Characterization of Livestock Odors Using Steel Plates, Solid-Phase Microextraction, and Multidimensional Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry–Olfactometry

References

• National Research Council. Air Emissions from Animal Feeding Operations: Current Knowledge, Future Needs. The National Academies Press: Washington, DC, 2003.
   Google Scholar
• Schaeffer, J. Sampling, Characterization and Analysis of Malodors; Agric. Environ. 1977, 3, 121-127.
   Google Scholar
• Spoelstra, S.F. Origin of Objectionable Odorous Components in Piggery Wastes and the Possibility of Applying Indicator Components for Studying Odour Development; Agric. Environ. 1980, 5, 241-260.
   Google Scholar
• Yasuhara, A.; Fuwa, K.; Jimbu, M. Identification of Odorous Compounds in Fresh and Rotten Swine Manure; Agric. Biol. Chem. 1984, 48, 3001-3010.
   Google Scholar
• O’Neal, D.H.; Phillips, V.R. A Review of the Control of Odour and Nuisance From Livestock Buildings: Part 3, Properties of the Odorous Substances Which Have Been Identified in Livestock Wastes or in the Air around Them; J. Agric. Eng. Res. 1992, 53, 23-50.
   Google Scholar
• Zahn, J.A.; Hatfield, J.L.; Laird, D.A.; Hart, T.T.; Do, Y.S. DiSpirito, A.A. Functional Classification of Swine Manure Management Systems Based on Effluent and Gas Emission Characteristic; J. Environ. Qual. 2001, 30, 635-647.
   Google Scholar
• Schiffman, S.S.; Bennett, J.L.; Raymer, J.H. Quantification of Odors and Odorants from Swine Operations in North Carolina; Agric. Forest Meteorol. 2001, 108, 213-240.
   Google Scholar
• Koziel, J.A.; Lo, Y.C.; Wright, D.; Trabue, S.; Kerr, B. The Use of SPME and Multidimensional GC-MS-Olfactometry System for Identification of Key Odorants from Swine Manure. In Proceedings of the 2005 AWMA Annual Meeting and Exhibition, Minneapolis, MN; AW&MA: Pittsburgh, PA, 2005; Paper 996.
   Google Scholar
• Day, D.L.; Hensen, E.L.; Anderson, S. Gases and Odors in Confinement Swine Buildings; Trans. ASAE. 1965, 8, 118-121.
   Google Scholar
• Hammond, E.G.; Fedler, C.; Smith, R.J. Analysis of Particle-Borne Swine House Odor; Agric. Environ. 1981, 6, 395-401.
   Google Scholar
• Hammond, E.G.; Fedler, C.; Junk, G. Identification of Dust-Borne Odors in Swine Confinement Facilities; Trans. ASAE. 1979, 22, 1186-1189.
   Google Scholar
• Razote, E.B.; Maghirang, R.G.; Seitz, L.M.; Jeon, J.J. Characterization of Volatile Organic Compounds on Airborne Dust in a Swine Finishing Barn; Trans. ASAE. 2004, 47, 1231-1238.
   Google Scholar
• Cai L.; Koziel, J.A.; Lo, Y.C.; Hoff, S.J. Characterization of VOCs and Odorants Associated with Swine Barn Particulate Matter Using SPME and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry-Olfactometry; J. Chromatogr. A 2006, 1102, 60-72.
   Google Scholar
• ASTM. E697-91. Standard Practice for Determining Odor and Taste Thresholds by Force-Choice Concentration Series Method of Limits. In Annual Book of Standards; American Society of Testing and Materials: Philadelphia, PA, 2001.
   Google Scholar
• CEN. Determination of Odor Intensity Using Dynamic Serial Dilution Olfactometry; Draft European Standard CEN/TC264; CEN: 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Koziel, J.A.; Spinhirne, J.P.; Lloyd, J.; Parker, D.B.; Wright, D.; Kuhrt, F. Evaluation of Sample Recoveries of Malodorous Gases for Odor Bags, SPME, Air Sampling Canisters, and Sorbent Tubes; J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 2005, 55, 1147-1157.
   Google Scholar
• Rabaud, N.; Ebeler, S.; Ashbaugh, L.; Floccinni, R. Characterization and Quantification of Odorous and Non-Odorous Volatile Organic Compounds near a Commercial Dairy in California; Atmos. Environ. 2003, 37, 933-940.
   Google Scholar
• Willig, S.; Lacorn, M.; Claus, R. Development of a Rapid and Accurate Method for the Determination of Key Compounds of Pig Odor;J.Chromatogr.A 2004,1038,11-18.
   Google Scholar
• Trabue, S.L.; Scoggin, K.; Koziel, J.A. Relative Humidity and Its Effect on the Breakthrough Volumes and Analysis of Volatile Fatty Acids on Sorbent Tubes. In Proceedings of the Joint AWMA and WEF International Conference on Animal Agriculture and Processing: Managing Environmental Impacts; St. Louis, MO; AW&MA: Pittsburgh, PA, 2005; Paper 05-AAGR-4-AWMA.
   Google Scholar
• Pelletier, F.; Marquis, A.; Godbout, S.; Jonkas, R.; Larouche, J.-P.; Masse, D.; Begue, P. Gas and Odor Emissions from Swine Building Materials; Trans. ASAE 2005, 48, 721-728.
   Google Scholar
• Wright, D.W.; Nielsen, L.; Eaton, D.; Kuhrt, F.; Koziel, J.A.; Spinhirne, J.P.; Parker, D.B. Multidimensional GC-MS-Olfactometry for Identification and Prioritization of Malodors from Confined Animal Feeding Operations; J. Agric. Food Chem. 2005, 53, 8663-8672.
   Google Scholar
• Wright, D.W.; Mahler, K.O.; Ballard, L.B. The Application of an Expanded Multidimensional GC System to Complex Fragrance Evaluations; J. Chrom. Sci. 1986, 24, 60-65.
   Google Scholar
• Wright, D.W. Application of Multidimensional Gas Chromatography Techniques to Aroma Analysis. In: Techniques for Analyzing Food Aroma; Marsili, R., Ed.; Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York,NY,1997;pp113-141.
   Google Scholar
• Wark, K.; Warner, C.F.; Davis, W.T. Air Pollution: Its Origin and Control, ed. 3; Addison Wesley Longman, Inc.: 1998.
   Google Scholar
• Koziel, J.A.; Pawliszyn, J. Air Sampling and Analysis of VOCs with Solid Phase Microextraction; J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 2001, 51, 173-184.
   Google Scholar
• Davis, W.T. Air Pollution Engineering Manual. John Wiley & Sons: New York, NY, 2000.
   Google Scholar