Methodological Considerations Relevant to Epidemiology Studies of Silica and Lung Cancer

References

• International Agency for Research on Cancer . 1987 . Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans: an Updating of IARC Monographs 1 to 42 (Supplement 7), pp. 341–343 , Lyon, , France : IARC Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Goldsmith , D. F. , Guidotti , T. L. and Johnston , D. R. 1982 . Does Occupational Exposure to Silica Cause Lung Cancer? . Am. J. Ind. Med. , 3 : 423 – 440 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McDonald , J. C. 1989 . Silica, Silicosis, and Lung Cancer . Br. J. Ind. Med. , 46 : 289 – 291 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Craighead , J. E. 1992 . Do Silica and Asbestos Cause Lung Cancer? . Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. , 116 : 16 – 20 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDonald , C. 1995 . Silica, Silicosis, and Lung Cancer: An Epidemiological Update . Appl. Occup. Environ. Hyg. , 10 ( 12 ) : 1056 – 1063 .
   Google Scholar
• Costello , J. and Graham , W. G.B. 1988 . Vermont Granite Workers' Mortality Study . Am. J. Ind. Med. , 13 : 483 – 487 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hessel , P. A. , Sluis-Cremer , G. K. and Hnizdo , E. 1990 . Silica Exposure, Silicosis, and Lung Cancer: a Necropsy Study . Br. J. Ind. Med. , 47 : 4 – 9 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Checkoway , H. , Heyer , N. J. , Demers , P. A. and Breslow , N. E. 1993 . Mortality Among Workers in the Diatomaceous Earth Industry . Br. J. Ind. Med. , 50 : 587 – 597 .
   Google Scholar
• Hessel , P. A. , Sluis-Cremer , G. K. and Hnizdo , E. 1986 . Case-Control Study of Silicosis, Silica Exposure and Lung Cancer in South African Gold Miners . Am. J. Ind. Med. , 10 : 57 – 62 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beadle , D. G. , Harris , E. , Sluis-Cremer , G. K. and Shapiro , H.A. The Relationship Between the Amount of Dust Breathed and the Incidence of Silicosis . Pneumoconiosis—Proceedings of the International Conference, Johannesburg, 1969, pp. 473–477 . Capetown : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Rothman , K. J. 1986 . Modern Epidemiology , Boston : Little-Brown and Co. .
   Google Scholar
• Dosimeci , M. , Wacholder , S. and Lubin , J. H. 1990 . Does Nondifferential Misclassification of Exposure Always Bias a True Effect Toward the Null Value? . Am. J. Epidemiol. , 132 : 746 – 748 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siemiatycki , J. , Wacholder , S. and Dewar , R. 1988 . Degree of Confounding Bias Related to Smoking, Ethnic Group, and Socioeconomic Status in Estimates of the Associations Between Occupation and Cancer . J. Occup. Med. , 30 : 617 – 625 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Levin , L. I. , Silverman , D. T. and Hartge , P. 1990 . Smoking Patterns by Occupation and Duration of Employment . Am. J. Ind. Med. , 17 : 711 – 725 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miettinen , O. S. 1974 . Confounding and Effect Modification . Am. J. Epidemiol. , 100 : 350 – 353 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hnizdo , E. and Sluis-Cremer , G. K. 1991 . Silica Exposure, Silicosis, and Lung Cancer: a Mortality Study of South African Gold Miners . Br. J. Ind. Med. , 48 : 53 – 60 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dosimeci , M. , McLaughlin , J. K. and Chen , J.-Q. 1994 . Indirect Validation of a Retrospective Method of Exposure Assessment Used in a Nested Case-Control Study of Lung Cancer and Silica Exposure . Occup. Environ. Med. , 51 : 136 – 138 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Axelson , O. and Steenland , K. 1988 . Indirect Methods of Assessing the Effects of Tobacco Use in Occupational Studies . Am. J. Ind. Med. , 13 : 105 – 118 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steenland , K. , Beaumont , J. and Halperin , W. 1984 . Methods of Control for Smoking in Occupational Cohort Mortality Studies . Scand. J. Work Environ. Health , 10 : 143 – 149 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carta , P. , Cocco , P. and Picchiri , G. 1994 . Lung Cancer Mortality and Airways Obstruction Among Metal Miners Exposed to Silica and Low Levels of Radon Daughters . Am. J. Ind. Med. , 25 : 489 – 506 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes , J. M. and Weill , H. 1991 . Asbestosis as a Precursor of Lung Cancer: a Prospective Mortality Study . Br. J. Ind. Med. , 48 : 229 – 233 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Turner-Warwick , M. , Lebowitz , M. , Burrows , B. and Johnson , A. 1980 . Cryptogenic Fibrosing Alveolitis and Lung Cancer . Thorax , 35 : 496 – 499 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes , J. M. 1995 . Radiographic Evidence of Silicosis in Relation to Silica Exposure . Appl. Occup. Environ. Hyg. , 10 ( 12 ) : 1064 – 1069 .
   Google Scholar