Role of Concentration and Time of Day in Developing Ozone Exposure Indices for a Secondary Standard

REFERENCES

• Hogsett, W.E.; Tingey, D.T.; Lee, E.H. “Ozone exposure indices: Concepts for development and evaluation of their use.” In Assessment of Crop Loss from Air Pollutants; Heck,W.W.; Taylor, O.C.; Tingey, D.T., Eds.; Elsevier Applied Science: New York, 1988; pp 107–138.
   Google Scholar
• Hicks, B.B.; Balocchi, D.D.; Meyers, T.P.; Hosker, R.P., Jr.; Matt, D.R. “A preliminary multiple resistance routine for deriving dry deposition velocities from measured quantities,” Water, Air, SoilPollut. 1987, 36, 311-330.
   Google Scholar
• Taylor, G.E., Jr.; Hanson, P.J. “Forest trees and tropospheric ozone: Role of canopy deposition and leaf uptake in developing exposure-response relationships,” Agric. Ecosys. and Environ 1992, 42, 255–273.
   Google Scholar
• Grùnhage, L.; Dâmmgen, U.; Haenel, H-D.; Jâger, H-J.; Holl, A.; Schmitt, J.; Hanewald, K. “A new potential air-quality criterion derived from vertical flux densities of ozone from plant response,” Angew. Bot. 1993, 67, 9–13.
   Google Scholar
• Grùnhage, L.; Jâger, H-J. “Influence of the atmospheric conductivity on the ozone exposure of plants under ambient conditions: Considerations for establishing ozone standards to protect vegetation,” Environ. Pollut. 1994a, 85, 125–129.
   Google Scholar
• Rubin, G.; McCulloch, C.E.; Laurence, J.A. “A model for estimating daily ozone dose for plants from atmospheric ozone concentration and vapor pressure deficit,” J. Agric. Biol. Environ. Stat. 1996, 1, 1–16.
   Google Scholar
• Musselman, R.C.; McCool, P.M.; Lefohn, A.S. “Ozone descriptors for an air quality standard to protect vegetation,” J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 1994, 44, 1383–1390.
   Google Scholar
• Musselman, R.C.; Oshima, R.J.; Gallavan, R.E. “Significance of pollutant concentration distribution in the response of 'red kidney' beans to ozone,” J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 1983, 108, 347–351.
   Google Scholar
• Musselman, R.C.; Huerta, A.J.; McCool, P.M.; Oshima, R.J. “Response of beans to simulated ambient and uniform distributions with equal peak concentration,” J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 1986, 111, 470–473.
   Google Scholar
• Hogsett, W.E.; Tingey, D.T.; Holman, S.R. “A programmable exposure control system for determination of the effects of pollutant exposure regimes on plant growth,” Atmos. Environ. 1985, 19, 1135–1145.
   Google Scholar
• Hogsett, W.E.; Tingey, D.T. A Comparison of Remote and Rural Ozone Exposure Regimes on Trees. Presented at the International Congress of Ecology, Yokohama, Japan, August 1990.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, E.H.; Tingey, D.T.; Hogsett, W.E. “Evaluation of ozone exposure indices in exposure-response modeling,” Environ. Pollut. 1988, 53, 43–62.
   Google Scholar
• Lefohn, A.S.; Laurence, J.A.; Kohut, R.J. “A comparison of indices that describe the relationship between exposure to ozone and reduction in the yield of agricultural crops,” Atmos. Environ. 1988, 22, 1229–1240.
   Google Scholar
• Rawlings, J.O.; Lesser, V.M.; Heagle, A.S.; Heck, W.W. “Alternative ozone dose metrics to characterize ozone impact on crop yield loss,” J. Environ. Qual. 1988, 17, 285–291.
   Google Scholar
• Tingey, D.T.; Hogsett, W.E.; Lee, E.H. Analysis of Crop Loss for Alternative Ozone Exposure Indices. In Atmospheric Ozone Research and Its Policy Implications, Proceedings of the 3rd U.S.-Dutch International Symposium; Schneider, T.; Lee, S.D.; Wolters, G.J.R.; Grant, L.D., Eds; Elsevier: Amsterdam, 1989; pp 219–227.
   Google Scholar
• Musselman, R.C.; McCool, P.M.; Younglove, T. “Selecting ozone exposure statistics for determining crop yield loss from air pollutants,” Environ. Pollut. 1988, 53, 63–78.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, E.H.; Hogsett, W.E.; Tingey, D.T. Efficacy of Ozone Exposure Indices in the Standard Setting Process. In Transactions Tropospheric Ozone and the Environment; Berglund, R.L.; Lawson, D.R.; McKee, D.J., Eds.; Air & Waste Management Association: Pittsburgh, PA, 1991; pp 255–271.
   Google Scholar
• Olszyk, D.; Bytnerowicz, A.; Kats, G.; Reagan, C.; Hake, S.; Kerby, T.; Millhouse, D.; Roberts, B.; Anderson, C.; Lee, E.H. “Cotton yield losses and ambient ozone concentrations in California's San Joaquin Valley,” J. Environ. Qual. 1993, 22, 602–611.
   Google Scholar
• Adaros, G.; Weigel, H.J.; Jâger, H-J. “Die wirking von ozone auf wachstums- und ertragsparameter zweier sommerweizensorten (Triticum aestivum L.),” [Impact of ozone on growth and yield parameters of two spring wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.)], Z. Pflanzenkr. Pflanzenschutz 1991, 98, 113–124.
   Google Scholar
• Runeckles, V.C.; Wright, E.F. Crop Response to Pollutant Exposure— The “ZAPS” Approach. In Proceedings of the 81st Annual Meeting of the Air Pollution Control Association; Air Pollution Control Association: Pittsburgh, PA, 1988.
   Google Scholar
• Van Ooy, D.J.; Carroll, J.J. “The spatial variation of ozone climatology on the western slope of the Sierra Nevada,” Atmos. Environ. 1995, 29, 1319–1330.
   Google Scholar
• Lefohn, A.S.; Edwards, P.J.; Adams, M.B. “The characterization of ozone exposures in rural West Virginia and Virginia,” J. Air & Waste Manag. Assoc. 1994, 44, 1276–1283.
   Google Scholar
• Krupa, S.V.; Nosal, M.; Legge, A.H. “Ambient ozone and crop loss: Establishing a cause-effect relationship,” Environ. Pollut. 1994, 83, 269–276.
   Google Scholar
• Krupa, S.V.; Grùnhage, L.; Jâger, H-J.; Nosal, M; Manning, W.J.; Legge, A.H.; Hanewald, K. “Ambient ozone (O3) and adverse crop response: A unified view of cause and effect,” Environ. Pollut. 1995, 87, 119–126.
   Google Scholar
• Krupa, S.V.; Manning, W.J.; Nosal, M. “Use of tobacco cultivars as biological indicators of ambient ozone pollution: An analysis of exposure-response relationships,” Environ. Pollut. 1993, 81, 137–146.
   Google Scholar
• Tonneijck, A.E.G.; Bugter, R.J.F. “Biological monitoring of ozone effects on indicator plants in the Netherlands: Initial research on exposure-response functions,” VDI Berichte 1991, 901, 613–624.
   Google Scholar
• Tonneijck, A.E.G. Use of Several Plant Species as Indicators of Ambient Ozone: Exposure-Response Relationships. In Critical Levels for Ozone-A UN-ECE Workshop Report, Proceedings of the UN-ECE Workshop on Critical Levels for Ozone; Fuhrer, J.; Achermann, B., Eds.; Swiss Federal Research Station for Agricultural Chemistry and Environmental Hygiene CH-3097: Liebefeld-Bern, Switzerland, 1994; pp 288–292.
   Google Scholar
• Legge, A.H.; Grùnhage, L.; Nosal, M; Jâger, H-J.; Krupa, S.V. “Ambient ozone and adverse crop response: An evaluation of North American and European data as they relate to exposure indices and critical levels,” Angew. Bot. 1995, 69, 192–205.
   Google Scholar
• Heck, W.W.; Heagle, A.S. “Measurement of photochemical air pollution with a sensitive monitoring plant,” J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc. 1970, 20, 97–99.
   Google Scholar
• Keitel, A.; Erhardt, W. “Biomonitoring der photooxidantienbelastung in Baden-Wùrttemberg,” VDI-Ber. 1987, 609, 445–462.
   Google Scholar
• Dunning, J.A.; Heck, W. W. “Responses of bean and tobacco to ozone: Effect of light intensity, temperature and relative humidity,” J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc. 1977, 27, 882–886.
   Google Scholar
• Kerpen, J.; Faensen-Thiebes, A. “Bioindikator tabak Bel-W3: Exponierung mit gleichzeitigen ozon- und klimamessungen,” Staub-Reinhalt. Luft 1985, 45, 127–131.
   Google Scholar
• Box, G.E.P. “The use and abuse of regression,” Technometrics 1966, 8, 625–629.
   Google Scholar
• Lesser, V.M.; Geissler, P.A. Statistical Methods for Crop Dose-Response Studies in Europe and the United States. In Effects of Air Pollution on Agricultural Crops in Europe, Results of the Euorpean Open-Top Chambers Project; Jâger, H.J.; Unsworth, M., De Temmerman, L., Mathy, P., Eds.; Commission of the European Communities: Brussels, Belgium, 1993, 231–240; Air Pollution Research Report 46.
   Google Scholar
• Unsworth, M.H.; Geissler, P. Results and Achievements of the European Open-Top Chamber Network. In Effects of Air Pollution on Agricultural Crops in Europe: Results of the Euorpean Open-Top Chambers Project; Jâger, H.J., Unsworth, M., De Temmerman, L., Mathy, P., Eds.; Commission of the European Communities, Brussels, Belgium, 1993; pp 5–22; Air Pollution Research Report 46.
   Google Scholar
• Rawlings, J.O.; Lesser, V.M.; Dassel, K.A. Statistical Approaches to Assessing Crop Loss. In Assessment of Crop Loss from Air Pollutant; Heck, W.W., Taylor, O.C., Tingey, D.T., Eds.; Elsevier: London, 1988; pp 389–416.
   Google Scholar
• Heagle, A.S.; Kress, L.W.; Temple, P.J.; Kohut, R.J.; Miller, J.E.; Heggestad, H.E. Factors Influencing Ozone Dose-Yield Response Relationships in Open-top Field Chamber Studies. In Assessment of Crop Loss from Air Pollutants; Heck, W.W., Taylor, O.C., Tingey, D.T., Eds.; Elsevier: London, 1988; pp 141–179.
   Google Scholar
• Kress, L.W.; Miller, J.E.; Smith, H.J. “Impact of ozone on winter wheat yield,” Environ. Exp. Botany 1985, 25, 211–228.
   Google Scholar
• Kohut, R.; Laurence, J.A. “Yield response of red kidney bean Phaseolus vulgaris to incremental ozone concentrations in the field,” Environ. Pollut. 1983, 32, 233–240.
   Google Scholar
• Skârby, L.; Selldén, G.; Mortensen, L.; Bender, J.; Jones, M.; De Temmerman, L.; Wenzel, A.; Fuhrer, J. Responses of Cereals Exposed to Air Pollutants in Open-top Chambers In Effects of Air Pollution on Agricultural Crops in Europe, Results of the European Open-Top Chambers Project; Jâger, H.J., Unsworth, M., De Temmerman, L., Mathy, P., Eds.; Commission of the European Communities: Brussels, Belgium, 1993; pp 241–259; Air Pollution Research Report 46.
   Google Scholar
• Colls, J.J.; Sanders, G.E.; Geissler, P.A.; Bonte, J.; Galaup, S.; Weigel, H-J.; Brown, V.C.; Jones, M. The Responses of Beans Exposed to Air Pollution in Open-top Chambers. In Effects of Air Pollution on Agricultural Crops in Europe, Results of the Euorpean Open-Top Chambers Project; Jâger, H.J., Unsworth, M., De Temmerman, L., Mathy, P., Eds.; Commission of the European Communities, Brussels, Belgium, 1993; pp 261–279; Air Pollution Research Report 46.
   Google Scholar
• Heagle, A.S.; Flagler, R.B.; Patterson, R.B.; Lesser, V.M.; Shafer, S.R.; Heck, W.W. “Injury and yield response of soybean to chronic doses of ozone and soil moisture deficit,” Crop Sci. 1987, 27, 1016-1024.
   Google Scholar
• Kohut, R.J.; Amundsen, R.G.; Laurence, J.A.; Colavito, L.J.; Van Leuken, P.; King, P. “Effects of ozone and sulfur dioxide on yield of winter wheat,” Phytopathology 1987, 77, 71–74.
   Google Scholar
• Heagle, A.S.; Rebbeck, J.; Shafer, S.R.; Blum, U.; Heck, W.W. “Effects of long-term ozone exposure and soil moisture deficit on growth of a ladino clover-tall fescue pasture,” Phytopathology 1989, 79, 128–136.
   Google Scholar
• Kempthorne, O. The Design and Analysis of Experiments; Robert E. Krieger: Huntington, NY, 1973; pp 212–216.
   Google Scholar
• Tingey, D.T.; Taylor, G.E., Jr. Variation in Plant Response to Ozone: A Conceptual Model of Physiological Events. In Effects of Gaseous Air Pollution in Agriculture and Horticulture; Unsworth, M.H., Ormrod, D.P., Eds.; Butterworths Scientific: London, 1982; Chapter 6.
   Google Scholar
• Montieth, J.L.; Unsworth, M.H. Principals of Environmental Physics, 2nd ed.; Edward Arnold: London, 1990.
   Google Scholar
• Jarvis, P.G.; James, G.B.; Landsberg, J.J. Coniferous Forest. In Vegetation and the Atmosphere; Montieth, J.L., Ed.; Academic Press: London, 1976, pp 171–240; Volume 2.
   Google Scholar
• Grùnhage, L.; Jâger, H-J. Atmospheric Ozone Exposure Potential for Vegetation: How Suitable Are Critical Levels?” In Critical Levels for Ozone—A UN-ECE Workshop Report; Proceedings of the UN-ECE Workshop on Critical Levels for Ozone; Fuhrer, J., Achermann, B., Eds.; Swiss Federal Research Station for Agricultural Chemistry and Environmental Hygiene CH-3097: Liebefeld-Bern, Switzerland, 1994b; pp 222–230.
   Google Scholar
• Fuhrer, J. The Critical Level for Ozone to Protect Agricultural Crops— An Assessment of Data from European Open-top Chamber Experiments. In UNECE Workshop Report; Fuhrer, J., Achermann, B., Eds.; Shriftenreihe der FAC: Bern, Switzerland, 1994; 16, 42–57.
   Google Scholar
• Gùnthardt-Goerg, M.S. “Different responses to ozone of tobacco, poplar, birch, and alder,” J. Plant Physiol. 1996, 148, 207–214.
   Google Scholar
• Matyssek, R.; Gùnthardt-Goerg, M.S.; Maurer, S.; Keller, T. “Nighttime exposure to ozone reduces whole-plant production in Betula pendula,” Tree Physiol. 1995, 15, 159–165.
   Google Scholar
• Musselman, R.C.; Massman, W.J. “Ozone flux to vegetation and its relationship to plant response and ambient air quality standards,” Atmos. Environ. 1999, 33, 65–73.
   Google Scholar