Covert contrasts in the acquisition of English high front vowels by native speakers of Korean, Portuguese, and Spanish

References

• Baayen, Harald. 2008. Analyzing linguistic data: A practical introduction to statistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Baayen, Harald, Douglas Davidson & Douglas Bates. 2008. Mixed-effects modeling with crossed random effects for subjects and items. Journal of Memory and Language 59. 390–412. doi:10.1016/j.jml.2007.12.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Best, Catherine. 1995. A direct realist view of cross-language speech perception. In Strange Winifred (ed.), Speech perception and linguistic experience: Issues in cross-language research, 171–204. Baltimore: York Press.
   Google Scholar
• Boersma, Paul & David Weenink. 2005. PRAAT: Doing phonetics by computer (Version 4. 4.07) [Computer program]. [Accessed on: February 10, 2018]. http://www.praat.org/.
   Google Scholar
• Bohn, Ocke-Schwen & James Flege. 1990. Interlingual identification and the role of foreign language experience in L2 vowel perception. Applied Psycholinguistics 11(3). 303–328. doi:10.1017/S0142716400008912.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cancino, Herlinda, Ellen Rosansky & John Schumann. 1978. The acquisition of English negative and interrogatives by native speakers of Spanish. In Hatch Evelyn (ed.), Second language acquisition: A book of readings, 207–230. Rowley, MA: Newbury House Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Celdrán, Eugenio. 1995. En torno a las vocales del español: Análisis y reconocimiento. Estudios de fonética experimental 7. 195–218.
   Google Scholar
• Derwing, Tracey & Murray Munro. 1997. Accent, intelligibility, and comprehensibility: Evidence from four L1s. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 19. 1–16. doi:10.1017/S0272263197001010
   Google Scholar
• Eckman, Fred, Greg Iverson & Jae Yung Song. 2014. Covert contrast in the acquisition of second language phonology. In Farris-Trimble Ashley, Barlow Jessica (eds.), Perspectives on phonological theory and acquisition: Papers in honor of Daniel A. Dinnsen, 25–48. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Eckman, Fred, Greg Iverson & Jae Yung Song. 2015. Overt and covert contrast in L2 phonology. Journal of Second Language Pronunciation 1. 254–278. doi:10.1075/jslp.1.2.06eck
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Escudero, Paola, Paul Boersma, Andréia Schurt Rauber & Ricardo Bion. 2009. A cross-dialect acoustic description of vowels: Brazilian and European Portuguese. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 126(3). 1379–1393. doi:10.1121/1.3180321.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flege, James. 1987. The production of “new” and “similar” phones in a foreign language: Evidence for the effect of equivalence classification. Journal of Phonetics 15. 47–65.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flege, James. 1988. Factors affecting degree of perceived foreign accent in English sentences. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 84. 70–79. doi:10.1121/1.396876
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flege, James. 1990. English vowel production by Dutch talkers: More evidence for the “similar” versus “new” distinction. In Leather Jonathan, James Allan (eds.), New Sounds 90: Proceedings of the Amsterdam Symposium on the Acquisition of Second-language Speech, 255–293. Amsterdam: University of Amsterdam.
   Google Scholar
• Flege, James. 1991. Age of learning affects the authenticity of voice onset time (VOT) in stop consonants produced in a second language. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 89. 395–411.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flege, James. 1993. Production and perception of a novel, second-language phonetic contrast. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 93. 1589–1608.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flege, James. 1995. Second language speech learning: Theory, findings and problems. In Strange Winifred (ed.), Speech perception and linguistic experience: Issues in cross-language research, 233–277. Baltimore: York Press.
   Google Scholar
• Flege, James, Ocke-Schwen Bohn & Sunyoung Jang. 1997. The effect of experience on nonnative subjects’ production and perception of English vowels. Journal of Phonetics 25. 437–470. doi:10.1006/jpho.1997.0052
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flege, James, Ian MacKay & Diane Meador. 1999. Native Italian speakers’ perception and production of English vowels. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 106. 2973–2987.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forrest, Karen, Gary Weismer, Megan Hodge, Daniel A. Dinnsen & Mary Elbert. 1990. Statistical analysis of word-initial/k/and/t/produced by normal and phonologically disordered children. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics 4. 327–340. doi:10.3109/02699209008985495
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gass, Susan. 1983. The development of L2 intuitions. TESOL Quarterly 17. 273–291. doi:10.2307/3586654
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gierut, Judith & Daniel Dinnsen. 1986. On word-initial voicing: Converging sources of evidence in phonologically disordered speech. Language and Speech 29. 97–114. doi:10.1177/002383098602900201
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hewlett, Nigel. 1988. Acoustic properties of/k/and/t/in normal and phonologically disordered speech. Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics 2. 29–45. doi:10.3109/02699208808985242
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hillenbrand, James, Laura Getty, Michael Clark & Kimberlee Wheeler. 1995. Acoustic characteristics of American English vowels. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 97. 3099–3111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, Keith. 2008. Quantitative methods in linguistics. Oxford: Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Leather, Jonathan & Allan James. 1991. The acquisition of second-language speech. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 13. 305–341. doi:10.1017/S0272263100010019
   Google Scholar
• Lee, Hyun Bok. 1993. Korean. Journal of the International Phonetic Association 23. 28–31. doi:10.1017/S0025100300004758
   Google Scholar
• Li, Fangfang, Jan Edwards & Mary Beckman. 2009. Contrast and covert contrast: The phonetic development of voiceless sibilant fricatives in English and Japanese toddlers. Journal of Phonetics 37. 111–124. doi:10.1016/j.wocn.2008.10.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim, Jin-A & Mira Oh. 2008. Covert contrast in second language acquisition. In Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Korean Linguistics (ICKL), 202–203. June 26–28, New York: SUNY at Binghamton & Cornell University.
   Google Scholar
• Lisker, Leigh & Arthur Abramson. 1964. A cross-language study of voicing in initial stops: Acoustical measurements. Word 20. 384–422. doi:10.1080/00437956.1964.11659830
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Llisterri, Joaquim. 1995. Relationships between speech production and speech perception in a second language. In Proceedings of the 13th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences Vol 4, 92–99. August 13–19, Stockholm, Sweden.
   Google Scholar
• Lund, Kevin & Curt Burgess. 1996. Producing high-dimensional semantic spaces from lexical co-occurrence. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments & Computers 28. 203–208. doi:10.3758/BF03204766
   Google Scholar
• Macken, Marlys & David Barton. 1980. A longitudinal study of the acquisition of the voicing contrast in American-English word-initial stops, as measured by voice onset time. Journal of Child Language 7. 41–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marín Gálvez, Rafael. 1995. La duración vocálica en español. ELUA. Estudios de Lingüística 10. 213–226.
   Google Scholar
• Maxwell, Edith & Gary Weismer. 1982. The contribution of phonological, acoustic, and perceptual techniques to the characterization of a misarticulating child’s voice contrast for stops. Applied Psycholinguistics 3. 29–43. doi:10.1017/S0142716400004148
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendez, Antonio. 1982. Production of American English and Spanish vowels. Language and Speech 25(2). 191–197. doi:10.1177/002383098202500206.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piske, Thorsten, Ian MacKay & James Flege. 2001. Factors affecting degree of foreign accent in an L2: A review. Journal of Phonetics 29(2). 191–215. doi:10.1006/jpho.2001.0134.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R Development Core Team. 2011. A language and environment for statistical computing, R foundation for statistical computing, Vienna, Austria. [Computer program]. [Accessed on: February 10, 2018]. http://www.R-project.org.
   Google Scholar
• Rochet, Bernard. 1995. Perception and production of second-language speech sounds by adults. In Strange Winifred (ed.), Speech perception and linguistic experience: Issues in cross-language research, 379–410. Baltimore: York Press.
   Google Scholar
• Scobbie, James. 1998. Interactions between the acquisition of phonetics and phonology. In Catherine Gruber M., Higgins Derrick, Olson Kenneth, Wysocki Tamra (eds.), Papers from the 34th annual regional meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society Vol. II, 343–358. Chicago: Chicago Linguistics Society.
   Google Scholar
• Scobbie, James, Fiona Gibbon, William Hardcastle & Paul Fletcher. 2000. Covert contrast as a stage in the acquisition of phonetics and phonology. In Broe Michael, Pierrehumbert Janet (eds.), Papers in laboratory phonology V: Language acquisition and the lexicon, 194–203. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sohn, Ho-Min. 1999. The Korean language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Tyler, Ann, Randall Figurski & Teru Langsdale. 1993. Relationships between acoustically determined knowledge of stop place and voicing contrasts and phonological treatment progress. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research 36. 746–759.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tyler, Michael, Catherine Best, Alice Faber & Andrea Levitt. 2014. Perceptual assimilation and discrimination of non-native vowel contrasts. Phonetica 71. 4–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Leusen, Jan-Willem & Paola Escudero. 2015. Learning to perceive and recognize a second language: The L2LP model revisited. Frontiers in Psychology 6. 1000.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, Byunggon. 1996. A comparative study of American English and Korean vowels produced by male and female speakers. Journal of Phonetics 24(2). 245–261.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhi, MinJe. 1993. 소리의 길이. 새국어생활 3. 39–57.
   Google Scholar