Concentrations and Source Characteristics of Airborne Carbonyl Compounds Measured Outside Urban Residences

References

• Leikauf, G.D. Formaldehyde and other aldehydes. In Environmental Toxicants; John Wiley & Sons: New York, NY, 2000; pp 409-448.
   Google Scholar
• Nuclear Regulatory Commission Board on Toxicology and Environmental Health Hazards. Formaldehyde and Other Aldehydes; National Research Council, National Academy Press: Washington, DC, 1981.
   Google Scholar
• International Agency for Research on Cancer. Wood Dust and Formal-dehyde; 62; International Agency for Research on Cancer: Lyon, France, 1995.
   Google Scholar
• Krzyzanowski, M.; Quackenboss, J.J.; Lebowitz, M.D. Chronic Respiratory Effects of Indoor Formaldehyde Exposure; Environ. Res. 1990, 52, 117-125.
   Google Scholar
• Cogliano, V.J.; Grosse, Y.; Baan, R.A.; Straif, K.; Secretan, M.B.; El Ghissassi, F. Meeting Report: Summary of IARC Monographs on Form-aldehyde, 2-Butoxyethanol, and 1-Tert-Butoxy-2-propanol; Environ. Health Perspect. 2005, 113, 1205-1208.
   Google Scholar
• Fehsenfeld, F.; Calvert, J.; Fall, R.; Goldan, P.; Guenther, A.B.; Hewitt, N.C.; Lamb, B.; Liu, S.; Trainer, M.; Westberg, H.; Zimmermann, P.; Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds from Vegetation and the Implication for Atmospheric Chemistry; Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 1992, 6, 389-430.
   Google Scholar
• Grosjean, D.; Grosjean, E. Airborne Carbonyls from Motor Vehicle Emissions in Two Highway Tunnels; Health Effects Institute: Boston, MA, 2002; pp 57-78.
   Google Scholar
• Grosjean, D.; Grosjean, E.; Gertler, A.W. On-Road Emissions of Carbonyls from Light-Duty and Heavy-Duty Vehicles; Environ. Sci. Technol. 2001, 35, 45-53.
   Google Scholar
• Ho, J.; Winer, A.M. Effects of Fuel Type, Driving Cycle, and Emission Status on In-Use Vehicle Exhaust Reactivity; J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 1998, 48, 592-603.
   Google Scholar
• Kean, A.J.; Grosjean, E.; Grosjean, D.; Harley, R.A. On-Road Measurement of Carbonyls in California Light-Duty Vehicle Emissions; Environ. Sci. Technol. 2001, 35, 4198-4204.
   Google Scholar
• Altshuller, A.P. Production of Aldehydes as Primary Emissions and from Secondary Atmospheric Reactions of Alkenes and Alkanes during Night and Early Morning Hours; Atmos. Environ. 1993, 27A, 21-32.
   Google Scholar
• Granby, K.; Christensen, C.S.; Louse, C. Urban and Semi-Rural Observations of Carboxylic Acids and Carbonyls; Atmos. Environ. 1997, 73, 39-54.
   Google Scholar
• Carlier, P.; Hannachi, H.; Mouvier, G. The Chemistry of Carbonyl Compounds in the Atmosphere—A Review; Atmos. Environ. 1986, 20, 2079-2099.
   Google Scholar
• Bakeas, E.B.; Argyris, D.I.; Siskos, P.A. Carbonyl Compounds in the Urban Environment of Athens, Greece. Chemosphere, 2003, 52, 805-813.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson, L.; Lanning, J.; Barrell, R.; Miyagishima, J.; Jones, R.; Wolfe, P. Sources and Sinks of Formaldehyde and Acetaldehyde: an Analysis of Denver’s Ambient Concentration Data; Atmos. Environ. 1996, 30, 2113-2123.
   Google Scholar
• Ferrari, C.P.; Kaluzny, P.; Roche, A.; Jacob, V.C.; Foster, P. Aromatic Hydrocarbonys and Aldehydes in the Atmosphere of Grenoble, France; Chemosphere, 1998, 37, 1587-1601.
   Google Scholar
• MacIntosh, D.; Simmer-Dauphinee, S.; Manning, R.; Williams, P. Aldehyde Concentrations in Ambient Air of Coastal Georgia, USA; Environ. Monit. Assess. 2000, 63, 409-429.
   Google Scholar
• Montero, L.; Vasconcellos, P.C.; Souza, S.R.; Pires, M.A.; Sanchez-Ccoyllo, O.R.; Andrade, M.F.; Carvalho, L. Measurements of Atmospheric Carboxylic Acids and Carbonyl Compounds in Sao Paulo City, Brazil; Environ. Sci. Technol. 2001, 35, 3071-3081.
   Google Scholar
• Sin, D.; Wong, Y.; Louie, P. Trends of Ambient Carbonyl Compounds in the Urban Environment of Hong Kong; Atmos. Environ. 2001, 35, 5961-5969.
   Google Scholar
• Weisel, C.P.; Zhang, J.; Turpin, B.J.; Morandi, M.T.; Colome, S.; Stock, T.H.; Spektor, D.M. Relationship of Indoor, Outdoor, and Personal Air (RIOPA); Health Effects Institute: Boston, MA; and Mickey Leland National Urban Air Toxics Research Center: Houston, TX, 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Weisel, C.P.; Zhang, J.; Turpin, B.J.; Morandi, M.T.; Colome, S.; Stock, T.H.; Spektor, D.M.; Korn, L.; Winer, A.; Alimokhtari, S.; Kwon, J.; Mohan, K.; Harrington, R.; Giovanetti, R.; Cui, W.; Afshar, M.; Maberti, S.; Shendell, D. Relationship of Indoor, Outdoor and Personal Air (RIOPA) Study: Study Design, Methods and Quality Assurance/Control Results; J. Expo. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. 2005, 15, 123-137.
   Google Scholar
• Kwon, J. Development of a RIOPA Database and Evaluation of the Effect of Proximity on the Potential Residential Exposure to VOCs from Ambient Sources. Ph.D. Dissertation, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Grosjean, D.; Formaldehyde and Other Carbonyls in Los Angels Ambient Air; Environ. Sci. Technol. 1982, 16, 254-262.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, J.; Zhang, L.; Fan, Z.; Ilaqua, V. Development of the Personal Aldehydes and Ketones Sampler (PAKS) Based upon DNSH Derivatization on Solid Sorbent; Environ. Sci. Technol. 2001, 34, 2601-2607.
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. AirData: Access to Air Pollution Data. Available at http://www.epa.gov/air/data/ (accessed 2003).
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. National Emission Inventory Documentation and Data, Final Version 3.0. Available at http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/net/1999inventory.html (accessed 2003).
   Google Scholar
• Possanzini, M.; Palo, V.D.; Petricca, M.; Fratarcangeli, R.; Brocco, D. Measurements of Lower Carbonyls in Rome Ambient Air; Atmos. Environ. 1996, 30, 3757-3764.
   Google Scholar
• Turpin, B.J.; Huntzicker, J.J. Identification of Secondary Organic Aerosol Episodes and Quantitation of Primary and Secondary Organic Aerosol Concentrations during SCAQS; Atmos. Environ. 1995, 29, 3527-3544.
   Google Scholar
• Cabada, J.C.; Pandis, S.N.; Subramanian, R.; Robinson, A.L.; Polidori, A.; Turpin, B.J. Estimating the Secondary Organic Aerosol Contribution to PM2.5 Using the Elemental Carbon Tracer Method. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 2004, 38, 140-155.
   Google Scholar
• Department of Transportation New Jersey. 2004. Straight Line Diagrams. Available at http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/refdata/sldiag/Union.pdf (accessed 2004).
   Google Scholar
• Cerqueira, M.A.; Pio, C.A.; Gomes, P.A.; Matos, J.S.; Nunes, T.V. VOCs in Rural Atmospheres of Central Portugal; Sci. Total Environ. 2003, 313, 49-60.
   Google Scholar
• Mueller, K. Determination of Aldehydes and Ketones in the Atmosphere—A Comparative Long Time Study at an Urban and a Rural Site in Eastern Germany; Chemosphere, 1997, 35, 2093-2106.
   Google Scholar
• Shepson, P.B.; Hastie, D.R.; Schiff, H.I.; Polizzi, M.; Bottenheim, J.W.; Anlauf, K.; Mackay, G.I.; Karecki, D.R. Atmospheric Concentrations and Temporal Variations of C1-C3 Carbonyl Compounds at Two Rural Sites in Central Ontario; Atmos. Environ. 1991, 25A, 2001-2015.
   Google Scholar
• Christensen, C.S.; Skov, H.; Nielsen, T.; Lohse, C. Temporal Variation of Carbonyl Compound Concentrations at a Semi-Rural Site in Denmark; Atmos. Environ. 2000, 34, 287-296.
   Google Scholar
• Grosjean, D.; Miguel, A.H.; Tavares, T.M. Urban Air Pollution in Brazil: Acetaldehyde and Other Carbonyls; Atmos. Environ. 1990, 24B, 101-106.
   Google Scholar
• Ho, K.F.; Lee, S.C.; Louie, K.K.; Zou, S.C. Seasonal Variation of Carbonyl Compound Concentrations in Urban Area of Hong Kong; Atmos. Environ. 2002, 36, 1259-1265.
   Google Scholar
• Baez, A.; Padilla, H.; Garcia, R.; Torres Mdel, C.; Rosas, I.; Belmont, R. Carbonyl Levels in Indoor and Outdoor Air in Mexico City and Xalapa, Mexico; Sci. Total Environ. 2003, 302, 211-226.
   Google Scholar
• Chu, S.H. Stable Estimate of Primary Organic Carbon/Elemental Carbon Ratios in the EC Tracer Method; Atmos. Environ. 2005, 39, 1383-1392.
   Google Scholar