Estimating Separately Personal Exposure to Ambient and Nonambient Particulate Matter for Epidemiology and Risk Assessment: Why and How

REFERENCES

• Pope, C.A., III. Review: Epidemiological Basis for Particulate Air Pollution Health Standards; Aerosol Sci. Technol. 2000, 32, 4–14.
   Google Scholar
• Wallace, L. Correlations of Personal Exposure to Particles with Outdoor Air Measurements: A Review of Recent Studies; Aerosol. Sci. Technol. 2000, 32, 15–25.
   Google Scholar
• Mage, D.; Wilson, W.; Hasselblad, V.; Grant, L. Assessment of Human Exposure to Ambient Particulate Matter; J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 1999, 49, 174–185.
   Google Scholar
• Wilson, W.E. Size Distributions of Ambient and Indoor Particles: Does the Overlap of Fine and Coarse Particles Cause Problems in the Interpretation of Research Results? In PM2000: Particulate Matter and Health—The Scientific Basis for Regulatory Decision Making, Proceedings of an A&WMA International Specialty Conference; Charleston, SC, 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Statutes-at-Large. Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986, PL 99-499, October 17, 1986, Title IV, §403: Radon Gas and Indoor Air Quality Research Program; Stat. 100, 1758–1760, 1986.
   Google Scholar
• Clean Air Act, §109, U.S. Code. National Ambient Air Quality Standards. U. S. C. 42, §7409, 1998.
   Google Scholar
• Spengler, J.D.; Treitman, R.D.; Tosteson, T.D.; Mage, D.T.; Soczek, M.L. Personal Exposures to Respirable Particulates and Implications for Air Pollution Epidemiology; Environ. Sci. Technol. 1985, 19, 700–707.
   Google Scholar
• Pitts, B.F.; Pitts, J.N., Jr. Chemistry of the Upper and Lower Atmosphere; Academic Press: New York, 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Seinfeld, J.H.; Pandis, S.N. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics: From Air Pollution to Climate Change; John Wiley & Sons, Inc.: New York, 1998.
   Google Scholar
• Air Quality Criteria for Particulate Matter; NAPCA publication no. AP-49; National Air Pollution Control Administration; U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare: Washington, DC, 1969.
   Google Scholar
• Air Quality Criteria for Particulate Matter and Sulfur Oxides; EPA-600/ 8-82-029aF-cF; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; Office of Health and Environmental Assessment: Research Triangle Park, NC, 1982.
   Google Scholar
• Human Exposure Assessment for Airborne Pollutants: Advances and Opportunities; National Research Council; National Academy of Sciences: Washington, DC, 1991.
   Google Scholar
• Air Quality Criteria for Particulate Matter; EPA/600/P-95/001aF-cF; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; National Center for Environmental Assessment: Research Triangle Park, NC, 1996.
   Google Scholar
• Wilson, W.E.; Suh, H.H. Fine Particles and Coarse Particles: Concentration Relationships Relevant to Epidemiologic Studies; J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 1997, 47, 1238–1249.
   Google Scholar
• Responses to Significant Comments on the 1996 Proposed Rule on the National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Particulate Matter; ECAO-CD-92-0671; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; National Center for Environmental Assessment: Research Triangle Park, NC, 1997.
   Google Scholar
• Linn, W.S.; Gong, H., Jr.; Clark, K.W.; Anderson, K.R. Day-to-Day Par-ticulate Exposures and Health Changes in Los Angeles Area Residents with Severe Lung Disease; J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 1999, 49, PM108-PM115.
   Google Scholar
• Research Priorities for Airborne Particulate Matter. I. Immediate Priorities and a Long-Range Research Portfolio; National Research Council; National Academy Press: Washington, DC, 1998.
   Google Scholar
• Janssen, N. Dissertation, Landbouwuniversiteit Wageningen, The Netherlands, 1998.
   Google Scholar
• Janssen, N.A.H.; Hoek, G.; Brunekreef, B.; Harssema, H.; Mensink, I.; Zuidhof, A. Personal Sampling of Particles in Adults: Relation Among Personal, Indoor, and Outdoor Air Concentrations; Am. J. Epidemiol. 1998, 147, 537–547.
   Google Scholar
• Tamura, K.; Ando, M.; Sagai, M.; Matsumoto, Y. Estimation of Levels of Personal Exposure to Suspended Particulate Matter and Nitrogen Dioxide in Tokyo; Environ. Sci. (Tokyo) 1996, 4, 37–51.
   Google Scholar
• Lioy, P.J.; Waldman, J.M.; Buckley, T.; Butler, J.; Pietarinen, C. The Personal, Indoor and Outdoor Concentrations of PM-10 Measured in an Industrial Community During the Winter; Atmos. Environ. Part B 1990, 24, 57–66.
   Google Scholar
• Schwartz, J.; Levin, R. Drinking Water Turbidity and Health; Epidemiology 1999, 10, 89–90.
   Google Scholar
• Zeger, S.L.; Thomas, D.; Dominici, F.; Samet, J.; Schwartz, J.; Dockery, D.; Cohen, A. Arch. Environ. Health, submitted for publication, 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Carrothers, T.J.; Evans, J.S. Assessing the Impact of Differential Measurement Error on Estimates of Fine Particle Mortality; J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 2000, 50, 65–74.
   Google Scholar
• Ott, W.R. Environmental Statistics and Data Analysis; Lewis Publishers: Ann Arbor, 1995.
   Google Scholar
• Ott, W.; Wallace, L.; Mage, D. J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc., in press.
   Google Scholar
• Dockery, D.W.; Spengler, J.D. Indoor-Outdoor Relationships of Re-spirable Sulfates and Particles; Atmos. Environ. 1981, 15, 335–343.
   Google Scholar
• Koutrakis, P.; Briggs, S.L.K.; Leaderer, B.P. Source Apportionment of Indoor Aerosols in Suffolk and Onondaga Counties, New York; Environ. Sci. Technol. 1992, 26, 521–527.
   Google Scholar
• Isukapalli, S.S.; Georgopoulos, P.G. Modeling of Outdoor/Indoor Relationships of Gas Phase Pollutants and Particulate Matter. In PM2000: Particulate Matter and Health—The Scientific Basis for Regulatory Decision Making, Proceedings of an A&WMA International Specialty Conference; Charleston, SC, 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Rodes, C.E.; Kamens, R.M.; Wiener, R.W. The Significance and Characteristics of the Personal Activity Cloud on Exposure Assessment Measurements for Indoor Contaminants; Indoor Air 1991, 2, 123–145.
   Google Scholar
• McBride, S.J.; Ferro, A.R.; Ott, W.R; Switzer, P.; Hildemann, L.M. Investigations of the Proximity Effect for Pollutants in the Indoor Environment; J. Exposure Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. 1999, 9, 602–621.
   Google Scholar
• Duan, N. Models for Human Exposure to Air Pollution; Environ. Int. 1982, 8, 305–309.
   Google Scholar
• Ott, W.R. Exposure Estimates Based on Computer Generated Activity Patterns; J. Toxicol. Clin. Toxicol. 1984, 21, 97–128.
   Google Scholar
• Ott, W.; Thomas, J.; Mage, D.; Wallace, L. Validation of the Simulation of Human Activity and Pollutant Exposure (SHAPE) Model Using Paired Days from the Denver, CO, Carbon Monoxide Field Study; Atmos. Environ. 1988, 22, 2101–2113.
   Google Scholar
• Ott, W.R.; Mage, D.T.; Thomas, J. Comparison of Microenvironmen-tal CO Concentrations in Two Cities for Human Exposure Modeling;J. Exposure Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. 1992, 2, 249–267.
   Google Scholar
• Miller, S.L.; Branoff, S.; Nazaroff, W.W. Exposure to Toxic Volatile Organic Compounds in Simulated Environmental Tobacco Smoke: An Assessment for California Based on Personal Monitoring Data; J. Exposure Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. 1998, 8, 287–312.
   Google Scholar
• Klepeis, N.E.; Ott, W.R.; Switzer, P. A Total Human Exposure Model (THEM) for Respirable Suspended Particles (RSP). Paper presented at the 87th Annual Meeting & Exhibition of the Air & Waste Management Association, Cincinnati, OH, June 1994; Paper 94-WA75A.03.
   Google Scholar
• Lachenmyer, C.; Hidy, G.M. Urban Measurements of Outdoor-Indoor PM2 . 5 Concentrations and Personal Exposure in the Deep South. Part I. Pilot Study of Mass Concentrations for Nonsmoking Subjects; Aerosol Sci. Technol. 2000, 32, 34–51.
   Google Scholar
• Abt, E.; Suh, H.H.; Catalano, P.; Koutrakis, P. Environ. Sci. Technol., submitted for publication, 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Jantunen, M.J.; Kousa, A.; Hänninen, O.; Koistinen, K.; Sräm, R.; Lanki, T.; Lioy, P.J. Long Term Population PM Exposures Correlate Well with Outdoor Air Levels-Short Term Individual Exposures Do Not. In PM2000: Particulate Matter and Health—The Scientific Basis for Regulatory Decision Making, Proceedings of an A&WMA International Specialty Conference; Charleston, SC, 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Calder, K.L. A Numerical Analysis of the Protection Afforded by Buildings Against BW Aerosol Attack; BWL Tech. Study No. 2; Office of the Deputy Commander for Scientific Activities: Fort Detrick, MD, 1957.
   Google Scholar
• Sexton, K.; Ryan, P.B. In Air Pollution, the Automobile, and Public Health; Watson, A.Y.; Bates, R.R.; Kennedy, D., Eds; National Academy Press: Washington, DC, 1988; pp 207–238.
   Google Scholar
• Duan, N. Stochastic Microenvironment Models for Air Pollution Exposure; J. Exp. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. 1991, 1, 235–257.
   Google Scholar
• McCurdy, T. Estimating Human Exposure to Selected Motor Vehicle Pollutants Using the NEM Series of Models: Lessons To Be Learned; J. Exposure Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. 1995, 5, 533–550.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson T.R. Recent Advances in the Estimation of Population Exposure to Mobile Source Pollutants; J. Exposure Anal. Environ. Epidemiol 1995, 5, 551–571.
   Google Scholar
• Klepeis, N.E.; Ott, W.R.; Switzer, P. Modeling the Time Series of Respi-rable Suspended Particles and Carbon Monoxide from Multiple Smokers: Validation in Two Public Smoking Lounges. Paper presented at the 88th Annual Meeting and Exhibition of the Air & Waste Management Association, San Antonio, TX, June 1995; Paper 95-MPH.03.
   Google Scholar
• Freijer, J.I.; Bloemen, H.J.T. Modeling Relationships Between Indoor and Outdoor Air Quality; J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 2000, 50, 292–300.
   Google Scholar
• Wilson, W.E.; Suh, H.H. Differentiating Fine and Coarse Particles: Definitions and Exposure Relationships Relevant to Epidemiological Studies. In Trends in Aerosol Research IV: New Approaches in Aerosol Science and Technology, Proceedings of the Seminar; Schmidt-Ott, A., Ed.; Duisburg, Germany, 1995; pp 57–71.
   Google Scholar
• Ozkaynak, H.; Xue, J.; Weker, R.; Butler, D.; Koutrakis, P.; Spengler, J. The Particle TEAM (PTEAM) Study: Analysis of the Data: Final Report, VolumeIII; EPA/600/R-95/098; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: Research Triangle Park, NC, 1996.
   Google Scholar
• Ozkaynak, H.; Xue, J.; Spengler, J.; Wallace, L.; Pellizzari, E.; Jenkins, P. Personal Exposures to Airborne Particles and Metals: Results from the Particle TEAM Study in Riverside, California; J. Exp. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. 1996, 6, 57–78.
   Google Scholar
• Wallace, L. Indoor Particles: A Review; J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 1996, 46, 98–126.
   Google Scholar
• Abt, E.; Suh, H.H.; Allen, G.; Koutrakis, P. Characterization of Indoor Particle Sources: A Study Conducted in the Metropolitan Boston Area; Environ. Health Perspect. 2000, 108, 35–44.
   Google Scholar
• Long, C.M.; Suh, H.H.; Koutrakis, P. Using Time- and Size-Resolved Particulate Data to Explore Infiltration and Deposition Behavior. In PM2000: Particulate Matter and Health—The Scientific Basis for Regulatory Decision Making, Proceedings of an A&WMA International Specialty Conference, Charleston, SC, 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Pellizzari, E.D.; Thomas, K.W.; Clayton, C.A.; Whitmore, R.W.; Shores, R.C.; Zelon, H.S.; Perritt, R.L. Particle Total Exposure Assessment Methodology (PTEAM): Riverside, California Pilot Study, Volume I [Final Report]; EPA/600/SR-93/050; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: Research Triangle Park, NC, 1992.
   Google Scholar
• Suh, H.H.; Spengler, J.D.; Koutrakis, P. Personal Exposures to Acid Aerosols and Ammonia; Environ. Sci. Technol. 1992, 26, 2507–2517.
   Google Scholar
• Suh, H.H.; Koutrakis, P.; Spengler, J.D. Validation of Personal Exposure Models for Sulfate and Aerosol Strong Acidity; J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 1993, 43, 845–850.
   Google Scholar
• Leaderer, B.P.; Naeher, L.; Jankun, T.; Balenger, K.; Holford, T.R.; Toth, C.; Sullivan, J.; Wolfson, J.M.; Koutrakis, P. Indoor, Outdoor, and Regional Summer and Winter Concentrations of PM10, PM25, SO4 2-, H+, NH4+, NO3 -, NH3, and Nitrous Acid in Homes With and Without Kerosene Space Heaters; Environ. Health Perspect. 1999, 107, 223–231.
   Google Scholar
• Yakovleva, E.; Hopke, P.K.; Wallace, L. Receptor Modeling Assessment of Particle Total Exposure Assessment Methodology Data; Environ. Sci. Technol. 1999, 33, 3645–3652.
   Google Scholar
• Thatcher, T.L.; Layton, D.W. Deposition, Resuspension, and Penetration of Particles Within a Residence; Atmos. Environ. 1995, 29, 1487–1497.
   Google Scholar
• Jantunen, M.J.; Hänninen, O.; Katsouyanni, K.; Knöppel, H.; Kuenzli, N.; Lebret, E.; Maroni, M.; Saarela, K.; Sräm, R.; Zmirou, D. Air Pollution Exposure in European Cities: The “EXPOLIS” Study; J. Exposure Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. 1998, 8, 495–518.
   Google Scholar
• Pellizzari, E.D.; Clayton, C.A.; Rodes, C.E.; Mason, R.E.; Piper, L.L.; Fort, B.; Pfeifer, G.; Lynam, D. Particulate Matter and Manganese Exposures in Toronto, Canada; Atmos. Environ. 1999, 33, 721–734.
   Google Scholar
• Clayton, C.A.; Pellizzari, E.D.; Rodes, C.E.; Mason, R.E.; Piper, L.L. Estimating Distributions of Long-Term Particulate Matter and Manganese Exposures for Residents of Toronto, Canada; Atmos. Environ. 1999, 33, 2515–2526.
   Google Scholar