumanization in powerlessness. PloS One, 10(5), e0125721. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0125721
- Zhang, H., Chan, D. K. S., & Cao, Q. (2014). Deliberating on Social Targets‘ Goal Instrumentality Leads to Dehumanization: An Experimental Investigation. Social Cognition, 32(2), 181–189. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.2014.32.2.181
- Zhang, H., Chan, D. K. S., Xia, S., Tian, Y., & Zhu, J. (2017). Cognitive, emotional, and motivational consequences of dehumanization. Social Cognition, 35(1), 18–39. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.2017.35.1.18
- Zurbriggen, E. L. (2013). Objectification, self-objectification, and societal change. Journal of Social and Political Psychology, 1(1), 188–215. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/jspp.v1i1.94