Temporal Analysis of Airborne Particulate Matter Reveals a Dose-Rate Effect on Mortality in El Paso: Indications of Differential Toxicity for Different Particle Mixtures

References

• Dominici, F.; McDermott, A.; Daniels, M.; Zeger, S.L.; Samet, J.M. Mortality Among Residents of 90 Cities; Revised Analysis of Time-Series Studies of Air Pollution and Health; Health Effects Institute Research Report, 2003, Special Report, Part II, pp 9-24.
   Google Scholar
• Li, W.W.; Orquiz, R.; Garcia, J.H.; Espino, T.T.; Pingitore, N.E.; Gardea-Torresdey, J.; Chow, J.; Watson, J.G. Analysis of Temporal and Spatial Dichotomous PM Air Samples in the El Paso-Cd. Juarez Air Quality Basin; J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 2001, 51, 1551-1560.
   Google Scholar
• Jeon, S.J.; Meuzelaar, H.L.C.; Sheya, S.A.N.; Lighty, J.A.S.; Jarman, W.M.; Kasteler, C.; Sarofim, A.F. Exploratory Studies of PM10 Receptor and Source Profiling by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and Principal Component Analysis of Temporally and Spatially Resolved Ambient Samples; J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 2001, 51, 766-784.
   Google Scholar
• Noble, C.A.; Mukerjee, S.; Gonzales, M.; Rodes, C.E.; Lawless, P.A.; Natarajan, S.; Myers, E.A.; Norris, G.A.; Smith, L.; Ozkaynak, H.; Neas, L.M. Continuous Measurement of Fine and Ultrafine Particulate Matter, Criteria Pollutants and Meteorological Conditions in Urban El Paso, Texas; Atmos. Environ. 2003, 37, 827-840.
   Google Scholar
• Peters, A.; Dockery, D.W.; Muller, J.E.; Mittleman, M.A. Increased Particulate Air Pollution and the Triggering of Myocardial Infarction; Circulation. 2001, 103, 2810-2815.
   Google Scholar
• Nemmar, A.; Hoet, P.H.M.; Vanquickenborne, B.; Dinsdale, D.; Thomeer, M.; Hoylaerts, M.F.; Vanbilloen, H.; Mortelmans, L.; Nemery, B. Passage of Inhaled Particles Into the Blood Circulation in Humans; Circulation 2002, 105, 411-414.
   Google Scholar
• Salvi, S.; Blomberg, A.; Rudell, B.; Kelly, F.; Sandstrom, T.; Holgate, S.T.; Frew, A. Acute Inflammatory Responses in the Airways and Peripheral Blood After Short-Term Exposure to Diesel Exhaust in Healthy Human Volunteers; Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1999, 159, 702-709.
   Google Scholar
• Salvi, S.; Nordenhall, C.; Blomberg, A.; Rudell, B.; Pourazar, J.; Kelly, F.J.; Wilson, S.; Sandstrom, T.; Holgate, S.T.; Frew, A.J. Acute Exposure to Diesel Exhaust Increases IL-8 and gasoline range organics-Α Production in Healthy Human Airways; Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2000, 161, 550-557.
   Google Scholar
• Garcia, J.H.; Li, W.W.; Arimoto, R.; Okrasinski, R.; Greenlee, J.; Walton, J.; Schloesslin, C.; Sage, S. Characterization of Potential Fugitive Dust Sources in the Paso del Norte Region; Science Total Environ. 2004, 325, 95-112.
   Google Scholar
• Samet, J.M.; Zeger, S.L.; Dominici, F.; Curriero, F.; Coursac, I.; Dockery, D.W.; Schwartz, J.; Zanobetti, A. The National Morbidity, Mortality, and Air Pollution Study. Part II: Morbidity, Mortality, and Air Pollution in the United States; Health Effects Institute Research Report 2000, Vol. 94, Part II: pp 5–79 .
   Google Scholar
• PM2000: Particulate Matter and Health- The Scientific Basis for Regulatory Decision-Making; J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 2000, 50, 1073– 1268.
   Google Scholar
• Schwartz, J.; Dockery D.W.; Neas, L.M. Is Daily Mortality Associated Specifically with Fine Particles?; J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 1996, 46, 2-14.
   Google Scholar
• Schwartz, J.; Norris, G.; Larson, T.; Sheppard, L.; Claiborne, C.; and Koenig, J. Episodes of High Coarse Particle Concentrations Are Not Associated with Increased Mortality; Environ. Health Perspect. 1999, 107, 339-342.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, R.L.; Spitzner, D.; Kim, Y.; Fuentes, M. Threshold Dependence of Mortality Effects for Fine and Coarse Particles in Phoenix, Arizona; J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 2000, 50, 1367-1379.
   Google Scholar
• Dominici, F.; McDermott, A.; Zeger, S.L.; Samet, J.M. Airborne Particulate Matter and Mortality: Timescale Effects in Four US Cities; Am. J. Epidemiol. 2003, 157, 1055-1065.
   Google Scholar
• Schwartz, J. Nonparametric Smoothing in the Analysis of Air Pollution and Respiratory Illness; Canadian J. Stat. 1994, 22, 471-487.
   Google Scholar
• Castro, P.E.; Lawton, W.H.; Sylvestre, E.A. Principal Modes of Variation for Processes with Continuous Sample Curves; Technometrics. 1986, 28, 329-337.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, R.A.; Wichern, D.W. Applied Multivariate Statistical Analysis; Prentice Hall: Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1998.
   Google Scholar
• Rice, J.A.; Silverman, B.W. Estimating the Mean and Covariance Structure Nonparametrically when the Data are Curves; J. R. Statist. Soc. B. 1991, 53, 233-243.
   Google Scholar
• Service, S.K.; Rice, J.A.; Chavez, F.P. Interactions Among Physical and Biological Variables During the Upwelling Period in Monterey Bay, CA; Deep Sea Research 1997, 45, 1669-1685.
   Google Scholar
• Jones, M.C.; Rice, J.A. Displaying the Important Features of Large Collections of Similar Curves; Am. Stat. 1992, 46, 140-145.
   Google Scholar
• Ramsay, J.O.; Silverman, B.W. Functional Data Analysis. New York: Springer Series in Statistics, 1997.
   Google Scholar
• Silverman, B.W. Smoothed Functional Principal Components Analysis by Choice of Norm; Ann. Stat. 1996, 24, 1-24.
   Google Scholar
• Murr, L.E.; Esquivel, E.V.; Bang, J.J. Characterization of Nanostructure Phenomena in Airborne Particulate Aggregates and their Potential for Respiratory Health Effects; J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Med. 2004, 15, 1-11.
   Google Scholar
• Bang, J.J.; Trillo, E.A.; Murr, L.E. Utilization of Selected Area Electron Diffraction Patterns for Characterization of Air Submicron Particulate Matter Collected by a Thermophoretic Precipitator; J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 2003, 53, 227-236.
   Google Scholar
• Parks, N.J.; Staniswalis, J.G.; Bader J.; Mu˜noz, Y. Association of Particulate Matter Levels with Daily Mortality After Windstorms, Still-Air Inversions and Closely-Timed Combinations. Report to the Center for Border Health Research, El Paso, Texas 2003. http://www.statlab.utep. edu/sample_projects.htm
   Google Scholar
• Maynard, A.D.; Maynard, R.L. A Derived Association Between Ambient Aerosol Surface Area and Excess Mortality Using Historic Time Series Data; Atmos. Environ. 2002, 36, 5561-5567.
   Google Scholar
• Moshammer, H.; Neuberger, M. The Active Surface of Suspended Particles as a Predictor of Lung Function and Pulmonary Symptoms in Australian School Children; Atmos. Environ. 2003, 37, 1737-1744.
   Google Scholar