707
Views
7
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Technical Paper

A Life-Cycle Comparison of Several Auxiliary Blowing Agents Used for the Manufacture of Rigid Polyurethane Foam

&
Pages 469-477 | Published online: 22 Feb 2012

References

  • American Plastics Institute. Polyurethane End Use Markets U.S. and Canada 1998 and Projected 2000; http://www.polyurethane.org/ (accessed 2001).
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Handbook for Reducing and Eliminating Chlorofluorocarbons in Flexible Polyurethane Foams; 21A-4002; Office of Air and Radiation: Washington, DC, 1991.
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Best Management Practices for Pollution Prevention in the Slabstock and Molded Flexible Polyurethane Foam Industry; EPA/625/R-96/005; Office of Research and Development: Cincinnati, OH, 1996.
  • Woods, G. The ICI Polyurethanes Book; Wiley & Sons, Inc.: New York, 1987.
  • Molina, M.J.; Rowland, F.S. Stratospheric Sink for Chlorofluoromethanes: Chlorine Atom-Catalysed Destruction of Ozone; Nature 1974, 249, 810-812.
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Protection of Stratospheric Ozone; Listing of Substitutes in the Foam Sector, Final Rule; 40 CFR Part 82; Fed. Regist. 2002, 67, 47703-47721.
  • Decaire, B.R.; Pham, H.T.; Richard, R.G.; Shankland, I.R. Blowing Agents: The Next Generation; J. Cell. Plastics 1994, 30, 11-33.
  • Sand, J.R.; Fischer, S.K.; Baxter, V.D. Energy and Global Warming Impacts of HFC Refrigerants and Emerging Technologies; U.S. Department of Energy: Oak Ridge, TN, 1997; pp 1-34, 131-142.
  • Shreve, R.; Brink, J.A. Chemical Process Industries; McGraw-Hill: Kogakusha, Tokyo, Japan, 1977.
  • Midgley, P.M.; Fisher, D.A. The Production and Release to the Atmosphere of Chlorodifluoromethane (HCFC-22); Atmos. Env. 1993, 27a, 2215-2223.
  • Boustead, I. Eco-Profiles of the European Plastics Industry, Reports 1 thru 9; Association of Plastics Manufacturers in Europe: Brussels, 1991-1997.
  • Energy Information Association. Electric Power Annual 1998 Volume II; Washington, DC, 1999; http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/epav2/epav2.pdf.
  • Energy Information Association. Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the US 1999; Washington, DC, 2000; http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/ggrpt/index.htm.
  • Campbell, N.J.; McCulloch, A. The Climate Implications of Manufacturing Refrigerants; Trans. Inst. Chem. Eng. 1998, Part B, V76, 239-244.
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Emission Factor Documentation for AP-42 Section 1.3, Fuel Oil Combustion; Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Office of Air and Radiation: Research Triangle Park, NC, 1993.
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Emission Factor Documentation for AP-42 Section 1.4, Natural Gas Combustion; Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Office of Air and Radiation: Research Triangle Park, NC, 1998.
  • Banks, R.E.; Clarke, E.K.; Johnson, E.P.; Sharratt, P.N. Environmental Aspects of Fluorinated Materials: Part 3; Trans. IChemE. 1998, 76, 229-238.
  • Fisher, D.A.; Hales, C.H.; Filkin, D.L.; Ko, M.K.W., Sze, N.D.; Commell, P.S.; Wuebbles, D.J.; Isaksen, I.S.A.; Stordal, F. Model Calculations of the Relative Effects of CFC’s and Their Replacements on Stratospheric Ozone; Nature 1990, 344, 508-512.
  • Atkinson, R.; Baulch, D.L.; Cox, R.A.; Hampson, R.F.; Kerr, J.A.; Troe, J. Towards Quantitative Understanding of Atmospheric Ozone; Planet. Space Sci. 1989, 37, 1605-1620.
  • Ozone Depletion and Chlorine Loading Potential, Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 1991, Volume 1; Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project; Report Number 25; World Meteorological Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, 1992.
  • Executive Summary: Supporting Evidence and Other Results, Scientific Assessment of Stratospheric Ozone: 1989, Volume 1; Report Number 20; World Meteorological Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, 1990.
  • Scientific Assessment of Stratospheric Ozone, Volume 2; Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project; Report Number 20; World Meteorological Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, 1989.
  • Lashof, D.A.; Aluja, D.R. Relative Contributions of Greenhouse Gas Emissions to Global Warming; Nature 1990, 344, 529-531.
  • Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis; Houghton, J.T., Ding, Y., Griggs, D.J., Noguer, M., van der Linden, P.J., Dai, X., Maskell, K, Johnson, C.A., Eds.; Third Assessment Report; Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change; http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/index.htm (accessed 2001).
  • Information Technology Specialists, Inc. Residential Energy Efficiency Database; http://www.its-canada.com/reed/insul/in-insul.htm (accessed 2000).
  • Cecchini, C.; Cellarosi, B.; Cancellier, V. Alternative Blowing Agents for CFC Free Rigid PU Foams; J. Cell. Plastics 1993, 29, 159-176.
  • Creazzo, J.A.; Hammel, H.S.; Cicalo, K.J.; Schindler, P. Zero-ODP Blowing Agents for Polyurethane Foams; J. Cell. Plastics 1990, 31, 154-176.
  • Creazzo, J.A.; Hammel, H.S. Replacing CFC-11 with HCFC-22 in Polyurethane Foam; J. Cell. Plastics 1993, 29, 144-158.
  • Berrier, R.E.; Singh, S.N.; Costa, J.S. Hydrocarbon Blown Rigid Polyurethane Foam for the Boardstock Industry—A Novel Approach; J. Cell. Plastics 1999, 35, 311-327.
  • CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 59th ed.; Weast, R.C., Ed.; CRC Press: West Palm Beach, FL, 1978.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.