Techniques for High-Quality Ambient Coarse Particle Mass Measurements

REFERENCES

• Schwartz, J. “Air pollution and daily mortality: A review and metaanalysis,” Environ. Res., 1994, 64, 36–52.
   Google Scholar
• Dockery, D.W.; Pope, C.A., III; Wu, W.; Spengler, J.D.; Ware, J.H.; Fay, M.E.; Ferris, B.G.; Speizer, F.E. “An association between air pollution and mortality in six U.S. cities,” New England J. of Med. 1993, 329, 1753–1759.
   Google Scholar
• Pope, C.A., III; Thun, M.J.; Namboori, M.M.; Dockery, D.W.; Evans, J.S.; Speizer, F.E.; Heath, D.W. “Particulate air pollution as a predictor of mortality in a prospective study of U.S. adults,” American J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1995, 151, 669–674.
   Google Scholar
• Fed. Regist., July 18,1997; 62, (138) 40 CFR Part 50.
   Google Scholar
• Schwartz, J.; Dockery, D.; Neas, L. “Is daily mortality associated specifically with fine particles?,” J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 1996, 46, 927–939.
   Google Scholar
• Lipfert, F.; Wyzga, R. “Uncertainties in identifying 'responsible' pollutants in observational epidemiology studies,” Inhal. Toxicol. 1995, 7, 671–689.
   Google Scholar
• Wilson, W.; Suh, H.H. “Fine particles and coarse particles: Concentration relationships relevant to epidemiologic studies,” J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 1997, 47, 1238–1249.
   Google Scholar
• Lipfert, F., Wyzga, R. “Air pollution and mortality: The implications of uncertainty in regression modeling and exposure measurement,” J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 1997, 47, 517–523.
   Google Scholar
• White, W.H. “Statistical considerations in the interpretation of size-resolved particulate mass data,” J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 1998, 48, 454–458.
   Google Scholar
• Spengler, J.D.; Turner, W.; Dockery, D.W. Comparison of Hi-vol, Di-chotomous, and Cyclone Samplers in Four U.S. Cities. Presented at the 73rd Annual Meeting of the Air Pollution Control Association, Montreal, Canada, June 1980; paper no. 80-43.4.
   Google Scholar
• Camp, D.C. “An intercomparison of results from samplers used in the determination of aerosol composition,” Environ. International. 1980, 4, 83–100.
   Google Scholar
• Spengler, J.D.; Thurston, G.D. “Mass and elemental composition of fine and coarse particles in six U.S. cities,” J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 1983, 33, 1162–1171.
   Google Scholar
• Evans, J.; Ryan, P.B. “Statistical uncertainties in aerosol mass concentrations measured by virtual impactors,” Aerosol Sci. Technol. 1983, 2, 531–536.
   Google Scholar
• Loo, B.; Cork, C. “Development of high efficiency virtual impactors,”Aerosol Sci. Technol. 1988, 9, 167–176.
   Google Scholar
• Marple, V.A.; Liu, B.Y.H.; Burton, R.M. “High-volume impactor for sampling fine and coarse particles,” J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 1990, 40, 762–767.
   Google Scholar
• Sioutas, C.; Koutrakis, P.; Burton, R.M. “A high-volume small cutpoint virtual impactor for separation of atmospheric particulate from gaseous pollutants,” Particulate Sci. Technol. 1994, 12 (3), 207–221.
   Google Scholar
• Marple, V.A.; Rubow, K.L.; Turner, W.A.; Spengler, J.D. “Low flow rate sharp cut impactors for indoor air sampling: Design and calibration,” J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc. 1987, 37, 1303.
   Google Scholar
• Lioy, P.J.; Wainman, T.; Turner, W.A.; Marple, V.A. “An intercomparison of the indoor air sampling impactor and the dichotomous sampler for a 10-mim cut size,” J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc. 1988, 38, 668.
   Google Scholar
• Turner, W.A.; Olson, B.A.; Allen, G.A. “Calibration of sharp cut im-pactors for indoor and outdoor particle sampling,” submitted for publication in J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc.
   Google Scholar
• Allen, G.A.; Babich, P.; Wang, P.Y.; Davey, M.E.; Koutrakis, P. PM2.5 Method Comparisons in Birmingham, AL. In Proceedings of the A&WMA/EPA Symposium on Measurement of Toxic and Related Air Pollutants; Air & Waste Management Association: Pittsburgh, PA, 1997; VIP–74.
   Google Scholar
• Burton, R.M.; Suh, H.H.; Koutrakis, P. “Spatial variation in particu-late concentrations within metropolitan Philadelphia,” Environ. Sci. Technol. 1996, 30, 400–407.
   Google Scholar
• Suh, H.; Nishioka, Y.; Allen, G.A.; Koutrakis, P.; Burton, R. “The metropolitan acid aerosol characterization study: Results from the summer 1994 Washington, DC field study,” Environ. Health Perspect. 1997, 105, 8.
   Google Scholar
• Spengler, J.D.; Koutrakis, P.; Dockery, D.; Raizenne, M.; Speizer, F. “Health effects of acid aerosols on North American children: Air pollution exposures,” Environ. Health Perspect. 1996, 104, 5.
   Google Scholar
• Oh, J.A.; Suh, H.H.; Lawrence, J.E.; Allen, G.A.; Koutrakis, P. Characterization of Particulate Mass Concentrations in South Boston, MA. In Proceedings of the A&WMA/EPA Symposium on Measurement of Toxic and Related Air Pollutants; Air & Waste Management Association: Pittsburgh, PA, 1997, VIP-74.
   Google Scholar
• “Weighing the right way with METTLER TOLEDO,” Mettler-Toledo, Inc., Worthington, OH; at http://www.mico.mt.com/prod_ser/prod-ucts/bulletin.htm. (accessed June 1999)
   Google Scholar
• “Quality Assurance Guidance Document 2.12, Monitoring PM25 in Ambient Air Using Designated Reference or Class I Equivalent Methods”; revision of Section 2.12, Quality Assurance Handbook for Air Pollution Measurement Systems; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Government Printing Office: Washington, DC, April 1998; Vol. 2, Part 2: also at: http://www.epa.gov/ttn/amtic/pmqa.html. (accessed June 1999)
   Google Scholar