652
Views
98
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Technical Paper

Trends in Fine Particle Concentration and Chemical Composition in Southern California

, , , &
Pages 43-53 | Published online: 27 Dec 2011

REFERENCES

  • Middleton, W.E.K. Vision through the Atmosphere; University of Toronto Press: Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 1952.
  • National Research Council. Protecting Visibility in National Parks and Wilderness Areas; National Academy Press: Washington, DC, 1993.
  • Groblicki, P.J.; Wolff, G.T.; Countess, R.J. “Visibility reducing species in the Denver 'brown cloud'—relationships between extinction and chemical composition,” Atmos. Environ. 1981, 15, 2473–2484.
  • Sloane, C.S.; Watson, J.; Chow, J.; Pritchett, L.; Richards, L.W. “Size-segregated fine particle measurements by chemical-species and their impact on visibility impairment in Denver,” Atmos. Environ. 1991, 25, 1013–1024.
  • Eldering, A.; Cass, G.R.; Moon, K.C. “An air monitoring network using continuous particle size distribution monitors: connecting pollutant properties to visibility via MIE scattering calculations,” Atmos. Environ. 1994, 28, 2733–2749.
  • Eldering, A.; Cass, G.R. “Source-oriented model for air pollutant effects on visibility,” J. Geophys. Research 1996, 101, 19,343–19,369.
  • Dockery, D.W.; Pope, C.A., III; Xu, X.; Spengler, J.D.; Ware, J.H.; Martha, E.F.; Ferris, B.G., Jr.; Speizer, F.E. “An association between air pollution and mortality in six U.S. cities,” N. Engl. J. Med. 1993, 329, 1753–1759.
  • Pope, C.A., III; Thun, M.J.; Namboodiri, M.M.; Dockery, D.W.; Evans, J.S.; Speizer, F.E.; Heath, C.W., Jr. “Particulate air pollution as a predictor of mortality in a prospective study of U.S. adults,” Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1995, 151, 669–674.
  • Pope, C.A., III; Dockery, D.W.; Schwartz, J. “Review of epidemiologi-cal evidence of health effects of particulate air pollution,” Inhalation Toxicol. 1995, 7, 1-18.
  • Reichardt, T. “EPA considers standard for airborne fine particles,” Environ. Sci. Technol. 1996, 30, A68–A69.
  • Gray, H.A.; Cass, G.R.; Huntzicker, J.J.; Heyerdahl, E.K.; Rau, J.A. “Characteristics of atmospheric organic and elemental carbon particle concentrations in Los Angeles,” Environ. Sci. Technol. 1986, 20, 580–589.
  • Solomon, P.A.; Fall, T.; Salmon, L.G.; Lin, P.; Vasquez, F.; Cass, G.R. Acquisition of Acid Vapor and Aerosol Concentration Data for Use in Dry Deposition Studies in the South Coast Air Basin. Environmental Quality Laboratory Report 25, Final Report to the California Air Resources Board under Agreement A4-144-32; California Institute of Technology: Pasadena, CA, 1988.
  • Wolff, G.T.; Ruthkosky, M.S.; Stroup, D.P.; Korsog, P.E. “A characterization of the principal PM^ species in Claremont (summer) and Long Beach (fall) during SCAQS,” Atmos. Environ. 1991, 25, 2173–2186.
  • Kaplan, I.R.; Gordon, R.J. “Non-fossil fuel fine particle organic carbon aerosols in Southern California determined during the Los Angeles aerosol characterization and source apportionment study,” Aerosol Sci. Technol. 1994, 21, 343–359.
  • Chow, J.C.; Watson, J.G.; Fujita, E.M.; Lu, Z.; Lawson, D.R.; Ashbaugh, L.L. “Temporal and spatial variations of PM2.5 and PM10 aerosol in the Southern California air quality study,” Atmos. Environ. 1994, 28, 2061–2080.
  • Hannigan, M.P.; Cass, G.R.; Lafleur, A.L.; Busby, W.F., Jr.; Thilly, W.G. “Seasonal and spatial variation of the bacterial mutagenicity of fine organic aerosol in Southern California,” Environ. Health Perspect. 1996, 104, 428–436.
  • John, W.; Reischl, G. “A cyclone for size-selective sampling of air,” J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc. 1980, 30, 872–876.
  • Dzubay, T.G. X-ray Fluorescence Analysis of Environmental Samples; Ann Arbor Science: Ann Arbor, MI, 1977.
  • Huntzicker, J.J.; Johnson, R.L.; Shah, J.J.; Cary, R.A. Analysis of Organic and Elemental Carbon in Ambient Aerosols by a Thermal-Optical Method. In Particulate Carbon: Atmospheric Life Cycle; Wolff, G.T.; Klimisch, R.L., Eds. Plenum Press: New York, 1982.
  • Johnson, R.L.; Shah, J.J.; Cary, R.A.; Huntzicker, J.J. An Automated Thermal-Optical Method for the Analysis of Carbonaceous Aerosols. In Atmospheric Aerosols: Source/Air Quality Relationships; Macias, E.S.; Hopke, P.K., Eds. American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1981.
  • Lin, C.; Baker, M.; Charlson, R.J. “Absorption coefficient of atmsopheric aerosol: a method for measurement,” Appl. Optics 1973, 12, 1356–1363.
  • Mueller, P.K.; Mendoza, B.V.; Collins, J.C.; Wilgus, E.A. Application of Ion Chromatography to the Analysis of Anions Extracted from Airborne Particulate Matter. In Ion Chromatographic Analysis of Environmental Pollutants; Sawicki, E.; Mulik, J.D.; Wittgenstein, E., Eds; Ann Arbor Science: Ann Arbor, MI, 1978; pp 77–86.
  • Solarzano, L. “Determination of ammonia in natural waters by the phenol-hypochlorite method,” Limnol. Oceanogr. 1969, 14, 799–801.
  • Rogge, W.F.; Mazurek, M.A.; Hildemann, L.M.; Cass, G.R.; Simoneit, B.R.T. “Quantification of urban organic aerosols at a molecular level: identification, abundance, and seasonal variation,” Atmos. Environ. 1993, 27, 1309–1330.
  • Appel, B.R.; Wall, S.M.; Tokiwa, Y.; Haik, M. “Simultaneous nitric acid, particulate nitrate, and acidity measurements in ambient air,” Atmos. Environ. 1980, 14, 549–554.
  • Hering, S.V.; Lawson, D.R.; et al. “The nitric acid shootout: field comparison of measurement methods,” Atmos. Environ. 1988, 22, 15191539.
  • Solomon, P.A.; Larson, S.M.; Fall, T.; Cass, G.R. “Basinwide nitric acid and related species concentrations observed during the Claremont Nitrogen Species Comparison Study,” Atmos. Environ. 1988, 22, 15871594.
  • Solomon, P.A.; Salmon, L.G.; Fall, T.; Cass, G.R. “Spatial and temporal distribution of atmospheric nitric acid and particulate nitrate concentrations in the Los Angeles area,” Environ. Sci. Techno!. 1992, 26, 1594–1601.
  • Gundel, L.A.; Lee, V.C.; Mahanama, K.R.R.; Stevens, R.K.; Daisey, J.M. “Direct determination of the phase distributions of semi-volatile poly-cyclic aromatic hydrocarbons using annular denuders,” Atmos. Environ. 1995, 29, 1719–1733.
  • Solomon, P.A.; Fall, T.; Salmon, L.G.; Cass, G.R.; Gray, H.A.; Davidson, A. “Chemical characteristics of PM10 aerosols collected in the Los Angeles area,” J. Air Pollut. Control. Assoc. 1989, 39, 154–163.
  • Hannigan, M.P.; Cass, G.R.; Penman, B.W.; Crespi, C.L.; Lafleur, A.L.; Busby, W.F., Jr.; Thilly, W.G. “Human cell mutagens in Los Angeles air,” Environ. Sci. Technol. 1997, 31, 438–447.
  • Hannigan, M.P.; Salmon, L.G.; Christoforou, C.S.; Gharib, S.S.; Butcher, C.H.; Cass, G.R.; Chow, J.C.; Frazier, C.A. Determination of Fine Particle Concentration and Chemical Composition in the South Coast Air Basin, 1993. Final Report to the South Coast Air Quality Management District; California Institute of Technology: Pasadena, CA, 1996.
  • Cass, G.R.; Gray, H.A. Regional Emissions and Atmospheric Concentrations of Diesel Engine Particulate Matter: Los Angeles as a Case Study. In Diesel Exhaust: A Critical Analysis of Emissions, Exposure, and Health Effects; Health Effects Institute: Cambridge, MA, 1995.
  • Schauer, J.J.; Rogge, W.F., Hildemann, L.M.; Mazurek, M.A.; Cass, G.R.; Simoneit, B.R.T. “Source apportionment of airborne particulate matter using organic compounds as tracers,” Atmos. Environ. 1996, 30, 3837–3855.
  • Gray, H.A.; Cass, G.R. “Source contributions to atmospheric fine carbon particle concentrations,” Atmos. Environ. 1998, 32, 3805–3825.
  • Sawyer, R.F.; Johnson, J.H. Diesel Emissions and Control Technology. In Diesel Exhaust: A Critical Analysis of Emissions, Exposure, and Health Effects, Health Effects Institute, Cambridge, MA, 1995.
  • Pierson, W.R.; Brachaczek, W.W. “Particulate matter associated with vehicles on the road. II,” Aerosol Sci. Technol. 1983, 2, 1–40.
  • Gertler, A.W.; Wittorff, D.N.; Zielinska, B.; Chow, J.C. Determination of Mobile Source Particulate Emission Factors in Tunnels. In Proceedings of the A&WMA International Specialty Conference—Particulate Matter: Health and Regulatory Issues; Air and Waste Management Association, Pittsburgh, PA, 1995.
  • Hildemann, L.M.; Markowski, G.R.; Cass, G.R. “Chemical composition of emissions from urban sources of fine organic aerosol,” Environ. Sci. Technol. 1991, 25, 744–759.
  • Hildemann, L.M.; Cass, G.R.; Mazurek, M.A.; Simoneit, B.R.T. “Mathematical modeling of urban organic aerosol—properties measured by high-resolution gas-chromatography,” Environ. Sci. Technol. 1993, 27, 2045–2055.
  • Gray, H.A. Control of Atmospheric Fine Primary Carbon Particle Concentrations; Ph.D. Thesis, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 1986.
  • South Coast Air Quality Management District. 1997 Air Quality Management Plan, Appendix III, Attachment C; South Coast Air Quality Management District: Diamond Bar, CA, 1996.
  • Cass, G.R. “Sulfate air quality control strategy design,” Atmos. Environ. 1981, 15, 1227–1249.
  • Cass, G.R. Methods for Sulfate Air Quality Management with Applications to Los Angeles; Ph.D. Thesis, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 1978.
  • South Coast Air Quality Management District. Sulfur Dioxide/Sul-fate Control Study—Main Text; South Coast Air Quality Management District: El Monte, CA, 1978.
  • South Coast Air Quality Management District. 1994 Air Quality Management Plan; South Coast Air Quality Management District: Diamond Bar, CA, 1994.
  • Russell, A.G.; Cass, G.R. “Verification of a mathematical model for aerosol nitrate and nitric acid formation and its use for control measure evaluation,” Atmos. Environ. 1986, 20, 2011–2025.
  • Russell, A.G.; McCue, K.F.; Cass, G.R. “Mathematical modeling of the formation of nitrogen-containing air pollutants. 1. Evaluation of an Eulerian photochemical model,” Environ. Sci. Technol. 1988, 22, 263270.
  • Russell, A.G.; McCue, K.F.; Cass, G.R. “Mathematical modeling of the formation of nitrogen-containing air pollutants. 2. Evaluation of the effect of emission controls,” Environ. Sci. Technol. 1988, 22, 13361347.
  • Appel, B.R.; Tokiwa, Y.; Haik, M. “Sampling of nitrates in ambient air,” Atmos. Environ. 1981, 15, 283–289.
  • Forrest, J.; Spandau, D.J.; Tanner, R.L.; Newman, L. “Determination of atmospheric nitrate and nitric acid employing a diffusion denuder with a filter pack,” Atmos. Environ. 1982, 16, 1473–1485.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.