254
Views
4
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Technical Paper

Relative Accuracy Testing of an X-Ray Fluorescence-Based Mercury Monitor at Coal-Fired Boilers

, , &
Pages 657-665 | Published online: 29 Feb 2012

References

  • National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Hazardous Waste Combustors (Phase I Final Replacement Standards and Phase II); Proposed Rule; Fed. Regist. 2004, 69, 21197-21385.
  • Proposed Clear Skies Act of 2005, Bill #S. 131; Washington, DC: 109th Congress; January 24, 2005.
  • Standards of Performance for New and Existing Stationary Sources: Electric Utility Steam Generating Units, Final Rule; Fed. Regist. 2005, 70, 28606-28700.
  • Performance specification 12a; 40 CFR 60, Appendix B; Fed. Regist. 2005, 70, 28674-28677.
  • Performance Specification 10; Proposed Amendment to 40 CFR 60, Appendix B; available on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency web site, http://www.epa.gov/ttn/emc/propperf/ps-10.pdf (accessed June 2004).
  • Buckley, S.G.; Johnsen, H.A.; Hencken, K.R.; Hahn, D.W. Implementation of Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy as a Continuous Emissions Monitor for Toxic Metals; Waste Manage. 2000, 20, 455-462.
  • Seltzer, M.D. Performance Testing of a Multimetals Continuous Emissions Monitor; J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 2000, 50, 1010-1016.
  • Kilgroe, J.D.; Sedman, C.B.; Srivastava, R K.; Ryan, J.V.; Lee, C.W.; Thorneloe, S.W. Chapter 4: Measurement of Mercury; In Control of Mercury Emissions from Coal-Fired Electric Utility Boilers: Interim Report Including Errata Data 3-21-02; EPA-600/R-01-109; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: Washington, DC, April 2002; available on the EPA Website, http://www.epa.gov/ORD/NRMRL/pubs600r01109/600R01109. pdf, (accessed May 2005).
  • Long-Term Field Evaluation of Mercury (Hg) Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems: Coal-Fired Power Plant Equipped With Dry Flue Gas Desulfurization/Fabric Filtration Emission Controls Phase III (Field Work Performed May-July 2003), Final Report; EPA Contract 68-D2-01-002, Work Assignment 3-04, MRI Project No. 110130.3.004; Midwest Research Institute, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards Emissions: Research Triangle Park, NC, 2003.
  • Norton, G.A.; Eckels, D.E. Laboratory Evaluation of a Mercury CEM Using Atomic Absorption with a Deuterium Background Correction System; Environ. Sci. Technol. 2002, 36, 1767-1773.
  • Zamzow, D.S.; Bajic, S.J.; Eckels, D.E.; Baldwin, D.P.; Winterrowd, C.; Keeney, R. Real-Time Atomic Absorption Mercury Continuous Emission Monitor; Rev. Sci. Instrum. 2003, 74, 3774-3783.
  • Kellie, S.; Duan, Y.F.; Cao, Y.; Chu, P.; Mehta, A.; Carty, R.; Liu, K.L.; Pan, W.P.; Riley, J.T. Mercury Emissions from a 100-MW Wall-Fired Boiler as Measured by Semicontinuous Mercury Monitor and Ontario Hydro Method; Fuel Proc. Tech. 2004, 85, 487-499.
  • Hay, K.J.; Johnsen, B.E.; Cooper, J.A. X-Ray Fluorescence-Based Multi-Metal Continuous Emission Monitor: Development; TR-05-3; U. S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Construction Engineering Research Laboratory (ERDC/CERL): Champaign, IL, 2005.
  • Myers, J.; Kelly, T.; Lawrie, C.; Riggs, K. Environmental Technology Verification Report: Cooper Environmental Services XCEM Multi-Metals Continuous Emission Monitor; available on U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Web site, http://www.epa.gov/etv/pdfs/vrvs/02_vr_cooper_xmcem.pdf (accessed April 2004).
  • Hay, K.J.; Boddu, V.M.; Johnsen, B.E.; Cooper, J.A. X-Ray Fluorescence-Based Multi-Metal Continuous Emission Monitor: Technology Demonstration; TR-05-9; U. S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Construction Engineering Research Laboratory (ERDC/CERL): Champaign, IL, 2005.
  • Johnsen, B.E.; Cooper, J.A.; Fry, S.; Nakanishi, M.; Barth, D.; Ginochio, P.; Hay, K.J.; Lambert, R. X-Ray Based Continuous Emissions Monitor of Mercury and Other Elements; In Proceedings of 23rd International Conference on Incineration and Thermal Treatment Technologies, Phoenix, AZ, 2004; University of Maryland: College Park, MD, 2004, Paper No. 17b.
  • Cooper, J.A.; Johnsen, B.E.; Fry, S.C.; Nakanishi, M.P. Evaluation of a New Filter for Use in Multi-Metal and Mercury CEMs: Mercury Trapping Efficiency. In Proceedings of International Conference on Air Quality III, Arlington, VA, 2003; Energy and Environmental Research Center (EERC): Grand Forks, ND, 2003, Paper No. B2.
  • Cooper, J.A.; Fry, S.C.; Johnsen, B.E. Apparatus and Methods for Removing Mercury from Fluid Streams. U.S. Patent 6,872,370, 2005.
  • Cooper, J.A.; Johnsen, B.E.; Petterson, K.; Yanca, C.A. Method 301 Evaluation of Candidate Alternative Reference Methods: X-Ray Based Filter Method (XFM), Instrumental Multi-Metals Method (Xact), Quantitative Reference Aerosol Generator (QAG); Cooper Environmental Services, LLC: Portland, OR, 2005.
  • Standard Test Method for Elemental, Oxidized, Particle-Bound, and Total Mercury in Flue Gas Generated from Coal-Fired Stationary Sources (Ontario Hydro Method); D 6784-02; American Society for Testing and Materials: West Conshohocken, PA.
  • Atmospheric Mercury Research Update; Electric Power Research Institute, available on U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Web site, www.epa.gov/mercury/adfs/OAR-2002-0056-2589.pdf (accessed May 2005).
  • Method 29, Determination of Metals Emissions from Stationary Sources, Appendix A; Code of Federal Regulations, Part 60, Title 40, 1996.
  • Rigo, H.G.; Chandler, A.J. Quantification Limits of Reference Methods 23, 26, and 29; J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 1999, 49, 399-411.
  • Reference Method Accuracy and Precision (ReMAP): Phase 1, Precision of Manual Stack Emission Measurements; Report No. CRTD-60; American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Research Committee on Industrial and Municipal Waste: Washington, DC, 2001.
  • Dunham, G.E.; Miller, S.J. Evaluation of Activated Carbon for Control of Mercury from Coal-fired Boilers; In Proceedings of Joint Power and Fuel Systems Contractor Review Meeting; National Energy Technology Laboratory, Department of Energy: Pittsburgh, PA, July 1996.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.