Chemical Composition of Aerosol Size Fractions at a Coastal Site in Southwestern Italy: Seasonal Variability and Transport Influence

REFERENCES

• Samet , J.M. , Dominici , F. , Curriero , F.C. , Coursac , I. and Zeger , S.L. 2000 . Fine Particulate Air Pollution and Mortality in 20 US Cities, 1987–1994 . New Engl. J. Med. , 343 : 1742 – 1749 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pope , C.A. , Burnett , R. , Thun , M.J. , Call , E.E. , Krewskik , D. , Ito , K. and Thurston , G.D. 2002 . Lung Cancer, Cardiopulmonary Mortality, and Long Term Exposure to Fine Particulate Air Pollution . J. Am. Med. Assoc. , 287 : 1132 – 1141 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO . 2003 . Health Aspects of Air Pollution with Particulate Matter, Ozone and Nitrogen Dioxide , Geneva : World Health Organization .
   Google Scholar
• Markowicz , K.M. , Flatau , P.J. , Ramana , M.V. , Crutzen , P.J. and Ramanathan , V. 1968 . Absorbing Mediterranean Aerosols Lead to a Large Reduction in the Solar Radiation at the Surface . Res. Lett. , 29 ( 20 ) doi: doi:10.1029/2002GL015767
   Google Scholar
• di Sarra , A. , Cacciani , M. , DeLuisi , J. , De Silvestri , L. , Di Iorio , T. , Fiocco , G. and Grigioni , P. 2003 . “ Desert Aerosol in the Mediterranean ” . In Mediterranean Climate: Variability and Trends , Edited by: Bolle , H.-J . 309 – 315 . Berlin : Springer-Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Meloni , D. , di Sarra , A. , De Luisi , J. , Di Iorio , T. , Fiocco , G. , Junkermann , W. and Pace , G. 2003 . Tropospheric Aerosols in the Mediterranean: II. Radiative Effects through Model Simulations and Measurements . J. Geophys. Res. , 108 ( D10 ) : 4317 doi: doi:10.1029/2002JD002807
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meloni , D. , di Sarra , A. , Fiocco , G. and Junkermann , W. 2003 . Tropospheric Aerosols in the Mediterranean: III. Measurements and Modeling of Actinic Radiation Profiles . J. Geophys. Res. , 108 ( D10 ) : 4323 doi: doi:10.1029/2002JD003293
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levin , Z. , Ganor , E. and Gladstein , V. 1996 . The Effects of Desert Particles Coated with Sulfate on Rain Formation in the Eastern Mediterranean . J. Appl. Meteorol. , 35 : 1511 – 1523 .
   Google Scholar
• Raes , F. , Van Dingenen , R. , Vignati , E. , Eilson , J. , Putaud , J.P. , Seinfeld , J.H. and Adams , P. 2000 . Formation and cycling of aerosols in the global troposphere . Atmos. Environ. , 34 : 4215 – 4240 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paoletti , L. , De berardis , B. and Diociaiuti , M. 2002 . Physico-Chemical Characterisation of the Inhalable Particulate Matter (PM∧sub 10∧) in an Urban Area: An Analysis of the Seasonal Trend . Sci. Total. Environ. , 292 : 265 – 275 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carbone , C. , Decesari , S. , Mircea , M. , Giulianelli , L. , Finessi , E. , Rinaldi , M. , Fuzzi , S. , Marinoni , A. , Duchi , R. , Perrino , C. , Sargolini , T. , Vardè , M. , Sprovieri , F. , Gobbi , G.P. , Angelini , F. and Facchini , M.C. 2010 . Size-Resolved Aerosol Chemical Composition over the Italian Peninsula during Typical Summer and Winter Conditions . Atmos. Environ. , 44 : 5269 – 5278 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D'Elia , I. , Bencardino , M. , Ciancarella , L. , Contaldi , M. and Vialetto , G. 2009 . Technical and Non-Technical Measures for Air Pollution Emission Reduction: The Integrated Assessment of the Regional Air Quality Management Plans through the Italian National Model . Atmos. Environ. , 43 : 6182 – 6189 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EC . Directive 2008/50/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2008 on Ambient Air Quality and a Cleaner Air for Europe, 2008 , Brussels, EC : EC Official Journal, L 152 of 11 June 2008 .
   Google Scholar
• Escudero , M. , Querol , X. , Ávila , A. and Cuevas , E. 2007 . Origin of the Exceedances of the European daily PM Limit Value in Regional Background Areas of Spain . Atmos. Environ. , 41 : 730 – 744 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pederzoli , A. , Mircea , M. , Finardi , S. , di Sarra , A. and Zanini , G. 2010 . Quantification of Saharan Dust Contribution to PM10 Concentrations over Italy during 2003–2005 . Atmos. Environ. , 44 : 4181 – 4190 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Febo , A. , Guglielmi , F. , Manigrasso , M. , Ciambottini , V. and Avino , P. 2010 . Local Air Pollution and Long-Range Mass Transport of Atmospheric Particulate Matter: A Comparative Study of the Temporal Evolution of the Aerosol Size Fractions . Atmos. Pollut. Res. , 1 : 141 – 146 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braziewicz , J. , Kownacka , L. , Majewska , U. and Korman , A. 2004 . Elemental Concentrations in Tropospheric and Lower Stratospheric Air in a Northeastern Region of Poland . Atmos. Environ. , 38 : 1989 – 1996 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karar , K. and Gupta , A.K. 2007 . Source Apportionment of PM10 at Residential and Industrial Sites of an Urban Region of Kolkata, India . Atmos. Res. , 84 : 30 – 41 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Junge , C.E. 1963 . Air Chemistry and Radioactivity; International Georphysics Series , Vol. 4 , 68 – 69 . New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Warneck , P. 1988 . Chemistry of the Natural Atmosphere; International Geophysics Series, No. 41 , San Diego : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Warneck , P. 2000 . Chemistry of the Natural Atmosphere , 2nd , Vol. 71 , San Diego : Academic Press . doi: International Geophysics Series
   Google Scholar
• Pace , G. , di Sarra , A. , Meloni , D. , Piacentino , S. and Chamard , P. 2006 . Aerosol Optical Properties at Lampedusa (Central Mediterranean). 1. Influence of Transport and Identification of Different Aerosol Types . Atmos. Chem. Phys. , 6 : 697 – 713 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lelieveld , J. , Berresheim , H. , Borrmann , S. , Crutzen , P.J. , Dentener , F.J. , Fischer , H. , Feichter , J. , Flatau , P.J. , Heland , J. , Holzinger , R. , Kormann , R. , Lawrence , M.B. , Levin , Z. , Markowicz , K. , Mihalopoulos , N. , Minikin , A. , Ramanthan , V. , de Reus , M. , Roelofs , G.J. , Scheeren , H.A. , Sciare , J. , Schlager , H. , Schulz , M. , Siegmund , P. , Steil , B. , Stephanou , E.G. , Stier , P. , Traub , M. , Warneke , C. , Williams , J. and Ziereis , H. 2002 . Global Air Pollution Crossroads over the Mediterranean . Science , 298 : 794 – 799 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EEA . 1999 . Criteria for Euroairnet-ThEEA Air Quality Monitoring and Information Network , Copenhagen : European Environmental Agency .
   Google Scholar
• ANAS. In Ottimizzazione del servizio del trasporto pubblico e privato nel territorio della Comunità Montana dell'Appennino Paolano unito alla valorizzazione del turismo e dei beni culturali e ambientali, 1999 http://www.centrostudidiogene.org/progettotrasportieturismo/4.htm (http://www.centrostudidiogene.org/progettotrasportieturismo/4.htm) (Accessed: 1 April 2010 ).
   Google Scholar
• Perrino , C. , Canepari , S. , Cardarelli , E. , Catrambone , M. and Sargolini , T. 2007 . Inorganic Constituents of Urban Air Pollution in the Lazio Region Central Italy . Environ. Monit. Assess. , 128 : 133 – 151 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson , M. , Ellison , S.L.R. and Wood , R. 2002 . Harmonized Guidelines for Single Laboratory Validation of Methods of Analysis (IUPAC Technical Report) . Pure Appl. Chem. , 74 : 835 – 855 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahn , K.A. 1976 . Silicon and Aluminum in Atmospheric Aerosols: Crust-Air Fractionation? . Atmos. Environ. , 10 : 597 – 601 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hao , Y. , Guo , Z. , Yang , Z. , Fang , M. and Feng , J. 2007 . Seasonal Variations and Sources of Various Elements in the Atmospheric Aerosols in Qingdao, China . Atmos. Res. , 85 : 27 – 37 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NATO ASI C 297 . 1989 . The Long-Range Atmospheric Transport of Natural and Contaminant Substances , Edited by: Knap , A.H. 321 St. George's, Bermunda : Kluwer Academic Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Fang , G.C. , Wu , Y.S. , Chang , S.Y. , Huang , S.H. and Rau , J.Y. 2006 . Size Distributions of Ambient Air Particles and Enrichment Factor Analyses of Metallic Elements at Taichung Harbor near the Taiwan Strait . Atmos. Res. , 81 : 320 – 333 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenwood , N.N. and Earnshaw , A. 1985 . Chemistry of the Elements , Vol. Oxford , Pergamon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Draxler , R.R. and Rolph , G.D. 2003 . HYSPLIT (HYbrid Single-484 Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory) Model , Silver Spring, MD : access via NOAA ARL READY; NOAA Air Resources Laboratory .
   Google Scholar
• Air Resources Laboratory. Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory Model, 2010 http://www.arl.noaa.gov/ready/hysplit4.html (http://www.arl.noaa.gov/ready/hysplit4.html)
   Google Scholar
• Naval Research Laboratory Monterey Aerosol Page, 2010 http://www.nrlmry.navy.mil/aerosol (http://www.nrlmry.navy.mil/aerosol)
   Google Scholar
• Vecchi , R. , Marcazzan , G. , Valli , G. , Ceriani , A. and Antoniazzi , C. 2004 . The Role of Atmospheric Dispersion in the Seasonal Variation of PM1 and PM2.5 Concentration and Composition in the Urban Area of Milan (Italy) . Atmos. Environ , 38 : 4437 – 46 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marcazzan , G.M. , Vaccaro , S. , Valli , G. and Vecchi , R. 2001 . Characterisation of PM10 and PM2.5 Particulate Matter in the Ambient Air of Milan (Italy) . Atmos. Environ , 35 : 4639 – 4650 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rembges , D. , Kotzias , D. and Monitoring , TSP . 2003 . PM10 and PM2.5 at a Semiremote Area in Northern Italy. Relationships between PM10 and PM2.5 . Fresenius Environ. Bull , 12 : 402 – 405 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amodio , M. , Bruno , P. , Caselli , M. , de Gennaro , G. , Dambruoso , P.R. , Daresta , B.E. , Gungolo , F. , Ielpo , P. , Paolillo , V. , Placentino , C.M. and Tutino , M. 2008 . Chemical Characterization of Fine Particulate Matter during Peak PM episodes in Apulia (South Italy) . Atmos. Res. , 90 : 313 – 325 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perrone , M.P. , Turnone , A. , Buccolieri , A. and Buccolieri , G. 2006 . Particulate Matter Characterization at a Coastal Site in South-eastern Italy . J. Environ. Monit. , 8 : 183 – 190 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Querol , X. , Alastuey , A. , Rodriguez , S. , Viana , M.M. , Artiñano , B. , Salvador , P. , García Do Santos , S. , Fernandez-Patier , R. , De La Rosa , J. , Sánchez De La Campa , A. , Menèndez , M. and Gil , J.I. 2003 . PM10 and PM2.5 Composition at Rural, Urban and Industrial Sites of Spain . J. Aerosol Sci. , 11 ( Suppl. II ) : 1351 – 1352 .
   Google Scholar
• Rodríguez , S. , Querol , X. , Alastuey , A. and Plana , F. 2002 . Sources and Processes Affecting Levels and Composition of Atmospheric Aerosol in the Western Mediterranean . J. Geophys. Res. , 107 : 4777 – 4790 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodríguez , S. , Querol , X. , Alastuey , A. , Viana , M.M. , Alarcón , M. , Mantilla , E. and Ruiz , C.R. 2004 . Comparative PM10–PM2.5 Source Contribution Study at Rural, Urban and Industrial Sites during PM Episodes in Eastern Spain . Sci. Total Environ. , 328 : 95 – 113 . doi: doi: 10.1016/S0048- 9697(03)00411-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chow , J.C. , Doraiswamy , P. and Watson , J.G. 2008 . Advances in Integrated and Continuous Measurements for Particle Mass and Chemical Composition . J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. , 58 : 141 – 163 . doi: doi: 10.3155/1047-3289.58.2.141
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schürmann , G.J. , Algieri , A. , Hedgecock , I.M. , Manna , G. , Pirrone , N. and Sprovieri , F. 2009 . Modelling Local and Synoptic Scale Influences on Ozone Concentrations in a Topographically Complex region of Southern Italy . Atmos. Environ. , 43 : 4424 – 4434 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trigo , I.F. , Davies , T.D. and Grant , R.B. 1999 . Objective Climatology of Cyclones in the Mediterranean Region . J. Clim. , 12 : 1685 – 1686 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trigo , I.F. , Grant , R.B. and Davies , T.D. 2002 . Climatology of Cyclogenesis Mechanisms in the Mediterranean . Mon. Weather Rev. , 130 : 549 – 569 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolle , H.-J. 2003 . “ Climate, Climate Variability, and Impacts in the Mediterranean Area: An Overview ” . In Mediterranean Climate: Variability and Trends , Edited by: Bolle , H.-J . Vol. Berlin , 5 – 86 . Springer-Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Sprovieri , F. and Pirrone , N. 2008 . Particle Size Distributions and Elemental Composition of Atmospheric Particulate Matter in Southern Italy . J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. , 58 : 797 – 805 . doi: doi: 10.3155/1047-3289.58.6.797
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demerjian , K.L. and Mohnen , V.A. 2008 . Synopsis of the Temporal Variation of Particulate Matter Composition and size . J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. , 58 : 216 – 233 . doi: doi: 10.3155/1047-3289.58.2.216
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Querol , X. , Peya , J. , Pandolfi , M. , Alastuey , A. , Cusack , M. , Pérez , N. , Moreno , T. , Viana , M. , Mihalopoulos , N. , Kallos , G. and Kleanthous , S. 2009 . African Dust Contributions to Mean Ambient PM10 Mass-Levels across the Mediterranean Basin . Atmos. Environ. , 43 : 4266 – 4277 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viana , M. , Querol , X. , Alastuey , A. , Cuevas , E. and Rodriguez , S. 2002 . Influence of African Dust on the Levels of Atmospheric Particulates in the Canary Island Air Quality Network . Atmos. Environ. , 36 : 5861 – 5875 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meloni , D. , di Sarra , A. , Monteleone , F. , Pace , G. , Piacentino , S. and Sferlazzo , D.M. 2008 . Seasonal Transport Patterns of Intense Saharan Dust Events at the Mediterranean Island of Lampedusa . Atmos. Res. , 88 : 134 – 148 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Federico , S. , Dalu , G.A. , Bellecci , C. and Colacino , M. 2000 . Meso-Scale Energetics and Flows Induced by the Sea-Land and Mountain-Valley Contrast . Ann. Geophys. , 18 : 235 – 246 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dvonch , J.T. , Graney , J.R. , Marsik , F.J. , Keeler , G.J. and Stevens , R.K. 1998 . An Investigation of Source–Receptor Relationships for Mercury in South Florida Using Event Precipitation Data . Sci. Total. Environ. , 213 : 95 – 108 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pey , J. , Querol , X. and Alastuey , A. 2010 . Discriminating the Regional and Urban Contributions in the North-Western Mediterranean: PM Levels and Composition . Atmos. Environ. , 44 : 1587 – 1596 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ragosta , M. , Caggiano , R. , Macchiato , M. , Sabia , S. and Trippetta , S. 2008 . Trace Elements in Daily Collected Aerosol: Level Characterization and Source Identification in a Four-Year Study . Atmos. Res. , 89 : 206 – 217 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heimbürger , L.E. , Migon , C. , Dufour , A. , Chiffoleau , J.F. and Cossa , D. 2010 . Trace Metal Concentrations in the North-Western Mediterranean Atmospheric Aerosol between 1986 and 2008: Seasonal Patterns and Decadal Trends . Sci. Total. Environ. , 408 : 2629 – 2638 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kocak , M. , Nimmo , M. , Kubilay , N. and Herut , B. 2004 . Spatio-Temporal Aerosol Trace Metal Concentrations and Sources in the Levantine Basin of the Eastern Mediterranean . Atmos. Environ. , 38 : 2133 – 2144 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salvador , P. , Artíñano , B. , Querol , X. , Alastuey , A. and Costoya , M. 2007 . Characterisation of Local and External Contributions of Atmospheric Particulate Matter at a Background Coastal Site . Atmos. Environ. , 41 : 1 – 17 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janssen , N.A.H. , Van Mansom , D.F.M. , Van Der Jagt , K. , Harssema , H. and Hoek , G. 1997 . Mass Concentration and Elemental Composition of Airborne Particulate Matter at Street and Background Locations . Atmos. Environ. , 31 : 1185 – 1193 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Artíñano , B. , Salvador , P. , Alonso , D.G. , Querol , X. and Alastuey , A. 2003 . Anthropogenic and Natural Influence on the PM10 and PM2.5 Aerosol in Madrid (Spain). Analysis of High Concentration Episodes . Environ. Pollut , 125 : 453 – 465 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ragosta , M. , Caggiano , R. , D'Emilio , M. , Macchiato , M. , Sabia , S. and Trippetta , S. 2006 . PM10 and Heavy Metal Measurements in an Industrial Area of Southern Italy . Atmos. Res. , 81 : 304 – 319 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pérez , N. , Pey , J. , Castillo , S. , Viana , M. , Alastuey , A. and Querol , X. 2008 . Interpretation of the Variability of Levels of Regional Background Aerosols in the Western Mediterranean . Sci. Total. Environ. , 407 : 527 – 540 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borbély-Kiss , I. , Koltay , E. , Szabò , G.Y. , Bozò , L. and Tar , K. 1999 . Composition and Sources of Urban and Rural Atmospheric Aerosol in Eastern Hungary . J. Aerosol. Sci. , 30 : 369 – 391 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonnet , S. and Guieu , C. 2006 . Atmospheric Forcing on the Annual Iron Cycle in the Western Mediterranean Sea: A 1-Year Survey . J. Geophys. Res. , 111 : C09010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viana , M. , Amato , F. , Alastuey , A. , Querol , X. , Moreno , T. , Dos Santos , S.G. , Herce , M.D. and Fernandez-Patier , R. 2009 . Chemical Tracers of Particulate Emissions from Commercial Shipping . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 43 : 7472 – 7477 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anwari , M.A. , Tuncel , G. and Ataman , O.Y. 1992 . Lead and Nickel Levels in Black Sea Aerosols by ETA-AAS . Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. , 47 : 227 – 237 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiffoleau , J.F. , Chavaud , L. , Amouroux , D. , Barats , A. , Dufour , A. , Pécheyran , C. and Toux , N. 2004 . Nockel and Vanadium Contamination of Benthic Invertebrates Following the “Erika” Wreck . Aquat. Living Resour. , 17 : 273 – 280 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chester , R. , Sharples , E.J. and Sanders , G.S. 1984 . Saharan Dust Intrusion over the Tyrrehenian Sea . Atmos. Environ. , 18 : 929 – 935 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pirrone , N. , Costa , P. and Pacyna , J.M. Past . 1999 . Current and Projected Atmospheric Emissions of Trace Elements in the Mediterranean Region . Water Sci Technol. , 39 : 1 – 7 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guieu , C. , Loye-Pilot , M.D. , Benyahya , L. and Dufour , A. 2010 . Spatial Variability of Atmospheric Fluxes of Metals (Al, Fe, Cd, Zn And Pb) and Phosphorus over the Whole Mediterranean From One-Year Monitoring Experiment: Biogeochemical Implications . Marin. Chem. , 120 : 164 – 178 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viana , M. , Querol , X. , Alastuey , A. , Gangoiti , G. and Menendez , M. 2003 . PM levels in the Basque Country (Northern Spain): Analysis of a 5 Yr Data Record and Interpretation of Seasonal Variations . Atmos. Environ. , 37 : 2879 – 2891 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amodio , M. , Andriani , E. , Cafagna , I. , Caselli , M. , Daresta , B.E. , de Gennaro , G. , di Gilio , A. , Placentino , C.M. and Tutino , M. 2010 . A Statistical Investigation about Sources of PM in South Italy . Atmos. Res. , 98 : 207 – 218 . doi: doi: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2010.03.023
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ARPACAL . 2009 . Documento Preliminare al Piano di Tutela della Qualità dell'Aria della Regione Calabria , Catanzaro : Regione Calabria Dipartimento Politiche dell'Ambiente .
   Google Scholar