Exploration of personality factors and their predictive impact on therapy utilization: The externalizing mode of functioning

References

• American Psychiatric Association 2000 Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders , 4th ed., text rev. Washington, DC APA
   Google Scholar
• Argelander , H. 1970 . Das Erstinterview in der Psychotherapie [The initial interview in psychotherapy] , Darmstadt, , Germany : Wissenschaftliche Buchgemeinschaft .
   Google Scholar
• Armbruster , P. and Fallon , T. 1994 . Clinical, sociodemographic, and systems risk factors for attrition in a children's mental health clinic . American Journal of Orthopsychiatry , 64 ( 4 ) : 577 – 585 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azim , H. F. , Piper , W. E. , Segal , P. M. , Nixon , G. W. and Duncan , S. 1991 . The Quality of Object Relations Scale . Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic , 55 ( 3 ) : 323 – 343 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bender , D. S. , Dolan , R. T. , Skodol , A. E. , Sanislow , C. A. , Dyck , I. R. McGlashan , T. H. 2001 . Treatment utilization by patients with personality disorders . American Journal of Psychiatry , 158 ( 2 ) : 295 – 302 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bender , D. S. , Skodol , A. E. , Dyck , I. R. , Markowitz , J. C. , Shea , M. T. Yen , S. 2007 . Ethnicity and mental health treatment utilization by patients with personality disorders . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 75 ( 6 ) : 992 – 999 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bender , D. S. , Skodol , A. E. , Pagano , M. E. , Dyck , I. R. , Grilo , C. M. Shea , M. T. 2006 . Prospective assessment of treatment use by patients with personality disorders . Psychiatric Services , 57 ( 2 ) : 254 – 257 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beutler , L. E. 1991 . Have all won and must all have prizes? Revisiting Luborsky et al.'s verdict . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 59 ( 2 ) : 226 – 232 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beutler , L. E. , Clarkin , J. and Bongar , B. 2000 . Guidelines for the systematic treatment of the depressed client , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Beutler , L. E. , Engle , D. , Mohr , D. , Daldrup , R. J. , Bergan , J. Meredith , K. 1991 . Predictors of differential response to cognitive, experiential, and self-directed psychotherapeutic procedures . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 59 ( 2 ) : 333 – 340 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Blatt , S. J. and Auerbach , J. S. 2003 . Psychodynamic measures of therapeutic change . Psychoanalytic Inquiry , 23 ( 2 ) : 268 – 307 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Botella , L. , Corbella , S. , Belles , L. , Pacheco , M. , Gomez , M. A. Herrero , O. 2008 . Predictors of therapeutic outcome and process . Psychotherapy Research , 18 ( 5 ) : 535 – 542 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bronstein C. 2001 Kleinian theory—A contemporary perspective London Whurr
   Google Scholar
• Clarkin , J. F. and Levy , K. N. 2004 . “ The influence of client variables on psychotherapy ” . In Bergin and Garfield's handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change , 5th ed , Edited by: Lambert , M. J. 194 – 227 . New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Clarkin , J. F. , Levy , K. N. , Lenzenweger , M. F. and Kernberg , O. F. 2007 . Evaluating three treatments for borderline personality disorder: A multiwave study . American Journal of Psychiatry , 164 ( 6 ) : 922 – 928 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarkin , J. F. , Yeomans , F. and Kernberg , O. F. 2006 . Psychotherapy for borderline personality , Washington, DC : American Psychiatric Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Cloitre , M. , Stovall-McClough , K. C. , Miranda , R. and Chemtob , C. M. 2004 . Therapeutic alliance, negative mood regulation, and treatment outcome in child abuse-related posttraumatic stress disorder . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 72 ( 3 ) : 411 – 416 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conklin , C. Z. , Bradley , R. and Westen , D. 2006 . Affect regulation in borderline personality disorder . Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases , 194 ( 2 ) : 69 – 77 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Copas , J. B. 1983 . Regression, prediction and shrinkage (with discussion) . Journal of the Royal Statistical Society B , 45 : 311 – 354 .
   Google Scholar
• Crits-Christoph , P. , Gibbons , M. B. C. , Narducci , J. , Schamberger , M. and Gallop , R. 2005 . Interpersonal problems and the outcome of interpersonally oriented psychodynamic treatment of GAD . Psychotherapy , 42 ( 2 ) : 211 – 224 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies-Osterkamp , S. , Strauss , B. M. and Schmitz , N. 1996 . Interpersonal problems as predictors of symptom related treatment outcome in long-term psychotherapy . Psychotherapy Research , 6 ( 3 ) : 164 – 176 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Efron , B. 1979 . Bootstrap methods: Another look at the jackknife . Annals of Statistics , 7 : 1 – 26 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Efron , B. 1981a . Censored data and the bootstrap . Journal of the American Statistical Association , 76 : 312 – 319 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Efron , B. 1981b . Nonparametric standard errors and confidence intervals . Canadian Journal of Statistics , 9 : 139 – 172 .
   Google Scholar
• Efron , B. and Gong , G. 1983 . A leisurely look at the bootstrap, the jackknife, and cross-validation . American Statistician , 37 : 36 – 48 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Epstein , E. E. , McCrady , B. S. , Miller , K. J. and Steinberg , M. 1994 . Attrition from conjoint alcoholism treatment: Do dropouts differ from completers? . Journal of Substance Abuse , 6 ( 3 ) : 249 – 265 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fonagy , P. , Target , M. , Steele , H. and Steele , M. 1998 . Reflective-functioning manual, version 5.0, for application to Adult Attachment Interviews , London : University College London .
   Google Scholar
• Frank , J. D. 1979 . The present status of outcome studies . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 47 ( 2 ) : 310 – 316 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gabbard , G. O. and Horowitz , M. J. 2009 . Insight, transference interpretation, and therapeutic change in the dynamic psychotherapy of borderline personality disorder . American Journal of Psychiatry , 166 ( 5 ) : 517 – 521 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• George , C. , Kaplan , N. and Main , M. 1996 . Adult Attachment Interview protocol , 3rd ed , Berkeley : University of California, Berkeley .
   Google Scholar
• Goldberg , L. R. 1993 . The structure of phenotypic personality traits . American Psychologist , 48 ( 1 ) : 26 – 34 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunderson , J. G. , Frank , A. F. , Ronningstam , E. F. , Wachter , S. , Lynch , V. J. and Wolf , P. J. 1989 . Early discontinuance of borderline patients from psychotherapy . Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases , 177 ( 1 ) : 38 – 42 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• H⊘glend , P. , Amlo , S. , Marble , A. , B⊘gwald , K. P. , S⊘rbye , Ø. Sjaastad , M. C. 2006 . Analysis of the patient-therapist relationship in dynamic psychotherapy: An experimental study of transference interpretations . American Journal of Psychiatry , 163 ( 10 ) : 1739 – 1746 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• H⊘glend , P. , B⊘gwald , K. P. , Amlo , S. , Marble , A. , Ulberg , R. Sjaastad , M. C. 2008 . Transference interpretations in dynamic psychotherapy: Do they really yield sustained effects? . American Journal of Psychiatry , 165 ( 6 ) : 763 – 771 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Horowitz , L. M. , Rosenberg , S. E. , Baer , B. A. , Ureño , G. and Villaseñor , V. S. 1988 . Inventory of Interpersonal Problems: Psychometric properties and clinical applications . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 56 ( 6 ) : 885 – 892 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horowitz , L. M. , Rosenberg , S. E. and Bartholomew , K. 1993 . Interpersonal problems, attachment styles, and outcome in brief dynamic psychotherapy . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 61 ( 4 ) : 549 – 560 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horowitz , L. M. , Strauss , B. and Kordy , H. 2000 . IIP-D: Inventar zur Erfassung Interpersonaler Probleme–Manual [Inventory of Interpersonal Problems, German version] , Göttingen, , Germany : Beltz .
   Google Scholar
• Hunt , C. and Andrews , G. 1992 . Drop-out rate as a performance indicator in psychotherapy . Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica , 85 ( 4 ) : 275 – 278 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kernberg , O. F. 1984 . Severe personality disorders: Psychotherapeutic strategies , New Haven, CT : Yale University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kernberg , O. F. and Michels , R. 2009 . Borderline personality disorder . American Journal of Psychiatry , 166 ( 5 ) : 505 – 508 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Krueger , R. F. , Caspi , A. , Moffitt , T. E. and Silva , P. A. 1998 . The structure and stability of common mental disorders (DSM-III-R): A longitudinal-epidemiological study . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 107 ( 2 ) : 216 – 227 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krueger , R. F. , McGue , M. and Iacono , W. G. 2001 . The higher-order structure of common DSM mental disorders: Internalization, externalization, and their connections to personality . Personality and Individual Differences , 30 ( 7 ) : 1245 – 1259 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambert , M. 1992 . “ Psychotherapy outcome research: Implications for integrative and eclectic therapists ” . In Handbook of psychotherapy integration , Edited by: Norcross , J. and Goldfried , M. 94 – 129 . New York : Basic Books .
   Google Scholar
• Lee , A. C. 2007 . Assessment and diagnosis of personality disorder: Perennial issues and an emerging reconceptualization . Annual Review of Psychology , 58 : 227 – 257 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lincoln , T. M. , Rief , W. , Hahlweg , K. , Frank , M. , Von Witzleben , I. Schroeder , B. 2006 . Who comes, who stays, who profits? Predicting refusal, dropout, success, and relapse in a short intervention for social phobia . Psychotherapy Research , 15 ( 3 ) : 210 – 225 .
   Google Scholar
• Lingiardi , V. , Filippucci , L. and Baiocco , R. 2005 . Therapeutic alliance evaluation in personality disorders psychotherapy . Psychotherapy Research , 15 ( 1–2 ) : 45 – 53 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Livesley , W. J. 2003 . “ Diagnostic dilemmas in classifying personality disorder ” . In Advancing DSM: Dilemmas in psychiatric diagnosis , Edited by: Phillips , K. A. , First , M. B. and Pincus , H. A. 153 – 190 . Washington, DC : American Psychiatric Association .
   Google Scholar
• Livesley , W. J. 2005 . Principles and strategies for treating personality disorder . Canadian Journal of Psychiatry , 50 ( 8 ) : 442 – 450 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Livesley , W. J. , Jang , K. L. and Vernon , P. A. 1998 . Phenotypic and genetic structure of traits delineating personality disorder . Archives of General Psychiatry , 55 ( 10 ) : 941 – 948 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Löffler-Stastka H. 2003 QORS. Qualität der Objektbeziehungen-Skala [QORS. The Quality of Object Relations Scale, German version]. Retrieved November 30, 2009, from http://www.zpid.de/index.php?wahl=products&uwahl=frei&uuwahl=testarchiveintro
   Google Scholar
• Löffler-Stastka , H. , Ponocny-Seliger , E. , Fischer-Kern , M. and Leithner , K. 2005 . Utilization of psychotherapy in patients with personality disorder: The impact of gender, character traits, affect regulation, and quality of object-relations. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory . Research and Practice , 78 ( 4 ) : 531 – 548 .
   Google Scholar
• Löffler-Stastka , H. , Ponocny-Seliger , E. , Fischer-Kern , M. , Rössler-Schülein , H. , Leithner-Dziubas , K. and Schuster , P. 2007 . Validation of the SWAP-200 for diagnosing psychostructural organization in personality disorders . Psychopathology , 40 ( 1 ) : 35 – 46 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Löffler-Stastka H. Ponocny-Seliger E. Szerencsics M. Bartenstein M. Grassl R. Stastka K. 2008 Beneficial and hindering factors for psychotherapy utilization and treatment outcome in personality disorders: Part 1. Diagnostic procedures relevant for psychotherapy planning; Part 2. Assessment procedures relevant for measuring the course of therapy and treatment response In I. Halvorsen S. Olsen New research on personality disorders 1 61 New York Nova Science
   Google Scholar
• Löffler-Stastka , H. , Rössler-Schülein , H. and Skale , E. 2008 . Prädiktoren des Therapieabbruchs in psychoanalytischen Behandlungen von Patienten mit Persönlichkeitsstörungen [Predictors of dropout during psychoanalytic treatments of patients with personality disorders] . Zeitschrift für Psychosomatische Medizin und Psychotherapie , 54 ( 1 ) : 63 – 76 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Löffler-Stastka , H. , Voracek , M. , Leithner , K. , Fischer-Kern , M. , Presslich , E. Kunz , C. 2003 . Predicting psychotherapy utilization for patients with borderline personality disorder . Psychotherapy Research , 13 ( 2 ) : 255 – 264 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luborsky , L. , Chandler , M. , Auerbach , A. H. , Cohen , J. and Bachrach , H. M. 1971 . Factors influencing the outcome of psychotherapy: A review of quantitative research . Psychological Bulletin , 75 ( 3 ) : 145 – 185 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McCrae , R. R. and Costa , P. T. Jr . 1997 . Personality trait structure as a human universal . American Psychologist , 52 ( 5 ) : 509 – 516 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller , A. J. 1984 . Selection of subsets of regression variables (with discussion) . Journal of the Royal Statistical Society A , 147 : 389 – 425 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohl , P. , Martinez , D. , Ticknor , C. , Huang , M. and Cordell , L. 1991 . Early dropouts from psychotherapy . Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , 179 ( 8 ) : 478 – 481 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muran , J. C. , Segal , Z. V. , Samstag , L. W. and Crawford , C. E. 1994 . Patient pretreatment interpersonal problems and therapeutic alliance in short-term cognitive therapy . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 62 ( 1 ) : 185 – 190 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paivio , S. C. and Bahr , L. M. 1998 . Interpersonal problems, working alliance, and outcome in short-term experiential therapy . Psychotherapy Research , 8 ( 4 ) : 392 – 407 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piper , W. E. , Ogrodniczuk , J. S. , McCallum , M. , Joyce , A. S. and Rosie , J. S. 2003 . Expression of affect as a mediator of the relationship between quality of object relations and group therapy outcome for patients with complicated grief . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 71 ( 4 ) : 664 – 671 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rössler-Schülein , H. , Diercks , C. , Löffler-Stastka , H. , Schwinghammer , M. and Skale , E. 2009 . Unvollständige Analysen [Incomplete psychoanalytic treatments] . Psyche , 63 ( 1 ) : 48 – 72 .
   Google Scholar
• Schauenburg , H. , Kuda , M. , Sammet , I. and Strack , M. 2000 . The influence of interpersonal problems and symptom severity on the duration and outcome of short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy . Psychotherapy Research , 10 ( 2 ) : 133 – 146 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shea , M. T. , Pilkonis , P. A. , Beckham , E. , Collins , J. F. , Elkin , I. Sotsky , S. M. 1990 . Personality disorders and treatment outcome in the NIMH Treatment of Depression Collaborative Research Program . American Journal of Psychiatry , 147 ( 6 ) : 711 – 718 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shedler , J. and Westen , D. 1998 . Refining the measurement of Axis II: A Q-sort procedure for assessing personality pathology . Assessment , 5 ( 4 ) : 333 – 353 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shedler , J. and Westen , D. 2004 . Refining personality disorder diagnosis: Integrating science and practice . American Journal of Psychiatry , 161 ( 8 ) : 1350 – 1365 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shedler , J. and Westen , D. 2007 . The Shedler-Westen Assessment Procedure (SWAP): Making personality diagnosis clinically meaningful . Journal of Personality Assessment , 89 ( 1 ) : 41 – 55 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skodol , A. E. and Bender , D. S. 2009 . The future of personality disorders in DSM-V? . American Journal of Psychiatry , 166 ( 4 ) : 388 – 391 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sledge , W. H. , Moras , K. , Hartley , D. and Levine , M. 1990 . Effect of time-limited psychotherapy on patient dropout rates . American Journal of Psychiatry , 147 ( 10 ) : 1341 – 1347 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Spitzer , R. L. , First , M. B. , Shedler , J. , Westen , D. and Skodol , A. E. 2008 . Clinical utility of five dimensional systems for personality diagnosis: A “consumer preference” study . Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases , 196 ( 5 ) : 356 – 374 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Steiner , J. 1997 . “ Problems of psychoanalytic technique: Patient-centered and analyst-centered interpretations ” . In The contemporary Kleinians of London , Edited by: Schafer , R. 372 – 392 . Madison, CT : International Universities Press .
   Google Scholar
• Strauss B. Schumacher J 2005 Klinische Interviews und Ratingskalen [Clinical interviews and rating-scales] Göttingen, , Germany Hogrefe
   Google Scholar
• Thormählen , B. , Weinryb , R. M. , Norén , K. , Vinnars , B. , Bågedahl-Strindlund , M. and Barber , J. P. 2003 . Patient factors predicting dropout from supportive-expressive psychotherapy for patients with personality disorders . Psychotherapy Research , 13 ( 4 ) : 493 – 509 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tyrer , P. , Mitchard , S. , Methuen , C. and Ranger , M. 2003 . Treatment rejecting and treatment seeking personality disorders: Type R and type S . Journal of Personality Disorders , 17 ( 3 ) : 263 – 268 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson , D. , Clark , L. A. and Harkness , A. R. 1994 . Structures of personality and their relevance to psychopathology . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 103 ( 1 ) : 18 – 31 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westen , D. and Muderrisoglu , S. 2003 . Assessing personality disorders using a systematic clinical interview: Evaluation of an alternative to structured interviews . Journal of Personality Disorders , 17 ( 4 ) : 351 – 369 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Westen , D. , Muderrisoglu , S. , Fowler , C. , Shedler , J. and Koren , D. 1997 . Affect regulation and affective experience: Individual differences, group differences, and measurement using a Q-sort procedure . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 65 ( 3 ) : 429 – 439 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Westen , D. and Shedler , J. 1999a . Revising and assessing Axis II: Part I. Developing a clinically and empirically valid assessment method . American Journal of Psychiatry , 156 ( 2 ) : 258 – 272 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westen , D. and Shedler , J. 1999b . Revising and assessing Axis II: Part II. Toward an empirically based and clinically useful classification of personality disorders . American Journal of Psychiatry , 156 ( 2 ) : 273 – 285 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westen D. Shedler J. Löffler-Stastka H. 2004 AREQ. Affekt-Regulation und Affekt-Wahrnehmung Q-Sort Test [AREQ. Affect Regulation and Experience Q-Sort Test, German version]. Retrieved November 30, 2009, from http://www.zpid.de/index.php?wahl=products&uwahl=frei&uuwahl=testarchiveintro
   Google Scholar
• Whelton , W. J. 2004 . Emotional processes in psychotherapy: Evidence across therapeutic modalities . Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy , 11 ( 1 ) : 58 – 71 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Widiger , T. A. , Simonsen , E. , Krueger , R. , Livesley , W. J. and Verheul , R. 2005 . Personality disorder research agenda for the DSM-V . Journal of Personality Disorders , 19 ( 3 ) : 315 – 338 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wittchen , H. U. , Zaudig , M. and Fydrich , T. 1997 . Strukturiertes Klinisches Interview für DSM-IV Achse I und II [SCID. Structured clinical interview for DSM-IV Axis I and II] , Göttingen, , Germany : Hogrefe .
   Google Scholar
• Zanarini , M. C. , Frankenburg , F. R. , Hennen , J. and Silk , K. R. 2004 . Mental health service utilization by borderline personality disorder patients and Axis II comparison subjects followed prospectively for 6 years . Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 65 ( 1 ) : 28 – 36 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar