773
Views
35
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Technical Paper

Preparing to Measure the Effects of the NOx SIP Call— Methods for Ambient Air Monitoring of NO, NO2, NOy, and Individual NOz Species

, , &
Pages 542-562 | Published online: 27 Dec 2011

References

  • 1. Fed. Regist. 1998, 63 (207), 57355-57404.
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Recommended Methods for Ambient Air Monitoring of NO, NO2, NOy and Individual NOz Species; EPA/600/R-01/005; National Exposure Research Laboratory: Research Triangle Park, NC, 2001.
  • Kleinman, L.I. Ozone Process Insights from Field Experiments—Part II: Observation-Based Analysis for Ozone Production; Atmos. Environ. 2000, 34, 2023-2033.
  • Sickles, J.E., II. In Gaseous Pollutants: Characterization and Cycling; Nriagu, J.O., Ed.; John Wiley & Sons, Inc.: New York, 1992.
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Air Quality Criteria for Oxides ofNitrogen; EPA/600/8-91/049aF; Office of Research and Development: Washington, DC, 1993.
  • Parrish, D.D.; Fehsenfeld, F.C. Methods for Gas-Phase Measurements of Ozone—Ozone Precursors and Aerosol Precursors; Atmos. Environ. 2000, 34, 1853-2332.
  • Kliner, D.A.; Daube, B.C.; Burley, J.D.; Wofsy, S.C. Laboratory Investigation of the Catalytic Reduction Technique for Measurement of Atmospheric NOy; J. Geopyhs. Res. 1997, 102, 10759-10776.
  • Fontijn, A.; Sabadell, A.J.; Ronco, R.J. Homogeneous Chemilumines-cent Measurement of Nitric Oxide with Ozone: Implications for Continuous Selective Monitoring of Gaseous Air Pollutants; Anal. Chem. 1970, 42, 575-579.
  • Steffenson, D.M.; Stedman, D.H. Optimization of the Operating Parameters of Chemiluminescent Nitric Oxide Detectors; Anal. Chem. 1974, 46, 1704-1709.
  • Delany, A.C.; Dickerson, R.R.; Melchoir, F.L., Jr.; Wartburg, A.F. Modification of a Commercial NOx Detector for High Sensitivity; Rev. Sci. Instrum. 1982, 53, 1899–1902!
  • Dickerson, R.R.; Delany, A.C.; Wartburg, A.F. Further Modification of a Commercial NOx Detector for High Sensitivity; Rev. Sci. Instrum. 1984, 55, 1995-1998.
  • Drummond, J.W.; Volz, A.; Ehhalt, D.H. An Optimized Chemilumi-nescence Detector for Tropospheric NO Measurements; J. Atmos. Chem. 1985, 2, 287-306.
  • Ridley, B.A.; Grahek, F.E. A Small, Low-Flow, High-Sensitivity Reaction Vessel for NO Chemiluminescence Detectors; J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol. 1990, 7, 307-311.
  • Fehsenfeld, F.C.; Drummond, J.W.; Roychowdhury, U.K.; Galvin, P.J.; Williams, E.J.; Buhr, M.P.; Parrish, D.D.; Hubler, G.; Langford, A.O.; Calvert, J.G.; et al. Intercomparison of NO2 Measurement Techniques; J. Geophys. Res. 1990, 95, 3579-3597.
  • Fehsenfeld, F.C.; Dickerson, R.R.; Hubler, G.; Luke, W.T.; Nunnermacker, L.J.; Williams, E.J.; Roberts, J.M.; Calvert, J.G.; Curran, C.M.; Delany, A.C.; et al. A Ground-Based Intercomparison of NO, NOx, and NOy Measurement Techniques; J. Geophys. Res. 1987, 92, 14710-14722.
  • Schiff, H.I.; Hastie, D.R.; Mackay, G.I.; Iguchi, T.; Ridley, B.A. Tunable Diode Laser Systems for Measuring Trace Gases in Tropospheric Air; Environ. Sci. Technol. 1983, 17, 353A–364A.
  • Bradshaw, J.D.; Rodgers, M.O.; Sandholm, S.T.; KeSheng, S.; Davis, D.D. A Two-Photon Laser-Induced Fluorescence Field Instrument for Ground-Based and Airborne Measurements of Atmospheric NO; J. Geophys. Res. 1985, 90, 12,861–12,874.
  • Sandholm, S.; Smyth, S.; Bai, R.; Bradshaw, J. Recent and Future Improvements in Two-Photon Laser-Induced Fluorescence NO Measurement Capabilities; J. Geophys. Res. 1997, 102, 28,651–28,661.
  • Bradshaw, J.; Davis, D.; Crawford, J.; Chen, G.; Shetter, R.; Muller, M.; Gregory, G.; Sachse, G.; Blake, D.; Heikes, B.; Singh, H.; Mastromarino, J.; Sandholm, S. Photofragmentation Two-Photon Laser-Induced Fluorescence Detection of NO2 and NO: Comparison of Measurements with Model Results Based on Airborne Observations during PEM-Tropics A; Geophys. Res. Lett. 1999, 26, 471-474.
  • Williams, E.J.; Baumann, K.; Roberts, J.M.; Bertman, S.B.; Norton, R.B.; Fehsenfeld, F.C.; Springstone, S.R.; Nunnermacker, L.J.; Newman, L.; Olszyna, K.; et al. Intercomparison of Ground-Based NOy Measurement Techniques; J. Geophys. Res. 1998, 103, 22261-22280.
  • Gao, R.S.; Keim, E.R.; Woodbridge, E.L.; Ciciora, S.J.; Proffitt, M.H.; Thompson, T.L.; Mclaughlin, R.J.; Fahey, D.W. New Photolysis System for NO2 Measurements in the Lower Stratosphere; J. Geophys. Res. 1994, 99, 20673-20681.
  • Ryerson, T.B.; Williams, E.J.; Fehsenfeld, F.C. An Efficient Photolysis System for Fast-Response NO2 Measurements; J. Geophys. Res. 2000, 105, 26447-26461.
  • Gelbwachs, J.A.; Birnbaum, M.; Tucker, A.W.; Fincher, C.L. Fluorescence Determination of Atmospheric NO2; Optoelectron 1972, 4, 155-157.
  • Fincher, C.L.; Tucker, A.W.; Birnbaum, M.; Paur, R.J.; McClenny, W.A. Fluorescence Ambient NO2 Monitor with Flashlamp Pumping; Appl. Opt. 1977, 16, 1359-1365.
  • Thornton, J.A.; Wooldridge, P.J.; Cohen, R.C. Atmospheric NO2: In-Situ Laser-Induced Fluorescence Detection at Parts Per Trillion Mixing Ratios; Anal. Chem. 2000, 72, 528-539.
  • Matsumoto, J.; Hirokawa, J.; Akimoto, H.; Kajii, Y. Direct Measurement of NO2 in the Marine Atmosphere by Laser-Induced Flourescence Technique; Atmos. Environ. 2001, 35, 2803-2814.
  • Day, D.A.; Wooldridge, P.J.; Dillon, M.B.; Thornton, J.A.; Cohen, R.C. A Thermal Dissociation Laser-Induced Fluorescence Instrument for In-Situ Detection of NO2, Peroxy Nitrates, Alkyl Nitrates, and HNO3; J. Geophys. Res. 2001, 107 (D6).
  • Edner; H.; Ragnarson, P.; Spânnare, S.; Svanbery, S. Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS) System for Urban Atmospheric Pollution Monitoring; Appl. Opt. 1993, 32, 327-333.
  • Plane, J.M.C.; Nien, C.-F. Differential Optical Absorption Spectrometer for Measuring Atmospheric Trace Gases; Rev. Sci. Instrum. 1992, 63, 1867-1876.
  • Febo, A.; Perrino, C.; Allegrini, I. Measurement of Nitrous Acid in Milan, Italy, by DOAS and Diffusion Denuders; Atmos. Environ. 1996, 30, 3599-3609.
  • Platt, U. In Monitoring by Spectroscopic Techniques; Sigrist, M.W., Ed.; John Wiley: New York, 1994.
  • Stevens, R.K.; Drago, R.J.; Mamane, Y. A Long-Path Differential Optical Absorption Spectrometer and EPA-Approved Fixed-Point Methods Intercomparison; Atmos. Environ. 1993, 27B, 231-236.
  • McElroy, F.F.; Hodgeson, J.; Lumpkin, T.A.; Rehme, K.A.; Stevens, R.K.; Conner, C.P.; Hallstadius, H. Simultaneous Calibration of Open-Path and Conventional Point Monitors for Measuring Ambient Air Concentrations of Sulfur Dioxide, Ozone, and Nitrogen Dioxide. In Proceedings of the International Specialty Conference on Optical Sensing for Environmental Monitoring, Atlanta, GA, October 1993; pp 368-378.
  • Stutz, J.; Platt, U. Numerical Analysis and Estimation of the Statistical Error of Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy Measurements with Least-Squares Methods; Appl. Opt. 1996, 35, 6041-6053.
  • Stutz, J.; Platt, U. Improving Long-Path Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy with a Quartz-Fiber Mode Mixer; Appl. Opt. 1997, 36, 1105-1115.
  • Russwurm, G.M.; Phillips, B. Effects of a Nonlinear Response of the Fourier-Transform Infrared Open-Path Instrument on the Measurements of Some Atmospheric Gases; Appl. Opt. 1999, 38, 6398-6407.
  • Maeda, U.K.; Aoki, K.; Munemori, M. Chemiluminescence Method for the Determination of Nitrogen Dioxide; Anal. Chem. 1980, 52, 307-311.
  • Wendel, G.J.; Stedman, D.H.; Cantrell, C.A. Luminol-Based Nitrogen Dioxide Detector; Anal. Chem. 1983, 55, 937-940.
  • Schmidt, R.W.H.; Kames, J.; Kanter, H.J.; Schurath, U.; Slemr, F. A Selective Ozone Scrubber for Application in Ambient Nitrogen Dioxide Measurements Using the Commercial Luminox (LMA-3, Scintrex/Unisearch Inc.); Atmos. Environ. 1995, 29, 947-950.
  • Kelly, T.J.; Spicer, C.W.; Ward, G.F. An Assessment of the Luminol Chemiluminescence Technique for Measurement of NO2 in Ambient Air; Atmos. Environ. 1990, 24A, 2397-2403.
  • Gaffney, J.S.; Bornick, R.M.; Chen, Y.-H.; Marley, N.A. Capillary Gas Chromatographic Analysis of Nitrogen Dioxide and PANS with Luminol Chemiluminescent Detection; Atmos. Environ. 1998, 32, 1445-1454.
  • Gaffney, J.S.; Marley, N.A.; Steele, H.D.; Drayton, P.J.; Hubbe, J.M. Aircraft Measurements of Nitrogen Dioxide and Peroxyacyl Nitrates Using Luminol Chemiluminescence with Fast Capillary Gas Chro-matography; Environ. Sci. Technol. 1999, 33, 3285-3289.
  • Spicer, C.W.; Kelly, T.J.; Ward, G.F. An Evaluation ofTwo Approaches for Improved Nitrogen Oxides Monitoring in Urban Atmospheres; EPA-600/R- 95/031; Battelle: Columbus, OH, 1995.
  • Spicer, C.W.; Kelly, T.J.; Kronmiller, K.G.; Wheeler, M.; McClenny, W.A. An Evaluation of Two Approaches for Improved Nitrogen Oxides Monitoring in Urban Atmospheres; J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc., submitted for publication, 2001.
  • Chaney, L.W.; Rickel, D.G.; Russwurm, G.M.; McClenny, W.A. Long-Path Laser Monitor of Carbon Monoxide: System Improvements; Appl. Opt. 1979, 18, 3004-3009.
  • Russwurm, G.M. Development ofTunable Diode Laser: A Reference Method for Nitrogen Species; Northrop Services, Inc.-Environmental Sciences: Research Triangle Park, NC, 1988.
  • Reid, J.; El-Sherbiny, M.; Garside, B.K.; Ballik, E.A. Sensitivity Limits of a Tunable Diode Laser Spectrometer with Application to the Detection of NO2 at the 100-ppt Level; Appl. Opt. 1980, 19, 3349-3354.
  • Allen, M.G.; Carleton, K.L.; Davis, S.J.; Kessler, W.J.; Otis, C.E.; Palombo, D.A.; Sonnenfroh, D.M. Ultrasensitive Dual-Beam Absorption and Gain Spectroscopy: Applications for Near-Infrared and Visible Diode Laser Sensors; Appl. Opt. 1995, 34, 3240-3249.
  • Sonnenfroh, D.M.; Allen, M.G. Ultrasensitive, Visible Tunable Diode Laser Detection of NO2; Appl. Opt. 1996, 35, 4053-4058.
  • Mihalcea, R.M.; Baer, D.S.; Hanson, R.K. Tunable Diode-Laser Absorption Measurements of NO2 near 670 and 395 nm; Appl. Opt. 1996, 35, 4059-4064.
  • Fetzer, G.J.; Miao, L.; Chilla, J.L.A.; Pikal, J.M.; Menoni, C.S. NO2 Photometer Based on Solid-State Light Sources; Appl. Opt. 1998, 37, 5590-5595.
  • Jung, J.; Kowalski, J. Direct Ambient Nitrogen Dioxide Measurement by Visible Light Absorption. In Proceedings of the EPA/APCA Symposium on Measurement of Toxic Air Pollutants, Raleigh, NC, 1986; pp 845-855; EPA 600/9-86-013.
  • Kleindienst, T.E. Recent Developments in the Chemistry and Biology of Peroxyacetyl Nitrate; Res. Chem. Intermed. 1994, 20, 335-384.
  • Roberts, J.M.; Fajer, R.W.; Springston, S.R. Capillary Gas Chromato-graphic Separation of Alkyl Nitrates and Peroxycarboxylic Nitric Anhydrides; Anal. Chem. 1989, 61, 771-772.
  • Blanchard, P.; Shepson, P.B.; Schiff, H.I.; Bottenheim, J.W.; Gallant, A.J.; Drummond, J.W.; Wong, P. A Comparison of Calibration and Measurement Techniques for Gas Chromatographic Determination of Atmospheric Peroxyacetyl Nitrate (PAN); Atmos. Environ. 1990, 24A, 2839-2846.
  • Blanchard, P.; Shepson, P.B.; Schiff, H.I.; Drummond, J.W. Development of a Gas Chromatograph for Trace Level Measurement of Peroxyacetyl Nitrate using Chemical Amplification; Anal. Chem. 1993, 65, 2472-2477.
  • Danalatos, D.; Glavas, S. Improvement in the Use of Capillary Columns for Ambient Air Peroxyacetyl Nitrate Monitoring; J. Chromatogr. A. 1997, 786, 361-365.
  • Nikitas, C.; Clemitshaw, K.C.; Oram, D.E.; Penkett, S.A. Measurements of PAN in the Polluted Boundary Layer and Free Troposphere Using a Luminol-NO2 Detector Combined with a Thermal Converter; J. Atmos. Chem. 1997, 28, 339-359.
  • Roberts, J.M.; Williams, J.; Baumann, K.; Buhr, M.P.; Goldan, P.D.; Holloway, J.; Hubler, G.; Kuster, W.C.; McKeen, S.A.; Ryerson, T.B.; et al. Measurement of PAN, PPN, and MPAN Made during the 1994 and 1995 Nashville Intensives of the Southern Oxidant Study. Implications for Regional Ozone Production from Biogenic Hydrocarbons; J. Geophys. Res. (Atmos.) 1998, 103, 22473-22490.
  • Williams, J.; Roberts, J.M.; Bertman, S.B.; Stroud, C.A.; Fehsenfeld, F.C.; Baumann, K.; Buhr, M.P.; Knapp, K.; Murphy, P.C.; Nowick, M.; Williams, E.J. A Method for the Airborne Measurement of PAN, PPN, and MPAN; J. Geophys. Res. (Atmos.) 2000, 105, 28943-28960.
  • Buhr, M.P.; Parrish, D.D.; Norton, R.B.; Fehsenfeld, F.C.; Sievers, R.E.; Roberts, J.M. Contribution of Organic Nitrates to the Total Reactive Nitrogen Budget at a Rural Eastern U.S. Site; J. Geophys. Res. 1990, 95, 9809-9816.
  • Atlas, E.; Schauffler, S. Analysis of Alkyl Nitrates and Selected Halo-carbons in the Ambient Atmosphere Using a Charcoal Preconcentration Technique; Environ. Sci. Technol. 1991, 25, 61-67.
  • Roberts, J.M.; Parrish, D.D.; Norton, R.B.; Bertman, S.B.; Holloway, J.S.; Trainer, M.; Fehsenfeld, F.C.; Carroll, M.A.; Albercook, G.M.; Wang, T.; Forbes, G. Episodic Removal of NOy Species from the Marine Boundary Layer over the North Atlantic; J. Geophys. Res. 1996, 101, 28947-28960.
  • Bertman, S.B.; Roberts, J.M.; Parrish, D.D.; Buhr, M.P.; Goldan, P.D.; Kuster, W.C.; Fehsenfeld, F.C. Evolution of Alkyl Nitrates with Air Mass Age; J. Geophys. Res. 1995, 100, 22,805–22,813.
  • Flocke, F.; Voltz-Thomas, A.; Kley, D. Measurements of Alkyl Nitrates in Rural and Polluted Air Masses; Atmos. Environ. 1991, 25A, 1951-1960.
  • Hao, C.; Shepson, P.B.; Drummond, J.W.; Muthuramu, K. Gas Chro-matographic Detector for Selective and Sensitive Detection of Atmospheric Organic Nitrates; Anal. Chem. 1994, 66, 3737-3743.
  • O’Brien, J.M.; Shepson, P.B.; Muthuramu, K.; Hao, C.; Niki, H.; Hasite, D.R. Measurements of Alkyl and Multifunctional Organic Nitrates at a Rural Site in Ontario; J. Geophys. Res. 1995, 100, 22,795–22,804.
  • Zedda, D.; Keigley, G.W.; Joseph, D.W.; Spicer, C.W. Development of a New High Sensitivity Monitor for Peroxyacetyl Nitrate and Results from the West-Central Mediterranean Region. In Air Pollution VI— Sixth International Conference on Air Pollution; Brebbia, C.A., Ratto, C.F., Power, H., Eds.; WIT Press: Southampton, 1998; pp 79-88.
  • Tanimoto, H.; Hirokawa, J.; Kajii, Y.; Akimoto, H. A New Measurement Technique of Peroxyacetyl Nitrate at Parts Per Trillion by Volume Levels: Gas Chromatography/Negative Ion Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry; J. Geophys. Res. 1999, 104, 21343-21354.
  • Tanimoto, H.; Hirokawa, J.; Kajii, Y.; Akimoto, H. Characterization of Gas Chromatography/Negative Ion Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrom-etry for Ambient Measurement of PAN: Potential Interferences and Long- Term Sensitivity Drift; Geophys. Res. Lett. 2000, 27, 2089-2092.
  • Hansel, A.; Wisthaler, A. A Method for Real-Time Detection of PAN, PPN and MPAN in Ambient Air; Geophys. Res. Lett. 2000, 27, 895-898.
  • Roberts, J. NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory, Boulder, CO. Personal communication, 2001.
  • Neuman, J.A.; Huey, L.G.; Ryerson, T.B.; Fahey, D.W. Study of Inlet Materials for Sampling Atmospheric Nitric Acid; Environ. Sci. Technol. 1999, 33, 1133-1136.
  • Anlauf, K.G.; Fellin, P.; Wieve, H.A.; Schiff, H.I.; Mackay, G.I.; Braman, R.S.; Gilbert, R. A Comparison of Three Methods for Measurement of Atmospheric Nitric Acid and Aerosol Nitrate and Ammonium; Atmos. Environ. 1985, 19, 325-333.
  • Spicer, C.W.; Howes, J.E., Jr.; Bishop, T.A.; Arnold, L.H.; Stevens, R.K. Nitric Acid Measurement Methods: An Intercomparison; Atmos. Environ. 1982, 16, 1487-1500.
  • Walega, J.G.; Dye, J.E.; Grahek, F.E.; Ridley, B.A. Compact Measurement System for the Simultaneous Determination of NO, NO2, NOy, and O3 Using a Small Aircraft. In Proceedings of SPIE—The International Society of Optical Engineering, Bellingham, WA, 1991; pp 232-241.
  • Sickles, J.E., II; Hodson, L.L.; McClenny, W.A.; Paur, R.J.; Ellestad, T.G.; Mulik, J.D.; Anlauf, K.G.; Wiebe, H.A.; Mackay, G.I.; Schiff, H.I.; Bubacz, D.K. Field Comparison of Methods for the Measurement of Gaseous and Particulate Contributors to Acidic Dry Deposition; Atmos. Environ. 1990, 24A, 155-165.
  • Hering, S.V.; Lawson, D.R.; Allegrini, I.; Febo, A.; Perrino, C.; Possanzini, M.; Sickles, J.E., II; Anlauf, K.G.; Wiebe, A.; Appel, B.R.; et al. The Nitric Acid Shootout: Field Comparison of Measurement Methods; Atmos. Environ. 1988, 22, 1519-1539.
  • Braman, R.S.; Shelley, T.J.; McClenny, W.A. Tungstic Acid for Preconcentration and Determination of Gaseous and Particulate Ammonia and Nitric Acid in Ambient Air; Anal. Chem. 1982, 54, 358-364.
  • McClenny, W.A.; Gailey, P.C.; Braman, R.S.; Shelley, T.J. Tungstic Acid Technique for Monitoring Nitric Acid and Ammonia in Ambient Air; Anal. Chem. 1982, 54, 365-369.
  • Roberts, J.M.; Norton, R.B.; Goldan, P.D.; Fehsenfeld, F.C. Evaluation of the Tungsten Oxide Denuder Tube Technique as a Method for the Measurement of Low Concentrations of Nitric Acid in the Troposphere; J. Atmos. Chem. 1987, 5, 217-238.
  • Klockow, D.; Niessner, R.; Malejczyk, M.; Kiendl, H.; Berg, B.; vom Keuken, M.P.; Wayers-Ypelaan, A.; Slanina, J. Determination of Nitric Acid and Ammonium Nitrate by Means of a Computer-Controlled Thermodenuder System; Atmos. Environ. 1989, 23, 1131-1138.
  • Tanner, R.L.; Valente, R.J.; Meagher, J.F. Measuring Inorganic Nitrate Species with Short Time Resolution from an Aircraft Platform by Dual-Channel Ozone Chemiluminescence; J. Geophys. Res. 1998, 103, 22387-22395.
  • Dasgupta, P.K.; Philips, D.A. A Diffusion Scrubber for the Collection of Gaseous Nitric Acid; Sep. Sci. Technol. 1987, 22, 1255-1267.
  • Vecera, Z.; Dasgupta, P.K. Measurement of Ambient Nitrous Acid and a Reliable Calibration Source for Gaseous Nitrous Acid; Environ. Sci. Technol. 1991, 25, 255-260.
  • Vecera, Z.; Dasgupta, P.K. Measurement of Atmospheric Nitric and Nitrous Acids with a Wet Effluent Diffusion Denuder and Low-Pressure Ion Chromatograph-Postcolumn Reaction Detection; Anal. Chem. 1991, 63, 2210-2216.
  • Simon, P.K.; Dasgupta, P.K. Wet Effluent Denuder Coupled Liquid/Ion Chromatography Systems. Annular and Parallel Plate Denuders; Anal. Chem. 1993, 65, 1134-1139.
  • Taira, M.; Kanda, Y. Wet Effluent Diffusion Denuder for Sampling of Atmospheric Gaseous Nitric Acid; Anal. Chem. 1993, 65, 3171-3173.
  • Buhr, S.M.; Buhr, M.P.; Fehsenfeld, F.C.; Holloway, J.S.; Karst, U.; Norton, R.B.; Parrish, D.D.; Sievers, R.E. Development of a Semi-Continuous Method for the Measurement of Nitric Acid Vapor and Particulate Nitrate and Sulfate; Atmos. Environ. 1995, 29, 2609-2624.
  • Simon, P.K.; Dasgupta, P.K. Continuous Automated Measurement of Gaseous Nitric and Nitrous Acids and Particulate Nitrite and Nitrate; Environ. Sci. Technol. 1995, 29, 1534-1541.
  • Keuken, M.P.; Schoonebeek, C.A.M.; Van Wensveen-Louter, A.; Slanina, J. Simultaneous Sampling of NH3, HNO3, HCl, SO2, and H2O2 in Ambient Air by Wet Annular Denuder System; Atmos. Environ. 1988, 22, 2541-2548.
  • Oms, M.T.; Jongejan, P.A.C.; Veltkamp, A.C.; Wyers, G.P.; Slanina, J. Continuous Monitoring of Atmospheric HCl, HNO2, HNO3, and SO2 by Wet-Annular Denuder Air Sampling with On-Line Chromato-graphic Analysis; Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. 1996, 62, 207-218.
  • Kanda, U.; Taira, M. Simultaneous Determination of Atmospheric Nitric Acid and Nitrous Acid by Reduction with Hydrazine and Ascorbic Acid with Chemiluminescence Detection; Analyst 1992, 117, 883-887.
  • Cofer, W.R., III; Collins, V.G.; Talbot, R.W. Improved Aqueous Scrubber for Collection of Soluble Atmospheric Trace Gases; Environ. Sci. Technol. 1985, 19, 557-560.
  • Talbot, R.W.; Vijgen, A.S.; Harriss, R.C. Measuring Tropospheric HNO3: Problems and Prospects for Nylon Filter and Mist Chamber Techniques; J. Geophys. Res. 1990, 95, 7553-7561.
  • Lefer, B.L.; Talbot, R.W.; Harriss, R.C.; Bradshaw, J.D.; Sandholm, S.T.; Olson, J.O.; Sasche, G.W.; Collins, J.; Shipham, M.A.; Blake, D.R.; et al. Enhancement of Acidic Gases in Biomass Burning Impacted Air Masses over Canada; J. Geophys. Res. 1994, 99, 1721-1737.
  • Mauldin, R.L.; Tanner, D.J.; Eisele, F.L. A New Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometer Technique for the Fast Measurement of Gas Phase Nitric Acid in the Atmosphere; J. Geophys. Res. 1998, 103, 3361-3367.
  • Huey, L.G.; Dunlea, E.J.; Lovejoy, E.R.; Hanson, D.R.; Norton, R.B.; Fehsenfeld, F.C.; Howard, C.J. Fast Time Response Measurements of HNO3 in Air with a Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometer; J. Geophys. Res. 1998, 103, 3355-3360.
  • Fehsenfeld, F.C.; Huey, L.G.; Sueper, D.T.; Norton, R.B.; Williams, E.J.; Eisele, F.L.; Mauldin, R.L., III; Tanner, D.J. Ground-Based Intercomparison of Nitric Acid Measurement Techniques; J. Geophys. Res. 1998, 103, 3343-3353.
  • Dibb, J. University of New Hampshire, Manchester, NH. Personal communication, 2001.
  • Tuazon, E.C.; Winer, A.M.; Pitts, J.N., Jr. Trace Pollutant Concentrations in a Multiday Smog Episode in the California South Coast Air Basin by Long Path Length Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy; Environ. Sci. Technol. 1981, 15, 1232-1237.
  • Zhou, X.; Qiao, H.; Deng, G.; Civerolo, K. A Method for the Measurement of Atmospheric HONO Based on DNPH Derivatization and HPLC Analysis; Environ. Sci. Technol. 1999, 33, 3672-3679.
  • Simon, P.K.; Dasgupta, P.K. Continuous Automated Measurement of the Soluble Fraction of Atmospheric Particulate Matter; Anal. Chem. 1995, 67, 71-78.
  • Khlystov, A.; Wyers, G.P.; Slanina, J. The Steam-Jet Aerosol Collector; Atmos. Environ. 1995, 29, 2229-2234.
  • Weber, R.J.; Orsini, D.; Daun, Y.; Lee, Y.-N.; Klotz, P.J.; Brechtel, F. A Particle-into-Liquid Collector for Rapid Measurement of Aerosol Bulk Chemical Composition; Aerosol Sci. Technol. 2001, 35, 718-727.
  • Spicer, C.W.; Joseph, D.W.; Schumacher, P.M. Determination of Nitrate in Atmospheric Particulate Matter by Thermal Decomposition and Chemiluminescence; Anal. Chem. 1985, 57, 2338-2341.
  • Yamamoto, M.; Kosaka, H. Determination of Nitrate in Deposited Aerosol Particles by Thermal Decomposition and Chemiluminescence; Anal. Chem. 1994, 66, 362-367.
  • Stolzenburg, M.R.; Hering, S.V. Method for the Automated Measurement of Fine Particle Nitrate in the Atmosphere; Environ. Sci. Technol. 2000, 34, 907-914.
  • Noble, C.A.; Prather, K.A. Real-Time Measurement of Correlated Size and Composition Profiles of Individual Atmospheric Aerosol Particles; Environ. Sci. Technol. 1996, 30, 2667-2680.
  • Liu, D.-Y.; Prather, K.A.; Hering, S.V. Variations in the Size and Chemical Composition of Nitrate-Containing Particles in Riverside, CA; Aerosol Sci. Technol. 2000, 33, 71-86.
  • Murphy, D.M.; Thomson, D.S. Chemical Composition of Single Aerosol Particles at Idaho Hill: Negative Ion Measurements; J. Geophys. Res. 1997, 102, 6353-6368.
  • Fahey, D.W.; Eubank, C.S.; Hubler, G.; Fehsenfeld, F.C. Evaluation of a Catalytic Reduction Technique for the Measurement of Total Reactive Odd-Nitrogen NOy in the Atmosphere; J. Atmos. Chem. 1985, 3, 435-468.
  • Parrish, D.D.; Buhr, M.P.; Trainer, M.; Norton, R.B.; Shimshock, J.P.; Fehsenfeld, F.C.; Anlauf, A.G.; Bottenheim, J.W.; Tang, Y.Z.; Wiebe, H.A.; et al. The Total Reactive Oxidized Nitrogen Levels and the Partitioning between the Individual Species at Six Rural Sites in Eastern North America; J. Geophys. Res. 1993, 98, 2927-2939.
  • Harrison, R.M.; Grenfell, J.L.; Yamulki, S.; Clemitshaw, K.C.; Pendett, S.A.; Cape, J.N.; McFadyen, G.G. Budget of NOy Species Measured at a Coastal Site; Atmos. Environ. 1999, 33, 4255-4272.
  • Hashmonay, R.A.; Yost, M.G.; Wu, C.-F. Computed Tomography of Air Pollutants Using Radial Scanning Path-Integrated Optical Remote Sensing; Atmos. Environ. 1999, 33, 267-274.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.