Indoor/Outdoor Relationships, Trends, and Carbonaceous Content of Fine Particulate Matter in Retirement Homes of the Los Angeles Basin

References

• Air Quality Criteria for Particulate Matter; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: Research Triangle Park, NC, 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Ghio, A.J.; Devlin, R.B. Inflammatory Lung Injury after Bronchial Instillation of Air Pollution Particles; Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2001, 164, 704–708.
   Google Scholar
• Dye, J.A.; Lehmann, J.R.; McGee, J.K.; Winsett, D.W.; Ledbetter, A.D.; Everitt, J.I.; Ghio, A.J.; Costa, D.L. Acute Pulmonary Toxicity of Particulate Matter Filter Extracts in Rats: Coherence with Epidemiological Studies in Utah Valley Residents; Environ. Health Perspect. 2001, 109, 395–403.
   Google Scholar
• McClellan, R.O. Setting Ambient Air Quality Standards for Particulate Matter. Toxicology 2002, 181-182, 329–347.
   Google Scholar
• Robinson, J.; Nelson, W.C. National Human Activity Pattern Survey Data Base; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: Research Triangle Park, NC, 1995.
   Google Scholar
• Klepeis, N.E.; Nelson, W.C.; Ott, W.R.; Robinson, J.P.; Tsang, A.M.; Switzer, P.; Behar, J.V.; Hern, S.C.; Engelmann, W.H. The National Human Activity Pattern Survey (NHAPS): a Resource for Assessing Exposure to Environmental Pollutants; J. Exposure Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. 2001, 11, 231–252.
   Google Scholar
• Weschler, C.J.; Shields, H.C. Potential Reactions among Indoor Pollutants; Atmos. Environ. 1997, 31, 3487–3495.
   Google Scholar
• Weschler, C.J;. Chemical Reactions among Indoor Pollutants: What We’ve Learned in the New Millennium; Indoor Air 2004, 7(Suppl.), 184–194.
   Google Scholar
• Meng, Q.Y.; Turpin, B.J.; Korn, L.; Weisel, C.P.; Morandi, M.; Colome, S.; Zhang, J.; Stock, T.; Spektor, D.; Winer, A.; Zhang, L.; Lee, J.H.; Giovanetti, R.; Cui, W.; Kwon, J.; Alimokhtari, S.; Shendell, D.; Jones, J.; Farrar, C.; Maberti, S. Infuence of Ambient (Outdoor) Sources on Residential Indoor and Personal PM2.5 Concentrations: Analyses of RIOPA Data; J. Exposure Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. 2005, 15, 17–28.
   Google Scholar
• Wallace L. Indoor Particles: a Review. J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 1996, 46, 98–126.
   Google Scholar
• Polidori, A.; Turpin, B.J.; Meng, Q.Y.; Lee, J.-H.; Weisel, C.; Morandi, M.; Colome, S.; Stock, T.; Winer, A.; Zhang, J.; Kwon, J.; Alimokhtari, S.; Shendell, D.; Jones, J.; Farrar, C.; Maberti, S. Fine Organic Particulate Matter Dominates Indoor-Generated PM2 . 5 in RIOPA Homes; J. Exposure Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. 2006, 16, 321–331.
   Google Scholar
• Thatcher, T.L.; Layton, D.W. Deposition, Resuspension, and Penetration of Particles within a Residence; Atmos. Environ. 1995, 29, 1487–1497.
   Google Scholar
• Abt, E.; Suh, H.H.; Catalano, P.J.; Koutrakis, P. Relative Contribution of Outdoor and Indoor Particle Sources to Indoor Concentrations; Environ. Sci. Technol. 2000, 34, 3579–3587.
   Google Scholar
• Ebelt, S.T.; Wilson, W.E.; Brauer, M. Exposure to the Ambient and Non-Ambient Components of Particulate Matter: a Comparison of Health Effects; Epidemiol. 2005, 16, 396–405.
   Google Scholar
• Koenig, J.Q.; Mar, T.F.; Allen, R.W.; Jansen, K.; Lumley, T.; Sullivan, J.H.; Trenga, C.A.; Larson, T.; Liu, L.J. Pulmonary Effects of Indoor-and Outdoor-Generated Particles in Children with Asthma; Environ. Health Perspect. 2005, 113, 499–503.
   Google Scholar
• Turpin, B.J.; Saxena, P.; Andrews, E. Measuring and Simulating Particulate Organics in the Atmosphere: Problems and Prospects; Atmos. Environ. 2000, 34, 2983–3013.
   Google Scholar
• Arhami, M.; Kuhn,T.; Fine, P.M.; Delfino, R.J.; Sioutas, C. Effects of Sampling Artifacts and Operating Parameters on the Performance of a Semicontinuous Particulate Elemental Carbon/Organic Carbon Monitor; Environ. Sci. Technol. 2006, 40, 945–954.
   Google Scholar
• Birch, M.E.; Cary, R.A;. Elemental Carbon-Based Method for Monitoring Occupational Exposures to Particulate Diesel Exhaust; Aerosol. Sci. Technol. 1996, 25, 221–241.
   Google Scholar
• Kirchstetter, T.W.; Corrigan, C.E.; Novakov, T. Laboratory and Field Investigation of the Adsorption of Gaseous Organic Compounds onto Quartz Filters; Atmos. Environ. 2001, 35, 1663–1671.
   Google Scholar
• Turpin, B.J.; Huntzicker, J.J. Identification of Secondary Organic Aerosol Episodes and Quantitation of Primary and Secondary Organic Aerosol Concentrations during SCAQS; Atmos. Environ. 1995, 29, 3527–3544.
   Google Scholar
• Lim, H.J.; Turpin, B.J.; Russell, L.M.; Bates, T.S. Organic and Elemental Carbon Measurements during ACE-Asia Suggest a Longer Atmospheric Lifetime for Elemental Carbon; Environ. Sci. Technol. 2003, 37, 3055–3061.
   Google Scholar
• Cabada J.C; Pandis S.N.; Subramanian R.; Robinson A.L.; Polidori A.; Turpin B. Estimating the Secondary Organic Aerosol Contribution to PM2.5 Using the EC Tracer Method. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 2004, 38, 140–155.
   Google Scholar
• Polidori, A.; Turpin, B.J.; Lim, H.-J.; Cabada, J.C.; Subramanian, R.; Pandis, S.N.; Robinson, A.L. Local and Regional Secondary Organic Aerosol: Insight from a Year of Semi-Continuous Carbon Measurements at Pittsburgh; Aerosol Sci. Technol. 2006, 40, 861–872.
   Google Scholar
• Deming, W.E. Statistical Adjustment of Data; Wiley: New York, NY, 1943.
   Google Scholar
• Cornbleet, P.J.; Gochman, N. Incorrect Least-Squares Regression Coefficients in Method-Comparison Analysis; Clin. Chem. 1979, 25, 432–438.
   Google Scholar
• Long, C.; Suh, H.; Catalano, P.; Koutrakis, P. Using Time- and Size-Resolved Particulate Data to Quantify Indoor Penetration and Deposition Behavior; Environ. Sci. Technol. 2001, 35, 2089–2099.
   Google Scholar
• Lunden, M.M.; Revzan, K.L.; Fischer, M.L.; Thatcher, T.L.; Littlejohn, D.; Hering, S.V.; Brown, N.J. The Transformation of Outdoor Ammonium Nitrate Aerosols in the Indoor Environment; Atmos. Environ. 2003, 37, 5633–5644.
   Google Scholar
• Sarnat, S.E.; Coull, B.A.; Ruiz, P.A.; Koutrakis, P.; Suh, H.H. The Influences of Ambient Particle Composition and Size on Particle Infiltration in Los Angeles, CA, Residences; J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 2006, 56, 186–196.
   Google Scholar
• Allen, R.; Larson, T.; Sheppard, L.; Wallace, L.; Liu, L.-J.S. Use of Real-Time Light Scattering Data to Estimate the Contribution of Infiltrated and Indoor-Generated Particles to Indoor Air; Environ. Sci. Technol. 2003, 37, 3484–3492.
   Google Scholar
• Allen, R.; Wallace, L.; Larson, T.; Sheppard, L.; Liu L.-J.S. Evaluation of the Recursive Model Approach for Estimating Particulate Matter Infiltration Efficiencies Using Continuous Light Scattering Data; J. Exposure Sci. Environ. Epidemiol., in press.
   Google Scholar
• Naumova Y.Y.; Eisenreich S.J.; Turpin B.J.; Weisel C.P.; Morandi M.T.; Colome S.D.; Totten L.A.; Stock T.H.; Winer A.M.; Alimokhtari S.; Kwon J.; Shendell D.; Jones J., Maberti S.; Wall S.J. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Indoor and Outdoor Air of Three Cities in the US. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2002, 36, 2552–2559.
   Google Scholar
• Naumova Y.Y.; Offenberg J.H.; Eisenreich S.J.; Meng Q.Y.; Polidori A.; Turpin B.J.; Weisel C.P.; Morandi M.T.; Colome S.D.; Stock T.H.; Winer A.M.; Alimokhtari S.; Kwon J.; Maberti S.; Shendell D.; Jones J.; Farrar C. Gas/Particle Distribution of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Coupled Outdoor/Indoor Atmospheres; Atmos. Environ. 2003, 37, 703–719.
   Google Scholar
• Lim, H.J.; Turpin, B.J. Origins of Primary and Secondary Organic Aerosol in Atlanta: Results of Time-Resolved Measurements during the Atlanta Supersite Experiment; Environ. Sci. Technol. 2002, 36, 4489–4496.
   Google Scholar
• Strader, R.; Lurmann, F.; Pandis, S. Evaluation of Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation in Winter; Atmos. Environ. 1999, 33, 4849–4863.
   Google Scholar
• Pankow, J.F. An Absorption Model of Gas/Particle Partitioning of Organic Compounds in the Atmosphere; Atmos. Environ. 1994, 28, 185–188.
   Google Scholar
• Hays, M.D.; Geron, C.D.; Linna, K.J.; Smith, N.D.; Schauer, J.J. Speciation of Gas-Phase and Fine Particle Emissions from Burning of Foliar Fuels; Environ. Sci. Technol. 2002, 36, 2281–2295.
   Google Scholar
• Suh, H.H.; Koutrakis, P.; Spengler, J.D. The Relationship between Airborne Acidity and Ammonia in Indoor Environments; J. Exposure Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. 1994, 4, 1–23.
   Google Scholar
• Miguel, A.H.; Eiguren-Fernandez, A.; Jaques, P.A.; Froines, J.R.; Grant, B.L.; Mayo, P.R.; Sioutas, C. Seasonal Variation of the Particle Size Distribution of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and of Major Aerosol Species in Claremont, California; Atmos. Environ. 2004, 38, 3241–3251.
   Google Scholar
• Sardar, S.B.; Fine, P.M.; Sioutas, C. Seasonal and Spatial Variability of the Size-Resolved Chemical Composition of Particulate Matter (PM10) in the Los Angeles Basin; J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. 2005, 110, D07S08.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, Q.; Worsnop, D.R.; Canagaratna, M.R.; Jimenez, J.L. Hydrocarbon-Like and Oxygenated Organic Aerosols in Pittsburgh: Insight into Sources and Processes of Organic Aerosols; Atmos. Chem. Physics 2005, 5, 3289–3311.
   Google Scholar
• Saxena, P.; Hildemann, L. Water-Soluble Organics in Atmospheric Particles: a Critical Review of the Literature and Application of Thermodynamics to Identify Candidate Compounds; J. Atmos. Chem. 1996, 24, 57–109.
   Google Scholar
• Kiss, G.; Varga, B.; Galambos, I.; Ganszky, I. Characterization of Water-Soluble Organic Matter Isolated from Atmospheric Fine Aerosol; J. Geophys. Res. 2002, 107, 8339.
   Google Scholar
• Carlton, A.G.; Turpin, B.J.; Lim, H.-J.; Altieri, K.E.; Seitzinger, S. Link between Isoprene and Secondary Organic Aerosol (SOA): Pyruvic Acid Oxidation Yields Low Volatility Organic Acids in Clouds; Geophys. Res. Lett. 2006, 33, L06822.
   Google Scholar
• Thatcher, T.L.; Lai, A.C.; Moreno-Jackson, R.; Sextro, R.G.; Nazaroff, W.W. Effects of Room Furnishings and Air Speed on Particle Deposition Rates Indoors; Atmos. Environ. 2002, 36, 1811–1819.
   Google Scholar
• Chow, J.C.; Watson, J.G.; Fujita, E.M.; Lu, Z.Q.; Lawson, D.R.; Ashbaugh, L.L. Temporal and Spatial Variations of PM2 . 5 and PM10 Aero sol in the Southern California Air-Quality Study; Atmos. Environ. 1994, 28, 2061–2080.
   Google Scholar
• Christoforou, C.S.; Salmon, L.G.; Hannigen, M.P.; Solomon, P.A.; Cass, G.R. Trends in Fine Particle Concentration and Chemical Composition in Southern California; J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 2000, 50, 43–53.
   Google Scholar
• Kim, B.M.; Teffera, S.; Zeldin, M.D. Characterization of PM2.5 and PM10 in the South Coast Air Basin of Southern California: Part 1 -Spatial Variations; J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 2000, 50, 2034–2044.
   Google Scholar
• Tolocka, M.P.; Solomon, P.A.; Mitchell, W.; Norris, G.A.; Gemmill, D.B.; Wiener, R.W.; Vanderpool, R.W.; Homolya, J.B.; Rice, J. East Versus West in the U.S.: Chemical Characteristics of PM2.5 during the Winter of 1999; Aerosol Sci. Technol. 2001, 34, 88–96.
   Google Scholar
• Zhu, Y.F.; Hinds, W.C.; Krudysz, M.; Kuhn, T.; Froines, J.; Sioutas, C. Penetration of Freeway Ultrafine Particles into Indoor Environments; J. Aerosol Sci. 2005, 36, 303–322.
   Google Scholar
• Geller, M.D.; Chang, M.H.; Sioutas, C.; Ostro, B.D.; Lipsett, M.J. Indoor/Outdoor Relationship and Chemical Composition of Fine and Coarse Particles in the Southern California Deserts; Atmos. Environ. 2002, 36, 1099–1110.
   Google Scholar
• Na, K.; Cocker, D.R. Organic and Elemental Carbon Concentrations in Fine Particulate Matter in Residences, Schoolrooms, and Outdoor Air in Mira Loma, California; Atmos. Environ. 2006, 39, 3325–3333.
   Google Scholar
• Funasaka, K.; Miyazaki, T.; Tsuruho, K.; Tamura, K.; Mizuno, T.; Kuroda, K. Relationship between Indoor and Outdoor Carbonaceous Particulates in Roadside Households; Environ. Sci. Technol. 2000, 110, 127–134.
   Google Scholar
• Ho, K.F.; Cao, J.J.; Harrison, R.M.; Lee, S.C.; Bau, K.K. Indoor/Outdoor Relationships of Organic Carbon (OC) and Elemental Carbon (EC) in PM2.5 in Roadside Environment of Hong Kong; Atmos. Environ. 2004, 38, 6327–6335.
   Google Scholar
• He, C.R.; Morawsca, L.D.; Hitchins, J.; Gilbert, D. Contribution from Indoor Sources to Particle Number and Mass Concentrations in Residential Houses; Atmos. Environ. 2004, 38, 3405–3415.
   Google Scholar
• Daigle, C.C.; Chalupa, D.C.; Gibb, F.R.; Morrow, P.E.; Oberdorster, G.; Utell, M.J. Ultrafine Particle Deposition in Humans during Rest and Exercise; Inhal. Toxicol. 2003, 15, 539–552.
   Google Scholar
• Kaiser, J. Mounting Evidence Indicts Fine-Particle Pollution; Science 2005, 308, 633–633.
   Google Scholar
• Nel, A. Air Pollution-Related Illness: Effects of Particles; Science 2005, 309, 1326–1326.
   Google Scholar
• Xiao, G.G.; Wang, M.Y.; Li, N.; Loo, J.A.; Nel, A.E. Use of Proteomics to Demonstrate a Hierarchical Oxidative Stress Response to Diesel Exhaust Particle Chemicals in a Macrophage Cell Line; J. Biol. Chem. 2003, 278, 50781–50790.
   Google Scholar