An Assessment of the Sensitivity and Reliability of the Relative Reduction Factor Approach in the Development of 8-hr Ozone Attainment Plans

REFERENCES

• Draft Guidance on the Use of Models and Other Analyses in Attainment Demonstrations for the 8-Hour Ozone NAAQS; Environmental Protection Agency: Research Triangle Park, NC, 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Hogrefe, C.; Rao, S.T.; Zurbenko, I.G.; Porter, P.S. Interpreting Information in Time Series of Ozone Observations and Model Predictions Relevant to Regulatory Policies in the Eastern United States; Bull. Amer. Met. Soc. 2000, 81, 2083–2106.
   Google Scholar
• Sistla, G.; Hogrefe, C.; Hao, W.; Ku, J.-Y; Zalewesky, E.; Henry, R.F.; Civerolo, K. An Operational Assessment of the Application of the Relative Reduction Factors (RRF) in Demonstration of Attainment of the 8-hr Ozone National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS); J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 2004, 54, 950–959.
   Google Scholar
• Byun, D.W.; Ching, J.K.S. Science Algorithms of the EPA MODELS3 Community Multiscale Air Quality (MODELS-3) Modeling System; Environmental Protection Agency: Research Triangle Park, NC, 1999.
   Google Scholar
• User’s Guide to the Comprehensive Air Quality Model with Extensions (CAMx) Version 3.10; ENVIRON: Novato, CA, 2002. Available at: http://www.camx.com/pdf/CAMx3.UsersGuide.020410.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Walko, R.L.; Tremback, C.J.; Hertenstein, R.F.A. RAMS—The Regional Atmospheric Modeling System, Version 3b, User’s Guide; ASTER Division, Mission Research Corporation: Fort Collins, CO, 1995.
   Google Scholar
• Grell, G.A.; Dudhia, J.; Stauffer, D. A Description of the Fifth-Generation Penn State/NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5); NCAR Technical Note; National Center for Atmospheric Research: Boulder, CO, 1994.
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. ftp://ftp.epa.gov/ modelingcenter/Clear_skies/CSA2003/Emissions/ (accessed 2003).
   Google Scholar
• Sistla, G.; Hao, W.; Ku, J.-Y.; Kallos, G.; Zhang, K.; Mao, H.; Rao, S.T. An Operational Evaluation of Two Regional-Scale Ozone Air Quality Modeling Systems over the Eastern United States; Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. 2001, 82, 945–964.
   Google Scholar
• Hogrefe, C.; Rao, S.T.; Kasibhatla, P.; Kallos, G.; Tremback, C.; Hao, W.; Olerud, D.; Xiu, A.; McHenry, J.; Alapaty, K. Evaluating the Performance of Regional-Scale Photochemical Modeling Systems: Part I—Meteorological Predictions; Atmos. Environ, 2001, 35, 4159–4174.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, K.; Mao, H.; Civerolo, K.; Berman, S.; Ku, J.-Y.; Rao, S.T.; Doddridge, B.; Philbrick, C.R.; Clark, R. Numerical Investigation of Boundary-Layer Evolution and Nocturnal Low-Level Jets: Local Versus Non-Local PBL Schemes; Env. Fluid. Mech. 2001, 171–208.
   Google Scholar
• Gery, M.W.; Whitten, G.Z.; Killus, J.P.; Dodge, M.C.A. Photochemical Kinetics Mechanism for Urban and Regional-Scale Computer Modeling; J. Geophys. Res. 1989, 94, 12925–12956.
   Google Scholar
• Stockwell, W.R.; Middleton, P.; Chang, J.S.; Tang, X. The Second-Generation Regional Acid Deposition Model Chemical Mechanism for Regional Air Quality Modeling; J. Geophys. Res. 1990, 95, 16343–16367.
   Google Scholar
• Air Quality Modeling Technical Support Document for the Proposed Interstate Air Quality Rule; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: Research Triangle Park, NC, 2004. Available at: http://www.epa.gov/inter-stateairquality/tsd0162.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Houyoux, M.; Vukovich; J.; Brandmeyer, J.E. Sparse Matrix Operator Kernel Emissions Modeling System—SMOKE User Manual; MCNC-Environmental Modeling Center: Research Triangle Park, NC, 2002.
   Google Scholar
• Guideline for Regulatory Application of the Urban Airshed Model; EPA-450/ 4–91-013; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: Research Triangle Park, NC, July 1991.
   Google Scholar
• Hogrefe, C.; Rao, S.T. Demonstrating Attainment of the Air Quality Standards: Integration of Observations and Model Predictions into the Problematic Framework; J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 2001, 35, 891–904.
   Google Scholar