Instrument Performance Criteria

References

• Rose , V. E. and Perkins , J. L. 1982 . Passive Dosimetry—State of the Art Review . Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. , 43 : 605 – 621 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harper , M. and Purnell , C. J. 1987 . Diffusive Sampling—A Review . Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. , 48 : 214 – 218 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harper , M. 1995 . “ Personal Monitoring: (b) Passive ” . In The Encyclopedia of Analytical Science , 3776 – 3782 . London, , UK : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Brown , R. H. , Monteith , L. E. , Cohen , B. S. and Hering , S. V. Gas and Vapor Sample Collectors . Air Sampling Instruments for Evaluation of Atmospheric Contaminants, 8th ed. pp. 369 – 400 . Cincinnati, OH : American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists .
   Google Scholar
• Palmes , E. D. and Gunnison , A. F. 1973 . Personal Monitoring Device for Gaseous Contaminants . Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. , 34 : 78 – 81 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palmes , E. D. , Gunnison , A. F. , Di Mattio , J. and Tomczyk , C. 1976 . Personal Sampler for Nitrogen Dioxide . Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. , 27 : 570 – 577 .
   Google Scholar
• Lindenboom , R. H. and Palmes , E. D. 1983 . Effect of Reduced Atmospheric Pressure on a Diffusional Sampler . Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. , 44 : 88 – 96 .
   Google Scholar
• Gosselink , D. W. , Braun , D. L. , Mullins , H. E. and Rodriguez , S. T. A New Personal Organic Vapor Monitor with In-Situ Sample Elution , St. Paul, MN : 3M Company .
   Google Scholar
• Lautenberger , W. J. , Kring , E. V. and Morello , J. A. 1980 . A New Personal Badge Monitor for Organic Vapors . Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. , 41 : 737 – 747 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tompkins , F. C. and Goldsmith , R. L. 1977 . A New Personal Dosimeter for the Monitoring of Industrial Pollutants . Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. , 38 : 371 – 377 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bamberger , R. L. , Esposito , G. G. Jacobs , B. W. 1978 . A New Personal Sampler for Organic Vapors . Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. , 39 : 701 – 708 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coleman , S. R. 1983 . A Tube Diffusion Dosimeter for Sulfur Dioxide . Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. , 44 : 929 – 936 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hearl , F. J. and Manning , M. P. 1980 . Transient Response of Diffusion Dosimeters . Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. , 41 : 778 – 783 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Underhill , D. W. 1983 . Unbiased Passive Sampling . Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. , 44 : 237 – 239 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartley , D. L. , Doemeny , L. J. and Taylor , D. G. 1983 . Diffusive Monitoring of Fluctuating Concentrations . Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. , 44 : 241 – 247 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore , G. , Steinle , S. and Lefebre , H. 1984 . Theory and Practice in the Development of a Multisorbent Passive Dosimeter System . Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. , 45 : 145 – 153 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pannwitz , K.-H. 1984 . Diffusion Coefficients. Draeger Rev. 52–1
   Google Scholar
• Brown , R. H. , Charlton , J. and Saunders , K. J. 1983 . The Development of an Improved Diffusive Sampler . Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. , 42 : 865 – 869 .
   Google Scholar
• Guild , L. V. , Myrmel , K. H. , Myers , G. and Dietrich , D. F. 1992 . Bi-Level Passive Monitor Validation—A Reliable Way of Assuring Sampling Accuracy for a Larger Number of Related Chemical Hazards . Appl. Occup. Environ. Hyg. , 7 : 310 – 317 .
   Google Scholar
• Diffusive Sampling . 1987 . An Alternative Approach to Workplace Air Monitoring , Edited by: Berlin , A. , Brown , R. H. and Saunders , K. J. London, , UK : Royal Society of Chemistry .
   Google Scholar
• Harper , M. , Kimberland , M. L. , Orr , R. J. and Guild , L. V. 1993 . An Evaluation of Sorbents for Sampling Ketones in Workplace Air . Appl. Occup. Environ. Hyg. , 8 : 293 – 304 .
   Google Scholar
• Harper , M. , Coyne , L. S. and Fiorito , D. L. 1994 . Validation of Sorbent Sampling Methods for Methylene Chloride . Appl. Occup. Environ. Hyg. , 9 : 198 – 205 .
   Google Scholar
• Harper , M. and Fiore , A. A. 1995 . Determination of Methyl tert-Butyl Ether in Air Using a Diffusive Sampler . Appl. Occup. Environ. Hyg. , 10 : 616 – 619 .
   Google Scholar
• Harper , M. , O'Lear , C. and Fiore , A. A. 1996 . Determination of Gasoline Oxygenates in Air Using a Diffusive Sampler . Analyst , 121 : 1265 – 1268 .
   Google Scholar
• Harper , M. and Fiorito , D. L. 1996 . A Comparison of Two Diffusive Samplers for the Collection of Styrene, “-Methylstyrene, and o-Chlorostyrene Vapors . Appl. Occup. Environ. Hyg. , 11 : 1238 – 1246 .
   Google Scholar
• Harper , M. and Guild , L. V. 1996 . Experience in the Use of the NIOSH Diffusive Sampler Evaluation Protocol . Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. , 57 : 1115 – 1123 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yost , C. and Harper , M. 1998 . Validation of SKC, Inc. 575-Series Diffusive Samplers Containing Two Different Sorbents for Oxsol Solvents . Appl. Occup. Environ. Hyg. ,
   Google Scholar
• Hori , H. and Tanaka , I. 1996 . Effect of Face Velocity on Diffusive Samplers . Ann. Occup. Hyg. , 40 : 467 – 476 .
   Google Scholar
• Harper , M. , Nordlinder , R. and Ljungkvist , G. 1998 . Characterizing the Performance of 575-Series Samplers for Sampling Transient Exposures , Eighty Four, PA : SKC, Inc. . Report No. 1473
   Google Scholar
• Bartley , D. L. , Woebkenberg , M. L. and Posner , J. C. 1988 . Performance of Thick Bed Diffusive Samplers . Ann. Occup. Hyg. , 32 : 333 – 343 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• van den Hoed , N. and van Asselen , O. L.J. 1991 . A Computer Model for Calculating Effective Uptake Rates of Tube-type Diffusive Air Samplers . Ann. Occup. Hyg. , 35 : 273 – 285 .
   Google Scholar
• Harper , M. , Fiore , A. A. , Fiorito , D. L. and O'Lear , C. 1996 . Comparison of the Tests for Non-Ideal Sorbent Behaviour by Reverse Diffusion in the NIOSH and CEN Diffusive Sampler Validation Protocols . Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. ,
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Health & Safety Executive . 1997 . Methods for the Determination of Hazardous Substances: Volatile Organic Compounds in Air: Laboratory Method Using Diffusive Samplers, Solvent Desorption and Gas Chromatography , Sudbury, Suffolk, , UK : HSE Books . MDHS 88
   Google Scholar
• Health & Safety Executive . 1995 . Methods for the Determination of Hazardous Substances: Volatile Organic Compounds in Air: Laboratory Method Using Diffusive Samplers, Thermal Desorption and Gas Chromatography , Sudbury, Suffolk, , UK : HSE Books . MDHS 80
   Google Scholar
• West , N. , Baldwin , P. and Maynard , A. Typical Wind Speeds Measured in Indoor Work Environments . Paper presented at the American Industrial Hygiene Conference & Exposition . Dallas, TX.
   Google Scholar
• Sallsten , G. , BarregDrd , L. , Langworth , S. and Vesterberg , O. 1992 . Exposure to Mercury in Industry and Dentistry: A Field Comparison between Diffusive and Active Samplers . Appl. Occup. Environ. Hyg. , 7 : 434 – 440 .
   Google Scholar
• Shulsky , M. Review of Calculations Used with Solid Sorbent Passive Monitors to Determine Air Contaminant Concentrations , Salt Lake City, UT : OSHA Salt Lake Technical Center . (unpublished)
   Google Scholar
• Schultz , G. R. How Pressure and Temperature Affect Sampling with Passive Monitors , Salt Lake City, UT : OSHA Salt Lake Technical Center . (unpublished)
   Google Scholar
• Cherrie , J. W. , Lynch , G. Bord , B. S. 1994 . Does the Wearing of Sampling Pumps Affect Exposure? . Ann. Occup. Hyg. , 38 : 827 – 838 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• 1995 . EN 838 Workplace Atmospheres—Diffusive Samplers for the Determination of Gases and Vapours—Requirements and Test Methods , Brussels, , Belgium : ComitJ EuropJen de Normalisation .
   Google Scholar
• Hendricks , W. OME Passive Monitor Exposure Apparatus, Part 1: Description and Initial Tests , Salt Lake City, UT : OSHA Salt Lake Technical Center . (unpublished)
   Google Scholar
• Hendricks , W. Development of a Protocol for Laboratory Testing of Diffusive Samplers , Salt Lake City, UT : OSHA Salt Lake Technical Center . (unpublished)
   Google Scholar
• Hendricks , W. Determination of the Sampling Rate Variation for SKC 575 Series Passive Samplers , Salt Lake City, UT : OSHA Salt Lake Technical Center . (unpublished)
   Google Scholar
• Occupational Safety and Health Administration . OSHA Analytical Methods Manual , Vol. 4 , Salt Lake City, UT : OSHA Technical Center .
   Google Scholar
• American National Standards Institute . 1998 . ANSI/ISEA Standard 104: American National Standard for Air Sampling Devices—Diffusive Sampler/Monitors for Toxic Gases and Vapors in Working Environments , New York : ANSI .
   Google Scholar
• American Society for Testing and Materials . 1998 . ASTM Standard D6246–1998: Standard Practice for Evaluating the Performance of Diffusive Samplers West Conshohocken, PA
   Google Scholar
• International Standards Organisation . 1998 . “ ISO Draft International Standard IS 16107 Workplace Atmospheres ” . In Protocol for Evaluating the Performance of Diffusive Samplers , Geneva, , Switzerland : International Organisation for Standardisation .
   Google Scholar