Comparison of the 1-Hr and 8-Hr National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Ozone Using Models-3

References

• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Ozone, Final Rule; Fed. Regist. 1997, 62, 38855-38896.
   Google Scholar
• Bassett, S.M. EPA Retains Considerable Latitude in Its Implementation of 8-Hour Ozone NAAQS; Pollut. Eng. 2001, 33, 16-18.
   Google Scholar
• Brunekreef, B.; Dockery, D.W.; Krzyzanowski, M. Epidemiologic Studies on Short-Term Effects of Low Levels of Major Ambient Air Pollution Components; Environ. Health Perspect. 1995, 103 (Supp 2), 3-13.
   Google Scholar
• Lippmann, M. Health Effects of Tropospheric Ozone: Review of Recent Research Findings and Their Implications to Ambient Air Quality Standards; J. Expos. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. 1993, 3, 103-129.
   Google Scholar
• Schwartz, J. PM10, Ozone, and Hospital Admissions for the Elderly in Minneapolis–St. Paul, Minnesota; Arch. Environ. Health 1994, 49, 366-374.
   Google Scholar
• Schwartz, J. Air Pollution and Hospital Admissions for the Elderly in Detroit, Michigan; Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1994, 1250, 648-655.
   Google Scholar
• Weisel, C.P.; Cody, R.P.; Lioy, P.J. Relationship between Summertime Ambient Ozone Levels and Emergency Department Visits for Asthma in Central New Jersey; Environ. Health Perspect. 1995, 103 (Supp 2), 97-102.
   Google Scholar
• Yang, W.; Jennison, B.L.; Omaye, S.T. Air Pollution and Emergency Room Visits in Reno, Nevada; Inhal. Toxicol. 1997, 9, 15-29.
   Google Scholar
• Chameides, W.L., Saylor, R.D.; Cowling, E.B. Ozone Pollution in the Rural United States and the New NAAQS; Science 1997, 276, 916.
   Google Scholar
• Berman, Ss.; Ku, J.-Y.; Rao, S.T. Spatial and Temporal Variation in the Mixing Depth over the Northeastern United States during the Summer of 1995; J. Appl. Meteorol. 1999, 38, 1661-1673.
   Google Scholar
• Deuel, H.P.; Douglas, S.G. Regional Ozone Patterns in the Eastern U.S. 1985–1995: Statistical Pattern Analysis and Classification and Regression Tree (CART), Analysis in Support of the Ozone Transport and Assessment Group (OTAG) Modeling Effort; SYSAPP-96/50; Prepared for Southeast Modeling Center; Systems Applications International: San Rafael, CA, 1996.
   Google Scholar
• Meagher, J.F.; Cowling, E.B.; Fehsenfeld, F.C.; Parkhurst, W.J. Ozone Formation and Transport in Southeastern United States: Overview of the SOS Nashville Middle Tennessee Ozone Study; J. Geophys. Res — Atmos. 1998, 103, 22213-22223.
   Google Scholar
• Ryan, W.F. Forecasting Severe Ozone Episodes in the Baltimore Metropolitan Area; Atmos. Environ. 1995, 29, 2387-2398.
   Google Scholar
• Ryan, W.F.; Doddridge, B.G.; Dickerson, R.R.; Morales, R.M.; Hallock, K.A.; Roberts, P.T.; Blumenthal, D.L.; Anderson, J.A.; Civerolo, K.L. Pollutant Transport during a Regional O3 Episode in the Mid-Atlantic States; J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 1998, 48, 786-797.
   Google Scholar
• Ryan, W.F.; Piety, C.A.; Luebehusen, E.D. Air Quality Forecasts in the Mid-Atlantic Region: Current Practice and Benchmark Skill; Weather Forecast. 2000, 15, 46-60.
   Google Scholar
• Schichtel, B.A.; Husar, R.B. Eastern North American Transport Climatology during High- and Low-Ozone Days; Atmos. Environ. 2001, 35, 1029-1038.
   Google Scholar
• Seaman, N.L.; Michelson, S.A. Mesoscale Meteorological Structure of a High-Ozone Episode during the 1995 NARSTO-Northeast Study;J. Appl. Meteorol. 2000, 39, 384-398.
   Google Scholar
• Sistla, G.; Zhou, N.; Hao, W.; Ku, J.-Y.; Rao, S.T.; Bornstein, R.; Freedman, F. Effects of Uncertainties in Meteorological Inputs on Urban Airshed Model Predictions and Ozone Control Strategies; Atmos. Environ. 1996, 30, 2011-2025.
   Google Scholar
• Vukovich, F.M. Regional-Scale Boundary-Layer Ozone Variations in the Eastern United States and Their Association with Meteorological Variations; Atmos. Environ. 1995, 29, 2259-2273.
   Google Scholar
• Vukovich, F.M. Aspects of Subregional Ozone Variations in the SOS Region; Atmos. Environ. 1998, 32, 3881-3889.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, J.; Rao, S.T.; Daggupaty, S.M. Meteorological Processes and Ozone Exceedances in the Northern United States during the 12–16 July 1995 Episode; J. Appl. Meteorol. 1998, 37, 776-789.
   Google Scholar
• PSU/NCAR Mesoscale Modeling System Tutorial Class Notes and User’s Guide: MM5 Modeling System Version 3; National Center for Atmospheric Research, Mesoscale and Microscale Meteorology Division: Boulder, CO, 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Otte, T.L. Developing Meteorological Fields. In Guidance on Urban Airshed Model (UAM) Reporting Requirements for Attainment Demonstration; EPA/454/R-93/056; EPA Regional Offices and Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards: Research Triangle Park, NC, 1994.
   Google Scholar
• Otte, T.L. Personal communications regarding modification of MM5 for fdda and one-way nesting. EPA, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Atmospheric Modeling Division, Research Triangle Park, NC, 2000.
   Google Scholar
• EPA Third-Generation Air Quality Modeling System: Models-3 Volume 9a System Installation and Operation Manual; EPA/600/R-98/069a; EPA Office of Research and Development: Washington, DC, 1998.
   Google Scholar
• EPA Third-Generation Air Quality Modeling System: Models-3 Volume 9b User Manual; EPA/600/R-98/069b; EPA Office of Research and Development: Washington, DC, 1998.
   Google Scholar
• EPA Third-Generation Air Quality Modeling System: Models-3 User Manual: Standard Tutorial; EPA/600/R-98/069c; EPA Office of Research and Development: Washington, DC, 1998.
   Google Scholar
• Science Algorithms of the EPA Models-3 Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) Modeling System; Byun, D.W., Ching, J.K.S., Eds.; EPA/600/R-99/030; EPA Office of Research and Development: Washington DC; EPA National Exposure Research Laboratory: Research Triangle Park, NC, 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Guideline for Regulatory Application of Urban Airshed Model; EPA/450/4/91/013; EPA Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards: Research Triangle Park, NC, 1991.
   Google Scholar
• Guidance on Urban Airshed Model (UAM) Reporting Requirements for Attainment Demonstration; EPA/454/R-93/056; EPA Regional Offices and Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards: Research Triangle Park, NC, 1994.
   Google Scholar
• Russell, A.; Dennis, R. NARSTO. Critical Review of Photochemical Models and Modeling; Atmos. Environ. 2000, 34, 2283-2324.
   Google Scholar
• Barickman, P.; Swart, R. Status Report on the Wasatch Front Ozone Study; UDAQ Document DAQT-078–97; Utah Department of Environmental Quality, Division of Air Quality: Salt Lake City, UT, 1997.
   Google Scholar
• Hanna, S.R.; Moore, G.E.; Fernau, M.E. Evaluation of Photochemical Grid Models (UAM-IV, UAM-V, and the ROM/UAM-IV Couple) Using Data from the Lake Michigan Ozone Study (LMOS); Atmos. Environ. 1996, 30, 3265-3279.
   Google Scholar
• Hogrefe, C.; Trivikrama Rao, S.; Kasibhatla, P.; Hao, W.; Sistla, G.; Mathur, R.; McHenry, J. Evaluating the Performance of Regional-Scale Photochemical Modeling Systems: Part II—Ozone Predictions; Atmos. Environ. 2001, 35, 4175-4188.
   Google Scholar
• Sistla, G.; Hao, W.; Ku, J.-Y.; Kallos, G.; Zhang, K.; Mao, H.; Trivikrama Rao, S. An Operational Evaluation of Two Regional-Scale Ozone Air Quality Modeling Systems over the Eastern United States; Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 2001, 82, 945-963.
   Google Scholar
• Tesche, T.W.; McNally, D.E. Photochemical Modeling of Two 1984 SCCAMP Ozone Episodes; J. Appl. Meteorol. 1991, 30, 745-763.
   Google Scholar
• Jiang, W.; Hedley, M.; Singleton, D.L. Comparison of the MC2/Calgrid and SAIMM/UAM-V Photochemical Modelling Systems in the Lower Fraser Valley, British Columbia; Atmos. Environ. 1998, 32, 2969-2980.
   Google Scholar
• Kumar, N.; Russell, A.G.; Tesche, T.W.; McNally, D.E. Evaluation of the CALGRID Using Two Different Ozone Episodes and Comparison to UAM Results; Atmos. Environ. 1994, 28, 2823-2845.
   Google Scholar
• Sistla, G.; Zhou, N.; Hao, W.; Ku, J.-Y.; Rao, S.T.; Bornstein, R.; Freedman, F. Effects of Uncertainties in Meteorological Inputs on Urban Airshed Model Predictions and Ozone Control Strategies; Atmos. Environ. 1996, 30, 2011-2025.
   Google Scholar
• Bell, M.L. Air Pollution and Human Health. Ph.D. Dissertation, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 2002.
   Google Scholar
• Bell, M. L.; Ellis, H. Sensitivity Analysis of Tropospheric Ozone to Modified Biogenic Emissions for the Mid-Atlantic Region, to be submitted for publication, 2003.
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Census Bureau. United States 2000 Census; U.S. Department of Commerce: Washington, DC, 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Saylor, R.D.; Chameides, W.L.; Chang, M.E. Demonstrating Attainment in Atlanta Using Urban Airshed Model Simulations: Impact of Boundary Conditions and Alternative Forms of the NAAQS; Atmos. Environ. 1999, 33, 1057-1064.
   Google Scholar
• Alcorn, S.H.; Roberts; P.T.; Main, H.H. Comparison of 8-Hour and 1-Hour Ozone Exceedances in the Mid-Atlantic Region, Final Report; STI-998482– 1874-FR2; Sonoma Technology, Petulma, CA; Prepared for MARAMA: Baltimore, MD, 1999.
   Google Scholar
• St. John, J.C.; Chameides, W.L. Climatology of Ozone Exceedances in the Atlanta Metropolitan Area: 1-Hour vs 8-Hour Standard and the Role of Plume Recirculation Air Pollution Episodes; Environ. Sci. Technol. 1997, 31, 2797-2804.
   Google Scholar
• Lin, C.-Y.C.; Jacob, D.J.; Fiore, A.M. Trends in Exceedances of the Ozone Air Quality Standard in the Continental United States, 1980– 1998; Atmos. Environ. 2001, 35, 3217-3228.
   Google Scholar
• Baumgardner, R.E.; Edgerton, E.S. Rural Ozone across the Eastern United States: Analysis of CASTNet Data, 1988–1995; J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 1998, 48, 674-688.
   Google Scholar
• Chameides, W.L.; Saylor, R.D.; Cowling, E.B. Ozone Pollution in the Rural United States and the New NAAQS; Science 1997, 276, 916.
   Google Scholar
• Saylor, R.D.; Chameides, W.L.; Cowling, E.B. Implications of the New Ozone National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Compliance in Rural Areas; J. Geophys. Res.—Atmos. 1998, 103, 31137-31141.
   Google Scholar