Changes in Composition and Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Essential Oil of Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) Fruit at Different Stages of Maturity

REFERENCES

• Adams , R. P. 2001 . Identification of Essential Oils Components by Gas Chromatography/Quadrupole Mass Spectroscopy , 456 Carol Stream, IL : Allured Publishing Corporation .
   Google Scholar
• Ashraf , M. and Akhtar , N. 2004 . Influence of salt stress on growth, ion accumulation and seed oil content in sweet fennel . Biologia Plantarum , 48 ( 3 ) : 461 – 464 .
   Google Scholar
• Cantore , P. L. , Iacobellis , N. S. , Marco , A. D. , Capasso , F. and Senatore , F. 2004 . Antibacterial activity of Coriandrum sativum L. and Foeniculum vulgare Miller Var. vulgare (Miller) essential oils . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 52 : 7862 – 7866 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curtis , O. F. , Shetty , K. , Cassagnol , G. and Peleg , M. 1996 . Composition of synthetic and lethal effects of synthetic versions of plant metabolites (anethole, eugenol, carvacrol, thymol) on food spoilage yeast (Debaromycesd hanenei) . Food Biotechnol. , 10 ( 1 ) : 55 – 73 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dadalioglu , I. and Evrendlilek , G. A. 2004 . Chemical composition and antibacterial effects of essential oils of Turkish Oregano (Origanum minutiflorum), Bay Laurel (Laurus nobilis), Spanish Lavender (Lavandula stoechas L.), and fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) on common food borne pathogens . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 52 ( 26 ) : 8255 – 8260 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Damjanovic , B. , Lepojevic , Z. , Zivkovic , V. and Tolic , A. 2005 . Extraction of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) seeds with supercritical CO2: Comparison with hydrodistillation . Food Chem. , 92 ( 1 ) : 143 – 149 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freire , R. S. , Morais , S. M. , Catunda-Junior , F. E. A. and Pinheiro , D. C. S. N. 2005 . Synthesis and antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and gastroprotector activities of anethole and related compounds . Bioorg. Med. Chem. , 13 ( 13 ) : 4353 – 4358 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia-Jimenez , N. , Perez-Alonso , M. J. and Velasco-Negueruela , A. 2000 . Chemical composition of fennel oil, Foeniculum vulgare Miller, from Spain . J. Essent. Oil Res. , 12 : 159 – 162 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hussain , A. I. , Anwar , F. , Sherazi , S. T. H. and Przybylski , R. 2008 . Chemical composition, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities of basil (Ocimum basilicum) essential oils depend on seasonal variations . Food Chem. , 108 ( 3 ) : 986 – 995 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kulisic , T. , Radonic , A. , Katalinic , V. and Milos , M. 2004 . Use of different methods for testing antioxidant activity of oregano essential oil . Food Chem. , 85 ( 4 ) : 633 – 640 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mata , A. T. , Proenca , C. , Ferreira , A. R. , Serralheiro , M. L. M. , Nogueira , J. M. F. and Araujo , M. E. M. 2007 . Antioxidant and antiacetylcholinesterase activities of five plants used as Portuguese food species . Food Chem. , 103 ( 3 ) : 778 – 786 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mimica-Dukic , N. , Bozin , B. , Sokovic , M. and Simin , N. 2004 . Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Melissa officinalis L. (Lamiaceae) essential oil . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 52 ( 9 ) : 2485 – 2489 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mimica-Dukic , N. , Kujundzic , S. , Sokovic , M. and Couladis , M. 2003 . Essential oil composition and antifungal activity of Foeniculum Vulgare Mill. obtained by different distillation conditions . Phytother. Res. , 17 ( 4 ) : 368 – 371 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Msaada , K. , Hosni , K. , Taarit , M. B. , Chahed , T. , Kchouk , M. E. and Marzouk , B. 2007 . Changes on essential oil composition of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) fruit during three stages of maturity . Food Chem. , 102 ( 4 ) : 1131 – 1134 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oktay , M. , Gulcin , I. and Kufrevioglu , O. I. 2003 . Determination of in vitro antioxidant activity of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) seed extracts . Lebensmittel- Wissenschaft Technol. , 36 ( 2 ) : 263 – 271 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ostad , S. N. , Soodi , M. , Shariffzadeh , M. , Khorshidi , N. and Marzban , H. 2001 . The effect of fennel essential oil on uterine contraction as a model for dysmenorrheal, pharmacology and toxicology study . J. Ethnopharmacol. , 76 ( 3 ) : 299 – 304 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozcan , M. M. and Chalchat , J. C. 2006 . Effect of collection time on chemical time on chemical composition of the essential oil of Foeniculum vulgare subsp. piperitum growing wild in Turkey . Eur. Food Res. Technol. , 224 ( 2 ) : 279 – 281 .
   Google Scholar
• Ozcan , M. M. , Chalchat , J. C. , Arslan , D. , Ates , A. and Unver , A. 2006 . Comparative essential oil composition and antifungal effect of bitter fennel (Foeniculum vulgare ssp. piperitum) fruit oils obtained during different vegetation . J. Med. Food , 9 ( 4 ) : 552 – 561 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozcan , M. M. , Sagdic , O. and Ozkan , G. 2006 . Inhibitory effects of spice essential oils on the growth of Bacillus species . J. Med. Food , 9 ( 3 ) : 418 – 421 .
   Google Scholar
• Parejo , I. , Viladomat , F. , Bastida , J. , Rosas-Romero , A. , Flerlage , N. , J. Burillo and C. Codona . 2002 . Comparison between the radical scavenging activity and antioxidant activity of six distilled and non-distilled Mediterranean herbs and aromatic plants . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 50 ( 23 ) : 6882 – 6890 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piccaglia , R. and Marotti , M. 2001 . Characterization of some Italian type of wild fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 49 ( 1 ) : 239 – 244 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruberto , G. , Baratta , M. T. , Deans , S. G. and Dorman , H. J. 2000 . Antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of Foeniculum vulgare and Crithmum maritimum essential oils . Planta Medica , 66 ( 8 ) : 687 – 693 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh , G. and Marimuthu , P. 2006 . Antioxidant and biocidal activities of Carum nigrum (seed) essential oil, oleoresin, and their selected components . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 54 ( 1 ) : 174 – 181 .
   Google Scholar
• Tepe , B. , Akpulat , H. A. , Sokmen , M. , Daferera , D. , Yumrutas , O. Aydin , E. 2006 . Screening of the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of the essential oils of Pimpinella anisetum and Pimpinella flabellifolia from Turkey . Food Chem. , 97 ( 4 ) : 719 – 724 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yen , G. C. , Duh , P. D. and Chuang , D. Y. 2000 . Antioxidant activity of anthraquinones and anthrone . Food Chem. , 70 ( 4 ) : 437 – 441 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar