Emissions of Organic Compounds and Trace Metals in Fine Particulate Matter from Motor Vehicles: A Tunnel Study in Houston, Texas

References

• Cadle, S.H.; Mulawa, P.A.; Ball, J.; Donase, C.; Weibel, A.; Sagebiel, J.C.; Knapp, K.T.; Snow, R. Particulate Emission Rates from In-Use High-Emitting Vehicles Recruited in Orange County, CA; Environ. Sci. Technol. 1997, 31, 3405–3412.
   Google Scholar
• Garg, B.D.; Cadle, S.H.; Mulawa, P.A.; Groblicki, P.J.; Laroo, C.; Parr, G.A. Brake Wear Particulate Matter Emissions; Environ. Sci. Technol. 2000, 34, 4463–4469.
   Google Scholar
• Stechmann, H.; Dannecker, W. Characterization and Source Analysis of Vehicle-Generated Aerosols; J. Aerosol Sci. 1990, 21, 287–290.
   Google Scholar
• Sternbeck, J.A.; Sjodin, A.; Andreasson, K. Metal Emissions from Road Traffic and the Influence of Resuspension—Result from Two Tunnel Studies; Atmos. Environ. 2002, 36, 4735–4744.
   Google Scholar
• Eldering, A.; Cass, G.R. Source Oriented Model for Air Pollutant Effects on Visibility; J. Geophys. Res. 1996, 101, 19343–19369.
   Google Scholar
• National Research Council. Research Priorities for Airborne Particulate Matter; National Academy Press: Washington, DC, 1998.
   Google Scholar
• Dockery, D.; Pope, C.; Xu, X.; Spengler, J.; Ware, J.; Fay, M.; Ferris, B.; Speizer, F. An Association between Air Pollution and Mortality in Six U.S. Cities; New Engl. J. Med. 1993, 329, 1753–1759.
   Google Scholar
• Program Summary: Research on Diesel Exhaust; Health Effects Institute: Cambridge, MA, 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Kagawa, J. Health Effects of Diesel Exhaust Emissions—A Mixture of Air Pollutants of Worldwide Concern; Toxicol. 2002, 181–182, 349–353.
   Google Scholar
• Lloyd, A.C. Cackette, T.A. Diesel Engines: Environmental Impact and Control; J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 2001, 51, 809–847.
   Google Scholar
• National Research Council. Modeling Mobile Source Emissions; National Academy Press: Washington, DC, 2000.
   Google Scholar
• National Research Council. Emerging Emissions Testing Technologies in Evaluating Vehicle Emissions Inspection and Maintenance Program; National Academy Press: Washington, DC, 2001.
   Google Scholar
• Sawyer, R.F.; Harley, R.A.; Cadle, S.H.; Norbeck, J.M.; Slott, R.; Bravo, H.A. Mobile Sources Critical Review: 1998 NARSTO Assessment; Atmos. Environ. 2000, 34, 2161–2181.
   Google Scholar
• Gertler, A.W.; Sagebiel, J.C.; Wittorff, D.N.; Pierson, W.R.; Dippel, W.A.; Freeman, D.; Sheetz, L. Vehicle Emissions in Five Urban Tunnels; Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV: Report to the Coordinating Research Council: Atlanta, GA, 1997.
   Google Scholar
• Gertler, A.W.; Gillies, J.A.; Pierson, W.R.; Rogers, C.F.; Sagebiel, J.C.; Abu-Allaban, M.; Coulombe, W.; Tarnay, L.; Cahill, T.A. Emissions from Diesel and Gasoline Engines Measured in Highway Tunnels: Real World Particulate Matter and Gaseous Emissions from Motor Vehicles in a Highway Tunnel; Health Effects Institute Research: Cambridge, MA, 2002.
   Google Scholar
• Kirchstetter, T.W.; Harley, R.A.; Kreisberg, N.M.; Stolzenburg, M.R.; Hering, S.V. On-Road Measurement of Fine Particle and Nitrogen Oxide Emissions from Light- and Heavy-Duty Motor Vehicles; Atmos. Environ. 1999, 33, 2955–2968.
   Google Scholar
• Marr, L.C.; Kirchstetter, T.W., Harley, R.A.; Miguel, A.H.; Hering, S.V.; Hammond, S.K. Characterization of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Motor Vehicle Fuels and Exhaust Emissions; Environ. Sci. Technol. 1999, 33, 3091–3099.
   Google Scholar
• Cadle, S.H.; Mulawa, P.A.; Hunsanger, E.C.; Nelson, K.; Ragazzi, R.A.; Barret, R.; Gallagher, G.L.; Lawson, D.; Knapp, K.T.; Snow, R. Composition of Light-Duty Motor Vehicle Exhaust Particulate Matter in the Denver, CO Area; Environ. Sci. Technol. 1999, 33, 2328–2339.
   Google Scholar
• Fraser, M.P.; Cass, G.R.; Simoneit, B.R.T. Gas-Phase and Particle-Phase Organic Compounds Emitted from Motor Vehicle Traffic in a Los Angeles Roadway Tunnel; Environ. Sci. Technol. 1998, 32, 2051–2060.
   Google Scholar
• Fraser, M.P.; Lakshmanan, K.; Fritz, S.G.; Ubanwa, B. Variation in the Composition of Fine Particulate Emissions from Heavy-Duty Diesel Vehicles; J. Geophys. Res. 2002, 107 (D21), 8346–8351.
   Google Scholar
• Schauer, J.J.; Rogge, W.F.; Hildmann, L.M.; Mazurek, M.A.; Cass, G.R.; Simoneit, B.R.T. Source Apportionment of Airborne Particulate Matter Using Organic Compounds as Tracers; Atmos. Environ. 1996, 30, 3837–3855.
   Google Scholar
• Menzie, C.A.; Potocki, B.B.; Santodonato, J.S. Exposure to Carcinogenic PAHs in the Environment; Environ. Sci. Technol. 1992, 26, 1278–1284.
   Google Scholar
• Huang, X.; Olmez, I.; Aras, N.K. Emission of Trace Elements from Motor Vehicles: Potential Marker Elements and Source Composition Profile; Atmos. Environ. 1994, 28, 1385–1391.
   Google Scholar
• Chow, J.C. Measurement Methods to Determine Compliance with Ambient Air Quality Standards for Suspended Particles; J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 1995, 45, 320–382.
   Google Scholar
• Ghrose, P.M. Trace Element Analysis of Airborne Particulates by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy, Inductively Coupled Plasma– Atomic Emission Spectroscopy and Inductively Coupled Plasma–Mass Spectrometry. In Elemental Analysis of Airborne Particles; Gordan and Breach Science Publisher: Amsterdam, 1999; pp 1–65.
   Google Scholar
• Microwave Enhanced Chemistry: Fundamentals, Sample Preparation, and Applications; Kingston, H.M., Haswell, S.J., Eds.; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1997; p 772.
   Google Scholar
• Kulkarni, P.; Chellam, S.; Ghurye, G.; Fraser, M.P. In Situ Generation of Hydrofluoric Acid during Microwave Digestion of Atmospheric Particulate Matter Prior to Trace Element Analysis Using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry; Environ. Eng. Sci. 2003, 20, 517–531.
   Google Scholar
• McGaughey, G.R.; Desai, N.R.; Allen, D.T.; Seila, R.L.; Lonneman, W.A.; Fraser, M.P.; Harley, R.A.; Pollack, A.K.; Ivy, J.M.; Price, J.H. Analysis of Motor Vehicle Emissions in a Houston Tunnel during the Texas Air Quality Study 2000; Atmos. Environ. 2004, 38, 3363–3372.
   Google Scholar
• Fraser, M.P.; Buzcu, B.; Yue, Z.W.; McGaughey, G.R.; Desai, N.R.; Allen, D.T.; Seila, R.L.; Lonneman, W.A.; Harley, R.A. Separation of Fine Particulate Matter Emitted from Gasoline and Diesel Vehicles Using Chemical Mass Balancing Techniques; Environ. Sci. Technol. 2003, 37, 3904–3909.
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. User’s Guide to MOBILE5 (Mobile Source Emission Factor Model); EPA-AA-TEB-94–01; Office of Mobile Sources, Office of Air Radiation: Ann Arbor, MI, 1994.
   Google Scholar
• John, W.; Reischl, G. A Cyclone for Size Selective Sampling of Ambient Air; J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc. 1980, 30, 872–876.
   Google Scholar
• Mazurek, M.A.; Simoneit, B.R.T.; Cass, G.R.; Gray, H.A. Quantitative High-Resolution Gas Chromatography and High-Resolution Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry Analyses of Carbonaceous Fine Aerosol Particles; Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. 1987, 29, 119–139.
   Google Scholar
• Fraser, M.P.; Cass, G.R.; Simoneit, B.R.T. Particulate Organic Compounds Emitted from Motor Vehicle Exhaust and in the Urban Atmosphere; Atmos. Environ. 1999, 33, 2715–2724.
   Google Scholar
• Liang, C.K.; Pankow, J.F.; Odum, J.R.; Seinfeld, J.H. Gas/Particle Partitioning of Semivolatile Organic Compounds to Model Inorganic, Organic, and Ambient Smog Aerosols; Environ. Sci. Technol. 1997, 31, 3086-3092.
   Google Scholar
• Pankow, J.F.; Bidleman, T.F. Interdependance of the Slopes and Intercepts from Log-Log Correlations of Measured Gas-Particle Partitioning and Vapor Pressure. 1. Theory and Analysis of Available Data; Atmos. Environ. 1992, 26A, 1071–1080.
   Google Scholar
• Pankow, J.F. An Adsorption. Model of Gas/Particle Partitioning of Organic Compounds in the Atmosphere; Atmos. Environ. 1994, 28, 185–188.
   Google Scholar
• Massart, D.L.; Vandeginste, B.G.M.; Buydens, L.M.C.; De Jong, S.; Lewi, P.J.; Smeyers-Verbeke, J. Handbook of Chemometrics and Qualimetrics: Part A. Data Handling in Science and Technology; Elsevier: Amsterdam, 1997; Volume 20A.
   Google Scholar
• Pyle, S.M.; Nocerino, J.M.; Deming, S.M.; Palasota, J.A.; Palasota, J.M.; Miller, E.L.; Hillman, D.C.; Kuharic, C.A.; Cole, W.H.; Fitzpartick, P.M.; et al. Comparison of AAS, ICP-AES, PSA, and XRF in Determining Lead and Cadmium in Soil; Environ. Sci. Technol. 1996, 30, 204–213.
   Google Scholar
• Sagebiel, J.C.; Zielinska, B.; Pierson, W.R.; Gertler, A.W. Real-World Emissions and Calculated Reactivities of Organic Species from Motor Vehicles; Atmos. Environ. 1996, 30, 2287–2296.
   Google Scholar
• Wingfors, H.; Sjodin, A.; Haglund, P.; Brorstrom-Lunden, E. Characterization and Determination of Profiles of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in a Traffic Tunnel in Gothenburg, Sweden; Atmos. Environ. 2001, 35, 6361–6369.
   Google Scholar
• Pierson, W.R.; Gertler, A.W.; Robinson, N.F.; Sagebiel, J.C.; Zielinska, B.; Bishop, G.A.; Stedman, D.H.; Zweidinger, R.B.; Ray, W.D. Real World Automotive Emissions—Summary of Studies in the Fort McHenry and Tuscarora Mountain Tunnels; Atmos. Environ. 1996, 30, 2233-2256.
   Google Scholar
• Singer, B.C.; Harley, R.A. A Fuel-Based Inventory of Motor Vehicle Exhaust Emission Inventory; J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 1996, 46, 581–593.
   Google Scholar
• Kulkarni, P. M.S. Thesis, University of Houston, TX, August 2003.
   Google Scholar
• Hildemann, L.M.; Gregory, R.M.; Cass, G.R. Chemical Composition of Emissions from Urban Sources of Fine Organic Aerosol; Environ. Sci. Technol. 1991, 25, 744–759.
   Google Scholar
• Chow, J.C.; Watson, J.G.; Ashbaugh, L.L.; Maglino, K.L. Similarities and Differences in PM10 Chemical Source Profiles for Geological Dust from the San Joaquin Valley, CA; Atmos. Environ. 2003, 37, 1317–1340.
   Google Scholar
• Stacy, F.D. Physics of the Earth, 2nd ed.; Wiley: New York, 1977.
   Google Scholar
• Kitto, M.E.; Landerson, D.; Gordon, G.E.; Olmez, I. Rare Earth Distributions in Catalysts and Airborne Particles; Environ. Sci. Technol. 1992, 26, 1368–1375.
   Google Scholar
• Sorme, L.; Bergback, B.; Lohm, U. Goods in the Anthroposphere as Metal Emissions Source—A Case Study of Stockholm, Sweden; Water, Air, Soil Pollut.: Focus 2001, 1, 213–227.
   Google Scholar
• Westerlund, K.G. Metal Emission from Stockholm Traffic—Wear of Brake Linings. Reports from SLB Analysis No. 3: 2001; The Stockholm Environment and Health Protection Administration: Stockholm, 2001.
   Google Scholar
• Pierson, W.R.; Brachaczek, W.W. Particulate Matter Associated with Vehicles on Road; Aerosol Sci. Tech. 1983, 2, 21-40.
   Google Scholar