Development and Evaluation of an Impactor for a PM_2.5 Speciation Sampler

REFERENCES

• Schwartz, J.; Dockery, D.W. Increased Mortality in Philadelphia Associated with Daily Air Pollution Concentrations; Am. J. Epidemiol. 1992, 135, 12–19.
   Google Scholar
• Dockery, D.W.; Pope, A., III; Xu, X.; Spengler, J.D.; Ware, J.H.; Fay, M.E.; Ferris, B.G.; Speizer, F.E. An Association between Air Pollution and Mortality in Six U.S. Cities; N. Engl. J. Med. 1993, 329, 17531808.
   Google Scholar
• Dockery, D.W.; Pope, C.A. Acute Effects of Particulate Air Pollution; Annu. Rev. Pub. Health 1994, 15, 107–132.
   Google Scholar
• Koutrakis, P.; Sioutas, C.; Ferguson, S.; Wolfson, J.M. Development and Evaluation of a Glass Honeycomb Denuder/Filter Pack Sampler to Collect Atmospheric Gases and Particles; Environ. Sci. Technol. 1993, 27, 2497–2501.
   Google Scholar
• Koutrakis, P.; Fasano, A.M.; Slater, J.L.; Spengler, J.D.; McCarthy, J.F.; Leaderer, B.P. Design of a Personal Annular Denuder Sampler to Measure Atmospheric Aerosols and Gases; Atmos. Environ. 1989,23, 27632773.
   Google Scholar
• Sioutas, C.; Wang, P.; Ferguson, S.; Koutrakis, P. Laboratory and Field Evaluation of an Improved Glass Honeycomb Denuder/Filter Pack Sampler; Atmos. Environ. 1996, 30 (6), 885–895.
   Google Scholar
• Fang, C.P.; Marple, V.A.; Rubow, K.L. Influence of Cross-Flow on Particle Collection Characteristics of Multi-Nozzle Impactors; J. Aerosol Sci. 1991, 22, 403–415.
   Google Scholar
• De la Mora, F.; Hering, S.U.; Rao, N.; McMurry, P.H. Hypersonic Impaction of Ultrafine Particles; J. Aerosol Sci. 1990, 21, 169–87.
   Google Scholar
• Marple, V.A.; Rubow, K.L.; Behm, S. A Microorifice Uniform Deposit Impactor (MOUDI): Description, Calibration and Use; Aerosol Sci. Technol. 1991, 14, 434–446.
   Google Scholar
• Marple, V.A.; Rubow, K.L.; Turner, W.; Spengler, J.D. Low Flow Rate Sharp Cut Impactors for Indoor Air Sampling: Design and Calibration; J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc. 1987, 37, 1303–1307.
   Google Scholar
• Hinds, W. Aerosol Technology; John Wiley & Sons: New York, 1982.
   Google Scholar
• Marple, V.A. A Fundamental Study of Inertial Impactors. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Minnesota, 1970.
   Google Scholar
• Marple, V.A.; Liu, B.Y.H. Characteristics of Laminar Jet Impactors; Environ. Sci. Technol. 1974, 8, 648–654.
   Google Scholar
• Cushing, K.M.; McCain, M.D.; Smith, W.B. Experimental Determination of Sizing Parameters and Wall Losses of Five Source-Test Cascade Impactors; Environ. Sci. Technol. 1979, 13, 726–731.
   Google Scholar
• Reischl, G.P.; John, W. The Collection Efficiency of Impaction Surfaces; Staub. Reinhalt. Luft; 1978, 55.
   Google Scholar
• Koutrakis, P.; Wolfson, J.M.; Slater, J.L.; Brauer, M.; Spengler, J. Evaluation of an Annular Denuder/Filter Pack System to Collect Acidic Aerosols and Gases; Environ. Sci. Technol. 1988, 22, 1463–1468.
   Google Scholar
• Pak, S.; Liu, H.; Rubow, K. Effect of Coating Thickness on Particle Bounce in Inertial Impactors; Aerosol Sci. Technol. 1992,16, 141–150.
   Google Scholar
• Marple, V.A.; Rubow, K.L.; Olson, B.A. Inertial, Gravitational, Centrifugal and Thermal Collection Techniques. In Aerosol Measurement; Willeke, K., Baron, P.A., Eds.; Van Nostrand Reinhold: New York, 1993, pp 106–232.
   Google Scholar
• National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Particulate Matter: Final Report. 40 CFR, Part 50, Section 8.2; Fed. Regist. July 1997.
   Google Scholar
• Marple, V.A.; Willeke, K. Fine Particles: Aerosol Generation, Measurement, Sampling and Analysis; Liu, B.Y.H., Ed.; Academic Press: New York, 1976.
   Google Scholar
• Lawson, D.R. Impaction Surface Coatings Intercomparison and Measurements with Cascade Impactors; Atmos. Environ. 1980, 14, 195199.
   Google Scholar
• Turner, J.R.; Hering, S.V. Greased and Oiled Substrates as Bounce-Free Impaction Surfaces; J. Aerosol Sci. 1987, 18, 215–224.
   Google Scholar