Influence of Treatments with Heat, Chlorine Dioxide, or Ethylene Oxide on Microbiological Load and Parthenolide Content in Feverfew Leaves

REFERENCES

• American Herbal Pharmacopoeia. 2007. Feverfew aerial parts. http://www.herbal-ahp.org (Accessed: 28 October 2008 ).
   Google Scholar
• American Spice Trade Association. 2006. Ethylene Oxide White Paper http://www.astaspice.org/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=3393 (Accessed: 28 October 2008 ).
   Google Scholar
• American Spice Trade Association. 2007. Ethylene oxide re-registration letter to the EPA http://www.astaspice.org/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=3284 (Accessed: 28 October 2008 ).
   Google Scholar
• Awang , D. V. C. , Dawson , B. A. , Kindack , D. G. , Crompton , C. W. and Heptinstall , S. 1991 . Parthenolide content of feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium) assessed by HPLC and 1H-NMR spectroscopy . J. Nat. Prod. , 54 ( 6 ) : 1516 – 1521 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benarde , M. A. , Israel , B. M. , Oliveri , V. P. and Granstrom , M. L. 1965 . Efficiency of chlorine dioxide as a bactericide . Appl. Microbiol. , 13 ( 5 ) : 776 – 780 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Blumenthal , M. 2002 . Herb sales down in mainstream market, up in natural food stores . HerbalGram , 55 : 60
   Google Scholar
• Demarco , M. F. , Sarruggieri , H. and Lopez , M. A. 1999 . Good agricultural practices for the organic production of medicinal plants . Acta Horticulturae , 502 : 21 – 28 .
   Google Scholar
• Groenewegen , W. A. , Knight , D. W. and Heptinstall , S. 1992 . Progress in the medicinal chemistry of the herb, feverfew . Progr. Med. Chem. , 29 : 217 – 238 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Heindl , A. G. W. and Muller , J. 2007 . Microwave drying of medicinal and aromatic plants . Stewart Postharvest Review , 3 ( 4 ) : 1 – 6 .
   Google Scholar
• Jordy, A. 1991. Formation of ethylene chlorohydrin in camomile after gassing with ethylene oxide in dependence on water content and packing material. Pharmazeutische Industrie.53:863–868. http://apps.isiknowledge.com/WoS/CIW.cgi (Accessed: 27 June 2007 ).
   Google Scholar
• Lee , S. , Costello , M. and Kang , D. 2004 . Efficacy of chlorine dioxide gas as a sanitizer of lettuce leaves . J. Food Protect. , 67 ( 7 ) : 1371 – 1376 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muller , J. 2007 . Convective drying of medicinal, aromatic and spice plants: A review . Stewart Postharvest Review , 4 : 2
   Google Scholar
• Popa , I. , Hanson , E. J. , Todd , E. C. D. , Schilder , A. C. and Ryser , E. T. 2007 . Efficacy of chlorine dioxide gas sachets for enhancing the microbiological quality and safety of blueberries . J. Food Protect. , 70 ( 9 ) : 2084 – 2088 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rushing , J. W. 2006 . Methods to ensure microbiological safety of organically produced medicinal plants: A review . HortScience , 41 ( 2 ) : 292 – 295 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rushing , J. W. , Dufault , R. J. and Hassell , R. L. 2004 . Drying temperature and developmental stage at harvest influence the parthenolide content of feverfew leaves and stems . Acta Horticulturae , 629 : 167 – 173 .
   Google Scholar
• Rushing , J. W. , Gangemi , J. D. , Boyleston , L. , Hassell , R. L. , Dufault , R. J. and Shepard , B. M. . Impact of good agricultural practices and good manufacturing practices on the marketability of medicinal herbs: A pilot project with commercial growers . Proceedings of the Caribbean Association of Researchers and Herbal Practitioners . June 27–29 2003 , St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tabago.
   Google Scholar
• Schatzman, D. 2007. A year in review. In 2006 and 2007, issues related to safety and quality dominated the headlines. Nutritional Outlook. http://www.nutritionaloutlook.com/article.php?ArticleID=2162 (Accessed: 25 September 2007 ).
   Google Scholar
• Schatzman, D. 2007. Building better botanicals. With herbs on the rebound, more manufactures are adding raw-material sterilization to their QC programs. Nutritional Outlook. Available at http://www.nutritionaloutlook.com/article.php? ArticleID=2143 (Accessed: 25 September 2007 ).
   Google Scholar
• Schweiggert , U. , Carle , R. and Schieber , A. 2007 . Conventional and alternative processes for spice production—A review . Trends Food Sci. Tech. , 18 ( 5 ) : 260 – 268 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sy , K. V. , McWatters , K. H. and Beuchat , L. R. 2005 . Efficacy of gaseous chlorine dioxide as a sanitizer for killing Salmonella, yeasts, molds on blueberries, strawberries, and raspberries . J. Food Protect. , 68 ( 6 ) : 1165 – 1175 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanko , H. M. , Carrier , D. J. , Sokhansanj , S. and Crowe , T. G. 2003 . Effects of drying temperature and storage on parthenolide concentration of feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium L.) leaves . Journal of Nutraceuticals, Functional & Medical Foods , 4 ( 1 ) : 27 – 37 .
   Google Scholar
• Tateo , F. and Bononi , M. 2006 . Determination of ethylene chlorohydrin as marker of spices fumigation with ethylene oxide . J. Food Compos. Anal. , 19 ( 1 ) : 83 – 87 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U.S. Code of Federal Regulations . 2004 . Ethylene oxide tolerances for residues. Title 40 , 22 Section 180.151
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2006. Report of the food quality protection act (FQPA) tolerance reassessment and risk management decision (TRED) for ethylene oxide http://www.epa.gov/oppsrrd1/reregistration/REDs/ethylene_oxide_tred.pdf (Accessed: 28 October 2008 ).
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 2007. Current food manufacturing practice in manufacturing, packaging, labeling, or holding operations for dietary supplements. Federal Register. 72:121:34751–34958 http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~lrd/fr07625a.html (Accessed: 28 October 2008 ).
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 2007. Guidance for industry. Guide to minimize microbial food safety hazards of fresh-cut fruits and vegetables http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/prodgui3.html (Accessed: 28 October 2008 ).
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 2007. Safety of fresh produce; public hearings; request for comments. Federal Register 72(38):8750–8756. http://www.fda.gov/OHRMS/DOCKETS/98fr/07-891.htm (Accessed: 28 October 2008 ).
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Pharmacopeia . . 2005–2010 Dietary supplements . General chapters expert committee meeting #2 . 31 May , Rockville, MD : USP Headquarters .
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Pharmacopeia . 2007 . USP-NF: The Official Compendium of Standards , Rockville, MD : U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Wilkes, A.P. 1992. Spice use and technology expand. http://www.foodproductdesign.com/archive/1992/0892DE.html (Accessed: 12 July 2007 ).
   Google Scholar
• Wu , C. , Chen , F. , Rushing , J. W. , Wang , X. , Kim , H. , Huang , G. , Haley-Zitlin , V. and He , G. 2006 . Antiproliferative activities of parthenolide and golden feverfew extract against three human cancer cell lines . J. Med. Food , 9 ( 1 ) : 55 – 61 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu, L. and A. Prakash. 1999. Comparative effects of ethylene oxide fumigation, gamma irradiation, and steam sterilization on active/marker compounds of selected herbs. The Institute of Food Technologists (IFT) Annual Meeting. http://ift.confex.com/ift/99/annual/techprogram/abstracts/3630.htm (Accessed: 12 July 2007 ).
   Google Scholar