Air Pollution and Health Studies in China—Policy Implications

REFERENCES

• Chen , B. , Hong , C. and Kan , H. 2004 . Exposures and Health Outcomes from Outdoor Air Pollutants in China . Toxicology , 198 : 291 – 300 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization (WHO) . 1996 . 1995 World Health Statistics Annual , WHO : Geneva .
   Google Scholar
• Shanghai Municipal Statistics Bureau . Shanghai Statistics Yearbook, 1991–2000 , Beijing : China Statistics Publishing House .
   Google Scholar
• Hao , J. and Wang , L. 2005 . Improving Urban Air Quality in China: Beijing Case Study . J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. , 55 : 1298 – 305 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen , B. and Kan , H. 2003 . Air Pollution and Health—Experiences and Challenges in China . Environ. Health Perspect. (Chinese Language Edition) , 3 [in Chinese]
   Google Scholar
• Zheng , J. , Che , W. , Wang , X. , Louie , P. and Zhong , L. 2009 . Road-Network-Based Spatial Allocation of On-Road Mobile Source Emissions in the Pearl River Delta Region, China, and Comparisons with Population-Based Approach . J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. , 59 : 1405 – 1416 . doi: 10.3155/1047–3289.59.12.1405
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shen , Z. , Arimoto , R. , Cao , J. , Zhang , R. , Li , X. , Du , N. , Okuda , T. , Nakao , S. and Tanaka , S. 2008 . Seasonal Variations and Evidence for the Effectiveness of Pollution Controls on Water-Soluble Inorganic Species in Total Suspended Particulates and Fine Particulate Matter from Xi'an, China . J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. , 58 : 1560 – 1570 . doi: 10.3155/1047–3289.58.12.1560
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang , J. , Mauzerall , D.L. , Zhu , T. , Liang , S. , Ezzati , M. and Remais , J.V. 2008 . Environmental Health in China: Progress towards Clean Air and Safe Water . Lancent , 375 : 1110 – 1119 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dai , H. , Song , W. , Gao , X. and Chen , L. 2004 . [Study on Relationship between Ambient PM10, PM2.5 Pollution and Daily Mortality in a District in Shanghai] . Wei Sheng Yan Jiu , 33 : 293 – 297 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Guo , Y. , Jia , Y. , Pan , X. , Liu , L. and Wichmann , H.E. 2009 . The Association between Fine Particulate Air Pollution and Hospital Emergency Room Visits for Cardiovascular Diseases in Beijing, China . Sci. Total Environ. , 407 : 4826 – 4830 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kan , H. , London , S.J. , Chen , G. , Zhang , Y. , Song , G. , Zhao , N. , Jiang , L. and Chen , B. 2007 . Differentiating the Effects of Fine and Coarse Particles on Daily Mortality in Shanghai, China . Environ. Int. , 33 : 376 – 384 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang , J.J. , Hu , W. , Wei , F. , Wu , G. , Korn , L.R. and Chapman , R.S. 2002 . Children's Respiratory Morbidity Prevalence in Relation to Air Pollution in Four Chinese Cities . Environ. Health Perspect. , 110 : 961 – 967 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Su , W. , Song , W. and Luo , C. 1987 . Ozone Pollution in Beijing-Tianjin Area . Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae , 7 : 503 – 507 . [in Chinese]
   Google Scholar
• Wang , X. , Han , Z. and Lei , X. 2003 . Study on Ozone Concentration Change Of Guangzhou District . Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Sunyatseni , 42 : 106 – 109 . [in Chinese]
   Google Scholar
• Wu , J. and Huang , X. 2006 . Analysis on Ozone Concentration Change Characteristics and Control Measures in Urban Quanzhou . Yin Jin Yu Zi Xun , 7 : 40 – 41 . [in Chinese]
   Google Scholar
• Yin , Y. , Chan , W. and Ji , X. 2006 . Characterization of Ozone Concentration for Urban Areas of Jinan City, China . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 29 : 49 – 52 . [in Chinese]
   Google Scholar
• Chen , R. , Chen , B. and Kan , H. 2010 . Health Impact Assessment of Surface Ozone Pollution in Shanghai . China Environ. Sci. , 30 : 603 – 608 . [in Chinese]
   Google Scholar
• Qian , Z. , He , Q. , Lin , H.M. , Kong , L. , Liao , D. , Yang , N. , Bentley , C.M. and Xu , S. 2007 . Short-Term Effects of Gaseous Pollutants on Cause-Specific Mortality in Wuhan, China . J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. , 57 : 785 – 793 . doi: 10.3155/1047–3289.57.7.785
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong , C.M. , Vichit-Vadakan , N. , Kan , H. and Qian , Z. 2008 . Public Health and Air Pollution in Asia (PAPA): A Multicity Study of Short-Term Effects of Air Pollution on Mortality . Environ. Health Perspect. , 116 : 1195 – 202 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization (WHO) . 2006 . Air Quality Guidelines. Global Update, 2005 , Copenhagen : WHO Regional Office for Europe .
   Google Scholar
• State Environmental Protection Agency . 2005 . China Environmental Yearbook , Beijing : China Environmental Yearbook Inc .
   Google Scholar
• State Environmental Protection Agency . 2006 . China Environmental Yearbook , Beijing : China Environmental Yearbook Inc .
   Google Scholar
• China Council on International Cooperation on Environment and Development . 2006 . Strategic Transition on Environment and Development in China , Beijing : China Environmental Sciences Publishing House .
   Google Scholar
• Panayotou , T. 1993 . Empirical Tests and Policy Analysis of Environmental Degradation at Different Stages of Economic Development. Working Paper WP238 , Geneva : Technology and Employment Programme, International Labour Office .
   Google Scholar
• Stern , D.I. , Common , M.S. and Barbier , E.B. 1996 . Economic Growth and Environmental Degradation: The Environmental Kuznets Curve and Sustainable Development . World Dev. , 24 : 1151 – 1160 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao , C. , Yin , H. , Ai , N. and Huang , Z. 2009 . Historical Analysis of SO2 Pollution Control Policies in China . Environ. Manage. , 43 : 447 – 457 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chinese Ministry of Environmental Protection . 2010 . China Environmental Yearbook , Beijing : China Environmental Yearbook Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Kan , H.D. , Wong , C.M. , Vichit-Vadakan , N. , Qian , Z.M. and Teams , P.P. 2010 . Short-Term Association between Sulfur Dioxide and Daily Mortality: The Public Health and Air Pollution in Asia (PAPA) Study . Environ. Res. , 110 : 258 – 264 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hedley , A.J. , Wong , C.M. , Thach , T.Q. , Ma , S. , Lam , T.H. and Anderson , H.R. 2002 . Cardiorespiratory and All-Cause Mortality After Restrictions on Sulphur Content of Fuel in Hong Kong: An Intervention Study . Lancet , 360 : 1646 – 1652 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kan , H. , Chen , B. and Hong , C. 2009 . Health Impact of Outdoor Air Pollution in China: Current Knowledge and Future Research Needs . Environ. Health Perspect. , 117 : A187
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen , G. , Song , G. , Jiang , L. , Zhang , Y. , Zhao , N. , Chen , B. and Kan , H. 2008 . Short-Term Effects of Ambient Gaseous Pollutants and Particulate Matter on Daily Mortality in Shanghai, China . J. Occup. Health , 50 : 41 – 47 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aunan , K. and Pan , X.C. 2004 . Exposure-Response Functions for Health Effects of Ambient Air Pollution Applicable for China—A Meta-analysis . Sci. Total Environ. , 329 : 3 – 16 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kan , H. , Chen , B. , Chen , C. , Wang , B. and Fu , Q. 2005 . Establishment of Exposure-Response Functions of Air Particulate Matter and Adverse Health Outcomes in China and Worldwide . Biomed. Environ. Sci. , 18 : 159 – 163 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson , H.R. , Atkinson , R.W. , Peacock , J.L. , Sweeting , M.J. and Marston , L. 2005 . Ambient Particulate Matter and Health Effects: Publication Bias in Studies of Short-Term Associations . Epidemiology , 16 : 155 – 163 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pope , C.A. 3rd and Dockery , D.W. 2006 . Health Effects of Fine Particulate Air Pollution: Lines That Connect . J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. , 56 : 709 – 742 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stieb , D.M. , Judek , S. and Burnett , R.T. 2002 . Meta-analysis of Time-Series Studies of Air Pollution and Mortality: Effects of Gases and Particles and the Influence of Cause of Death, Age, and Season . J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. , 52 : 470 – 484 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stieb , D.M. , Judek , S. and Burnett , R.T. 2003 . Meta-analysis of Time-Series Studies of Air Pollution and Mortality: Update in Relation to the Use of Generalized Additive Models . J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. , 53 : 258 – 261 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pope , C.A. 3rd , Burnett , R.T. , Krewski , D. , Jerrett , M. , Shi , Y. , Calle , E.E. and Thun , M.J. 2009 . Cardiovascular Mortality and Exposure to Airborne Fine Particulate Matter and Cigarette Smoke: Shape of the Exposure-Response Relationship . Circulation , 120 : 941 – 948 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kan , H. , London , S.J. , Chen , G. , Zhang , Y. , Song , G. , Zhao , N. , Jiang , L. and Chen , B. 2008 . Season, Sex, Age, and Education as Modifiers of the Effects of Outdoor Air Pollution on Daily Mortality in Shanghai, China: The Public Health and Air Pollution in Asia (PAPA) Study . Environ. Health Perspect. , 116 : 1183 – 1188 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qian , Z. , He , Q. , Lin , H.M. , Kong , L. , Bentley , C.M. , Liu , W. and Zhou , D. 2008 . High Temperatures Enhanced Acute Mortality Effects of Ambient Particle Pollution in the “Oven” City of Wuhan, China . Environ. Health Perspect. , 116 : 1172 – 1178 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cao , J. , Li , W. , Tan , J. , Song , W. , Xu , X. , Jiang , C. , Chen , G. , Chen , R. , Ma , W. , Chen , B. and Kan , H. 2009 . Association of Ambient Air Pollution with Hospital Outpatient and Emergency Room Visits in Shanghai, China . Sci. Total Environ. , 407 : 5531 – 5536 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen , R. , Chu , C. , Tan , J. , Cao , J. , Song , W. , Xu , X. , Jiang , C. , Ma , W. , Yang , C. , Chen , B. , Gui , Y. and Kan , H. 2010 . Ambient Air Pollution and Hospital Admission in Shanghai, China . J. Hazard. Mater. , 181 : 234 – 240 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo , Y. , Tong , S. , Li , S. , Barnett , A.G. , Yu , W. , Zhang , Y. and Pan , X. 2010 . Gaseous Air Pollution and Emergency Hospital Visits for Hypertension in Beijing, China: A Time-Stratified Case-Crossover Study . Environ. Health , 9 : 57
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo , Y. , Barnett , A.G. , Zhang , Y. , Tong , S. , Yu , W. and Pan , X. 2010 . The Short-Term Effect of Air Pollution on Cardiovascular Mortality in Tianjin, China: Comparison of Time Series and Case-Crossover Analyses . Sci. Total Environ. , 409 : 300 – 306 . doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.10.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu , Z. , Yu , D. , Jing , L. and Xu , X. 2000 . Air Pollution and Daily Mortality in Shenyang, China . Arch. Environ Health. , 55 : 115 – 120 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen , R. , Pan , G. , Kan , H. , Tan , J. , Song , W. , Wu , Z. , Xu , X. , Xu , Q. , Jiang , C. and Chen , B. 2010 . Ambient Air Pollution and Daily Mortality in Anshan, China: A Time-Stratified Case-Crossover Analysis . Sci. Total Environ. , 408 : 6086 – 6091 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pope , C.A. 3rd , Burnett , R.T. , Thun , M.J. , Calle , E.E. , Krewski , D. , Ito , K. and Thurston , G.D. 2002 . Lung Cancer, Cardiopulmonary Mortality, and Long-Term Exposure to Fine Particulate Air Pollution . JAMA , 287 : 1132 – 1141 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li , Y. , Wang , W. , Kan , H. , Xu , X. and Chen , B. 2010 . Air Quality and Outpatient Visits for Asthma in Adults during the 2008 Summer Olympic Games in Beijing . Sci. Total Environ. , 408 : 1226 – 1227 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu , S. , Deng , F. , Niu , J. , Huang , Q. , Liu , Y. and Guo , X. 2010 . Association of Heart Rate Variability in Taxi Drivers with Marked Changes in Particulate Air Pollution in Beijing in 2008 . Environ. Health Perspect. , 118 : 87 – 91 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang , T. , Nie , W. , Gao , J. , Xue , L.K. , Gao , X.M. , Wang , X.F. , Qiu , J. , Poon , C.N. , Meinardi , S. , Blake , D. , Wang , S.L. , Ding , A.J. , Chai , F.H. , Zhang , Q.Z. and Wang , W.X. 2010 . Air Quality during the 2008 Beijing Olympics: Secondary Pollutants and Regional Impact . Atmos. Chem. Phys. , 10 : 7603 – 7615 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang , Y. , Tao , S. , Shen , H. and Ma , J. 2009 . Inhalation Exposure to Ambient Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Lung Cancer Risk of Chinese Population . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. , 106 : 21063 – 21067 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen , B. , Hong , C. and Kan , H. 2000 . Health-Based Risk Assessment on Air Pollution in Shanghai in 1990, 1998 and 1999; Special Technical Report Submitted to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), U.S. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), China Council for International Cooperation on Environment and Development (CCICED), China State Environmental Protection Agency (SEPA), and China Ministry of Health (MOH)
   Google Scholar
• Zhang , M. , Song , Y. , Cai , X. and Zhou , J. 2008 . Economic Assessment of the Health Effects Related to Particulate Matter Pollution in 111 Chinese Cities by Using Economic Burden of Disease Analysis . J. Environ. Manage. , 88 : 947 – 954 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen , R. , Chen , B. and Kan , H. 2010 . A Health-Based Economic Assessment of Particulate Air Pollution in 113 Chinese Cities . China Environ. Sci. , 30 : 410 – 415 . [in Chinese]
   Google Scholar
• Smith , K.R. 2004 . “ Indoor Smoke from Household Solid Fuels ” . In Comparative Quantification of Health Risks: Global and Regional Burden of Disease Due to Selected Major Risk Factors , Edited by: Ezzati , M. , Rodgers , A.D. , Lopez , A.D. and Murray , C.J.L. Vol. 2 , 1437 – 1495 . Geneva : World Health Organization .
   Google Scholar