Theory and Laboratory Study of a Tall Passive Chamber for Measuring Gas Fluxes at Soil Surface

REFERENCES

• Fowler, D.; Duyzer, J.H. Micrometeorological Techniques for the Measurement of Trace Gas Exchange. In Exchange of Trace Gases between Terrestrial Ecosystems and the Atmosphere; Andreae, M.O., Schimel, D.S., Eds.; John Wiley & Sons Ltd.: Chichester, U.K., 1989; pp 189–207.
   Google Scholar
• Wesely, M.L.; Lenschow, D.H.; Denmead, O.T. Flux Measurement Techniques. In Global Tropospheric Chemistry: Chemical Fluxes in the Global Atmosphere; Lenschow, D.H., Hicks, B.B., Eds.; National Center for Atmospheric Research: Boulder, CO, 1989; pp 31–46.
   Google Scholar
• Majewski, M.S.; Glotfelty, D.E.; U, K.T.P.; Seiber, J.N. A Field Comparison of Several Methods for Measuring Pesticide Evaporation Rates from Soil; Environ. Sci. Technol. 1990, 33, 1490–1497.
   Google Scholar
• Denmead, O.T.; Roupach, M.R. Methods for Measuring Atmospheric Gas Transport in Agricultural and Forest Systems. In Agricultural Ecosystem Effects on Trace Gases and Global Climate Change; ASA Special Publication No. 55; American Society of Agronomy: Madison, WI, 1993; pp 19–43.
   Google Scholar
• Rolston, D.E. Gas Flux. In Methods of Soil Aanalysis. Part 1, Physical and Mineralogical Methods; Klute, A., Ed.; Agron. Monograph 9; American Society of Agronomy and Soil Science Society of America: Madison, WI, 1986; pp 1103–1119.
   Google Scholar
• Matthias, A.D.; Blackmer, A.M.; Bremner, J.M. A Simple Chamber Technique for Field Measurement of Emissions of Nitrous Oxide from Soil; J. Environ. Qual. 1980, 9, 251–256.
   Google Scholar
• Hutchinson, G.L.; Mosier, A.R. Improved Soil Cover Method for Field Measurement of Nitrous Oxide Fluxes; Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 1981, 45, 311–316.
   Google Scholar
• Reicosky, D.C. Canopy Gas Exchange in the Field: Closed Chamber; Remote Sensing Rev. 1990, 5, 163–177.
   Google Scholar
• Norman, J.M.; Garcia, R.; Verma, S.B. Soil Surface CO2 Fluxes and the Carbon Budget of a Grassland; J. Geophys. Res. 1992, 97, 18845–18853.
   Google Scholar
• Moore, T.R.; Heyes, A.; Roulet, N.T. Methane Emissions from Wetlands, Southern Hudson Bay Lowland; J. Geophys. Res. 1994, 99, 14551467.
   Google Scholar
• Harrison, R.M.; Yamulki, S.; Goulding, K.W.T.; Webster, C.P. Effect of Fertilizer on NO and N2O Fluxes from Agricultural Fields; J. Geophys. Res. 1995, 100, 25923–25931.
   Google Scholar
• Loftfield, N.S.; Brumme, R.; Beese, F. Automated Monitoring of Nitrous Oxide and Carbon Dioxide Flux from Forest Soils; Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 1992, 56, 1147–1150.
   Google Scholar
• Flessa, H.; Dôrsch, P.; Beese, F. Seasonal Variation of N2O and CH4 Fluxes in Differently Managed Arable Soils in Southern Germany; J. Geophys. Res. 1995, 100, 23115–23124.
   Google Scholar
• Jury, W.A.; Letey, J.; Collins, T. Analysis of Chamber Methods Used for Measuring Nitrous Oxide Production in the Field; Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 1982, 46, 250–256.
   Google Scholar
• Matthias, A.D.; Yarger, D.N.; Weinbeck, R.S. A Numerical Evaluation of Chamber Methods for Determining Gas Fluxes; Geophys. Res. Lett. 1978, 5 (9), 765–768.
   Google Scholar
• de Mello, W.Z.; Hines, M.E. Application of Static and Dynamic Enclosures for Determining Dimethyl Sulfide and Carbonyl Sulfide Exchange in Sphagnum Peatlands: Implications for the Magnitude and Direction of Flux; J. Geophys. Res. 1994, 99, 14601–14607.
   Google Scholar
• Valente, R.J.; Thornton, F.C.; Williams, E.J. Field Comparison of Static and Flow-Through Chamber Techniques for Measurement of Soil NO Emission; J. Geophys. Res. 1995, 100, 21147–21152.
   Google Scholar
• Crank, J. The Mathematics of Diffusion, 2nd ed.; Oxford University Press: London, 1975.
   Google Scholar
• Schwarzenbach, R.P.; Gschwend, P.M.; Imboden, D.M. Environmental Organic Chemistry; John Wiley & Sons: New York, 1993.
   Google Scholar
• Devitt, D.A.; Evans, R.B.; Jury, W.A.; Starks, T.H.; Eklund, B.; Sholsan, A.; Van Ee, J.J. Soil Gas Sensing for Detection and Mapping of Volatile Organics; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: Las Vegas, NV, 1987.
   Google Scholar
• The Merck Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals, 11th ed.; Budavari, S., O’Neil, M.J., Smith, A., Heckelman, P.E., Eds.; Merck & Co., Inc.: Rahway, NJ, 1989.
   Google Scholar
• Gao, F.; Yates, S.R.; Jin, Y. Laboratory Study of Closed and DynamicChambers: Experimental Results and Implications for Field Application; J. Geophys. Res. 1998, 103, 26115–26125.
   Google Scholar
• Reid, R.C.; Prausnitz, J.M.; Polling, B.E. The Properties of Gases and Liquids, 4th ed.; McGraw-Hill: New York, 1987.
   Google Scholar
• Millington, R.J.; Quirk, J.P. Transport in Porous Media; Trans. 7th Int. Congr. Soil Sci. 1960, 1 (97), 106.
   Google Scholar
• Jin, Y.; Jury, W.A. Characterizing the Dependence of Gas Diffusion Coefficient on Soil Properties; Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 1996, 60, 66–71.
   Google Scholar
• Gan, J.; Yates, S.R.; Spencer, W.F.; Ernst, F.F.; Yates, M.V. Effect of Soil Properties on Degradation and Sorption of Methyl Bromide in Soil; Chemosphere 1994, 29, 2685–2700.
   Google Scholar