3,257
Views
31
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Toward an integrative understanding of narrative and emotion processes in Emotion-focused therapy of depression: Implications for theory, research and practice

In Richtung eines einheitlichen Verständnisses von Narration und Emotionsprozessen im Rahmen einer emotionsfokussierten Therapie bei Depression: Implikationen für Theorie, Forschung und Praxis

Para uma compreensão integrada dos processos narrativos e emocionais na terapia centrada nas emoções para a depressão: Implicações para a teoria, investigação e prática

Pages 367-380 | Received 25 Oct 2011, Accepted 05 Apr 2012, Published online: 30 May 2012

References

  • Angus , L. 2008 . Narrative therapy, Series I., Systems of psychotherapy DVD , American Psychological Association .
  • Angus , L. 1998 . “ Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada ” . In Micro-narrative and macro-narrative change in brief experiential psychotherapy , Standard Grant .
  • Angus , L. 2002 . Autobiographical memory and emotional arousal in brief experiential therapy for depression: An empirical analysis . L. Greenberg Co-Investigator. Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada: Standard Grant .
  • Angus , L. 2008 . Understanding the contributions of alliance and client process factors to autobiographical memory specificity change in brief psychotherapy treatments of depression: A process-outcome analysis , L. Greenberg & A. Horvath: Co-Investigators. Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada: Standard Grant .
  • Angus , L. , Goldman , R. and Mergenthaler , E. 2008 . Introduction. One case, multiple measures: An intensive case-analytic approach to understanding client change processes in evidence-based, emotion-focused therapy of depression . Psychotherapy Research , 18 ( 6 ) : 629 – 633 .
  • Angus , L. and Greenberg , L. 2011 . Working with narrative in Emotion-focused Therapy: Changing stories, healing lives , Washington , DC : American Psychological Association .
  • Angus , L. and Hardtke , K. 1994 . Narrative processes in psychotherapy . Canadian Psychology , 35 ( 2 ) : 190 – 203 .
  • Angus , L. , Hardtke , K. , & Levitt , H. 1996 . Narrative processes coding system training manual . York University , Toronto, Ontario , Canada .
  • Angus , L. and Kagan , F. 2007 . Empathic relational bonds and personal agency in psychotherapy: Implications for psychotherapy supervision, practice and research0 . Special Section on Psychotherapy Training and Supervision, Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice , 44 ( 4 ) : 371 – 377 .
  • Angus , L. , Levitt , H. and Hardtke , K. 1999 . The Narrative Processes Coding System: Research applications and implications for psychotherapy practice . Journal of Clinical Psychology , 55 ( 10 ) : 1255 – 1270 .
  • Angus , L. , Lewin , J. , Bouffard , B. and Rotondi-Trevisan , D. 2004 . “ What's the story?”: Working with narrative in experiential psychotherapy ” . In Handbook of narrative and psychotherapy: Practice, theory and research , Edited by: Angus , L. and McLeod , J. 87 – 101 . Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage .
  • Angus , L. , & McLeod , J. . 2004 . The handbook of narrative and psychotherapy: Practice, theory and research . Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage Publications, USA .
  • Angus , L. and McLeod , J. 2004 . “ Self-multiplicity and narrative expression in psychotherapy ” . In The dialogical self in psychotherapy , Edited by: Hermans , H.J.M. and DiMaggio , G. 77 – 90 . New York : Brunner & Routledge .
  • APA Presidential Task Force on Evidence-Based Practice . 2006 . Evidence-based practice in psychology . American Psychologist , 61 , 271 – 285 .
  • APA Task Force on Psychological Interventions 2011 Division 12 Society of Clinical Psychology . http://www.psychology.sunysb.edu/eklonsky-/division12/faq.html .
  • Boritz , T. , Angus , L. , Monette , G. , & Hollis-Walker 2008 . An empirical analysis of autobiographical memory specificity subtypes in brief Emotion-focused and Client-centred treatments of depression . Psychotherapy Research . 18 5 , 584 – 593 .
  • Boritz , T. , Angus , L , Monette , G. and Hollis-Walker , L. 2011 . Narrative and emotion integration in psychotherapy: Investigating the relationship between autobiographical memory specificity and expressed emotional arousal in brief Emotion-focused and Client-centred treatments of depression . Psychotherapy Research , 21 ( 1 ) : 16 – 26 .
  • Bruner , J.S. 1986 . Actual minds, possible worlds . Cambridge , MA . Harvard University Press .
  • Bruner , J.S. 2004 . “ The narrative creation of self ” . In Handbook of narrative and psychotherapy: Practice, theory and research , Edited by: Angus , L. and McLeod , J. 15 – 29 . Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage .
  • Bryntwick , E. 2009 . The development and application of the narrative-emotion integration coding system in brief emotion-focused and client-centred treatment of depression Unpublished masters thesis . York University .
  • Bryntwick , E. , Angus , L. , Boritz , T. , & Greenberg , L. in preparation The development and application of the narrative-emotion integration coding system in brief emotion-focused and client-centred treatment of depression .
  • Bucci , W. 1995 . “ The power of the narrative: A multiple code account ” . In Emotion, disclosure & health , Edited by: Pennebaker , J.W. 93 – 124 . Washington , DC : American Psychological Association Press .
  • Carcione , A. , Dimaggio , G. , Fiore , D. , Nicolo , G. , Procacci , M. , Semerari , A. and Pedone , R. 2008 . An intensive case analysis of client metacognition in a good-outcome psychotherapy: Lisa's case . Psychotherapy Research , 18 ( 6 ) : 667 – 676 .
  • Castonguay , L. , Muran , C. , Angus , L. , Hayes , J. , Ladany , N. , & Anderson , T. . 2010 . Bringing psychotherapy research to life: Legacies from the Society for Psychotherapy Research . Washington , DC : American Psychological Association Press .
  • Conrad , J. 1899 . Heart of darkness , London : Blackwoods .
  • Conway , M.A. and Pleydell-Pearce , C.W. 2000 . The construction of autobiographical memories in the self-memory system . Psychological Review , 107 : 261 – 288 .
  • Damasio , A. 1999 . The feeling of what happens , New York : Harcourt Brace & Company .
  • Daniel , S.F. 2010 . Adult attachment patterns and individual psychotherapy . Clinical Psychology Review , 26 ( 8 ) : 968 – 964 .
  • Daniel , S.F. 2010 . Adult attachment insecurity and narrative processes in psychotherapy: An exploratory study . Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy . www.interscience.wiley.com
  • Dimaggio , G. and Semeraris , A. 2004 . “ Disorganized narratives: The psychological condition and its treatment ” . In Handbook of narrative and psychotherapy: Practice, theory and research , Edited by: Angus , L. and McLeod , J. 263 – 283 . Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage .
  • Elliott , R. , Davis , K. and Slatick , E. 1998 . “ Process-experiential therapy for post-traumatic stress difficulties ” . In Handbook of experiential psychotherapy , Edited by: Greenberg , L. , Leitaer , G. and Watson , J. 249 – 271 . New York : Guilford Press .
  • Elliott , R. , Watson , J.C. , Goldman , R.N. and Greenberg , L.S. 2004 . Learning emotion-focused therapy , Washington , DC : APA Publications .
  • Ellison , J. , Greenberg , L. , Goldman , R. and Angus , L. 2009 . Maintenance of gains at follow-up in experiential therapies for depression . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 77 ( 1 ) : 103 – 112 .
  • Feldman , C. , Bruner , J. , Kalmar , D. and Renderer , B. 1993 . Plot, plight and dramatism: Three ages . Human Development , 36 ( 6 ) : 327342
  • Gendlin , E. 1996 . Focusing-oriented psychotherapy: A manual of the experiential method , New York : Guilford Press .
  • Glick-Brinegar , M. , Salvi , L. and Stiles , W. 2008 . The case of Lisa and the assimilation model: The interrelatedness of problematic voices . Psychotherapy Research , 18 ( 6 ) : 657 – 676 .
  • Goldman , R. , Greenberg , L. and Angus , L. 2006 . The effects of specific emotion-focused interventions and the therapeutic relationship in the treatment of depression: A dismantling study . Psychotherapy Research , 16 ( 5 ) : 527 – 549 .
  • Gonçalves , M. , Mendes , I. , Ribeiro , A. , Angus , L. and Greenberg , L. 2010 . Innovative moments and change in Emotion-focused Therapy: The case of Lisa . Journal of Constructivist Psychology , 23 ( 4 ) : 267 – 294 .
  • Gonçalves , M. and Stiles , W. 2011 . Narrative and psychotherapy: Introduction to the special section . Psychotherapy Research , 21 ( 1 ) : 13
  • Gonçalves , O. , Henriques , M. and Machado , P. 2004 . “ Nurturing nature: Cognitive narrative Strategies ” . In Handbook of narrative and psychotherapy: Practice, theory and research , Edited by: Angus , L. and McLeod , J. 103 – 118 . Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage .
  • Gonçalves , O. , Machado , P. , Korman , Y. and Angus , L. 2002 . “ Assessing psychopathology: A narrative approach ” . In Rethinking the DSM: A psychological perspective , Edited by: Beutler , L. and Malik , M. 149 – 175 . Washington , DC : American Psychological Association .
  • Greenberg , L. 2002 . Emotion-focused therapy: Coaching clients to work through their feelings , Washington , DC : American Psychological Association .
  • Greenberg , L. , & Angus , L. 1995 . How therapy works . Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada: Standard Grant .
  • Greenberg , L. , & Angus , L. 1998 . Examining the relationship between specific treatment factors and sustained change in psychotherapeutic treatment of depression . Ontario Mental Health Foundation Operating Grant .
  • Greenberg , L. and Angus , L. 2004 . “ The contributions of emotion processes to narrative change in psychotherapy: A dialectical constructivist approach ” . In Handbook of narrative and psychotherapy: Practice, theory and research , Edited by: Angus , L. and McLeod , J. 331 – 349 . Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage .
  • Greenberg , L.S. and Foerster , F.S. 1996 . Task analysis exemplified: The process of resolving unfinished business . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 64 : 438 – 446 .
  • Greenberg , L.S. and Korman , L. 1993 . Assimilating emotion into psychotherapy integration . Journal of Psychotherapy Integration , 3 : 249 – 265 .
  • Greenberg , L.S. and Paivio , S.C. 1997 . Working with emotions in psychotherapy , New York : Guilford Press .
  • Greenberg , L. and Pascual-Leone , J. 2001 . A dialectical constructivist view of the creation of personal meaning . Journal of Constructivist Psychology , 14 : 165 – 186 .
  • Greenberg , L. , Rice , L. and Elliott , R. 1993 . Facilitating emotional change , New York : Guilford Press .
  • Greenberg , L. and Watson , J. 1998 . Experiential therapy of depression: Differential effects of client-centered relationship conditions and process experiential interventions . Psychotherapy Research , 8 ( 2 ) : 210 – 224 .
  • Greenberg , L.S. , Watson , J.C. and Goldman , R. 1998 . “ Process-experiential therapy for depression ” . In Handbook of experiential psychotherapy , Edited by: Greenberg , L.S. , Watson , J.C. and Goldman , R. 227 – 248 . New York : Guilford Press .
  • Hardtke , K. and Angus , L. 2004 . “ The narrative assessment interview: Assessing self-change in psychotherapy ” . In Handbook of narrative and psychotherapy: Practice, theory and research , Edited by: Angus , L. and McLeod , J. 247 – 262 . Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage .
  • Hardtke , K. , Levitt , H. and Angus , L. 2003 . Narrative Prozesse im Beratungs- und Psychotherapiediskurs: Das Narrative Processes Coding System (NPCS) . Zeitschrift fuer Qualitative Bildungs-, Beratungs- und Sozialforschung , 3 ( 1 ) : 123 – 141 .
  • Heatherington , L. , Constantino , M. , Friedlander , M. , Angus , L. , & Messer , S. in press . Clients' perspectives on corrective experiences in psychotherapy . To appear in Castonguay, L. Psychological Association Press .
  • Horvath , A. and Bedi , R. 2002 . “ The alliance ” . In Psychotherapy relationships that work: Therapist contributions and responsiveness to patients , Edited by: Norcross , J.C. 37 – 69 . London : Oxford University Press .
  • Jacobson , N.S. and Truax , P. 1991 . Clinical significance: A statistical approach to defining meaningful change in psychotherapy research . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 59 : 12 – 19 .
  • Kiesler , L. 1973 . The process of psychotherapy , Chicago , IL : Aldine .
  • Klein , M.H. , Mathieu-Coughlan , P.L. and Kiesler , D.J. 1986 . “ The experiencing scales ” . In The psychotherapeutic process: A research handbook , Edited by: Greenberg , L. and Pinsof , M. 21 – 71 . New York : Guildford Press .
  • Korman , L. 1991 . Emotional episodes Unpublished masters thesis Department of Psychology , York University , Toronto , ON .
  • Laitila , A. , Aaltonen , J. , Wahlstrom , J. and Angus , L. 2005 . Narrative process modes as a bridging concept for the theory, research and clinical practice of systemic therapy . Journal of Family Therapy , 27 : 202 – 216 .
  • Lepper , G. and Mergenthaler , E. 2008 . Observing therapeutic action in the Lisa case . Psychotherapy Research , 18 ( 6 ) : 634644
  • Levitt , H. and Angus , L. 2000 . Psychotherapy process measure research and the evaluation of psychotherapy orientation: A narrative analysis . Psychotherapy Integration , 9 ( 3 ) : 279 – 300 .
  • Levitt , H. , Korman , Y. and Angus , L. 2000 . A metaphor analysis in treatments of depression: Metaphor as a marker of change . Counselling Psychology Quarterly , 13 : 23 – 35 .
  • Levitt , H. , Korman , Y. , Angus , L. and Hardtke , K. 1997 . Metaphor analyses in good and poor outcome psychotherapy: Unloading a burden vs. being burdened . Psicologia: Teoria, Investigao e Practica , 2 : 329 – 346 .
  • Lewin , J. 2001 . Both sides of the coin: Comparative analyses of narrative process patterns in poor and good outcome dyads engaged in brief experiential psychotherapy for depression Unpublished master's thesis . York University , Toronto .
  • Lewin , J. 2010 . The importance of emotional – reflexive patterns for productive therapy: A narrative process analysis of emotion-focused and client-centred psychotherapy Unpublished dissertation . York University , Toronto .
  • Lewin , J. , Angus , L. , & Blagov , P. 2003 . Effective patterns of narrative processing for clients and therapists engaged in brief experiential therapy . Paper presented at American Psychological Association Conference , Toronto .
  • Lewin , J. , & Angus , L. 2008 . The Importance of emotional-reflexive patterns and depth of experiencing for productive experiential therapy: A narrative process analysis . North American Chapter, Society for Psychotherapy Research , Yale, New Haven CA .
  • Luborsky , L. , Barber , J. and Digeur , L. 1992 . The meanings of narratives told during psychotherapy: The fruits of a new observational unit . Psychotherapy Research , 2 ( 4 ) : 277 – 291 .
  • Luborsky , L. and Crits-Christoph , P. 1990 . Understanding transference: The CCRT method , New York : Basic Books .
  • Macaulay , H. 2010 . A comparison of narrative process sequences in cognitive behavioural and emotion-focused therapies for depression Unpublished dissertation . York University , Toronto .
  • McAdams , D. and Janis , L. 2004 . “ Narrative identity and narrative therapy ” . In Handbook of narrative and psychotherapy: Practice, theory and research , Edited by: Angus , L. and McLeod , J. 159 – 175 . Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage .
  • McKee , R. 1997 . Story: Substance, structure, style and the principles of screenwriting , New York : Harper Collins .
  • Mendes , I. , Ribeiro , A. , Angus , L. , Greenberg , L. , Sousa , I. and Gonçalves , M. 2011 . Narrative change in emotion-focused psychotherapy: A study on the evolution of reflection and protest innovative moments . Psychotherapy Research , 21 ( 3 ) : 304
  • Mendes , I. , Ribeiro , A. , Angus , L. , Greenberg , L. , Sousa , I. and Gonçalves , M. 2010 . Narrative change in emotion-focused therapy: How is change constructed through the lens of the Innovative Moments Coding System? . Psychotherapy Research , 20 ( 6 ) : 692 – 701 .
  • Mergenthaler , E. 2008 . Resonating minds: A school-independent theoretical conception and its empirical application to therapeutic process . Psychotherapy Research , 18 ( 2 ) : 109 – 126 .
  • Missirlian , T.M. , Toukmanian , S.G. , Warwar , S.H. and Greenberg , L.S. 2005 . Emotional arousal, client perceptual processing, and the working alliance in experiential psychotherapy for depression . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 37 : 861 – 871 .
  • Nelson , K. 1989 . Narratives from the crib , Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press .
  • Nicolo , G. , Dimaggio , G. , Procacci , M. , Semarari , A. , Carcione , A. and Pedone , R. 2008 . How states of mind change in psychotherapy: An intensive case analysis of Lisa's case using the Grid of Problematic States . Psychotherapy Research , 18 ( 6 ) : 645656
  • Paivio , S.C. and Laurent , C. 2001 . Empathy and emotion regulation: Reprocessing memories of childhood sexual abuse . Journal of Clinical Psychology , 57 : 213 – 226 .
  • Paivio , S.C. and Pascual- Leone , A. 2010 . Emotion-focused therapy for complex trauma: An integrative approach , Washington , DC : American Psychological Association Press .
  • Pascual-Leone , A. and Greenberg , L. 2007 . Emotional processing in experiential therapy: Why “the only way out is through” . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 75 : 875 – 887 .
  • Pellowski , A. 1977 . The world of storytelling , New York : Bowker .
  • Polkinghorne , D. 2004 . “ Narrative therapy and postmodernism ” . In Handbook of narrative and psychotherapy: Practice, theory and research , Edited by: Angus , L. and McLeod , J. 53 – 68 . Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage .
  • Pos , A.E. , Greenberg , L.S. , Goldman , R.N. and Korman , L. M. 2003 . Emotional processing during experiential treatment of depression . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 71 : 1007 – 1016 .
  • Pos , A.E. 2006 . Experiential treatment for depression: A test of the experiential theory of change, differential effectiveness, and predictors of maintenance of gains . Unpublished Dissertation thesis , Department of Psychology , York University , Toronto , ON .
  • Pos , A.E. , Greenberg , L.S. and Warwar , S.H. 2009 . Testing a model of change in the experiential treatment of depression . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 77 : 1055 – 1066 .
  • Rice , L.N. and Saperia , E.P. 1984 . “ Task analysis and the resolution of problematic reactions ” . In L.N. Rice & L.S. Greenberg (1984), “Patterns of change , 29 – 66 . New York : Guilford Press .
  • Rotondi-Trevisan , D. 2002 . Memory narrative analysis and micro-narrative coherence in brief experiential psychotherapy for depression: An exploratory analysis Unpublished master's thesis . York University , Toronto .
  • Sandler , S. 2011 . Remembering with emotion in Dynamic Psychotherapy: New directions in theory and technique , New York : Jason Aronson .
  • Sarbin , T. 1986 . Narrative psychology: The storied nature of human conduct , New York : Praeger .
  • Schank , R. 2000 . Tell me a story: Narrative and intelligence , Evanston , IL : Northwestern University Press .
  • Seggar , L.B. , Lambert , M.J. and Hansen , N.B. 2002 . Assessing clinical significance: Application to the Beck Depression Inventory . Behavior Therapy , 33 : 253 – 269 .
  • Singer , J. and Blagov , P. 2004 . “ Self-defining memories, narrative identity, and psychotherapy: Aconceptual model, empirical investigation and case report ” . In Handbook of narrative and psychotherapy: Practice, theory and research , Edited by: Angus , L. and McLeod , J. 229 – 246 . Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage .
  • Singer , J.A. , & Moffitt , K.H. 1992 . A scoring manual for narrative memories Unpublished manuscript . Department of Psychology, Connecticut College , New London , CT .
  • Singer , J. and Salovey , P. 1993 . The remembered self: Emotion and memory in personality , New York : The Free Press .
  • Toukmanian , S.G. 1992 . “ Studying the client's perceptual processes and their outcomes inpsychotherapy ” . In Psychotherapy process research: Paradigmatic and narrative approaches , Edited by: Rennie , D.L. and Toukmanian , S.G. 77 – 107 . Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage .
  • Warwar , S. 2003 . Relating emotional processes to outcome in experiential psychotherapy of depression Unpublished doctoral dissertation . York University , Toronto .
  • Warwar , S.H. , & Greenberg , L.S. 1999 . Client Emotional Arousal Scale III-R Unpublished manual . York Psychotherapy Research Centre , Toronto .
  • Watson , J. and Greenberg , L. 1996 . “ Emotion and cognition in experiential therapy: Adialectical-constructivist position ” . In Constructing realities: Meaning making perspectives for psychotherapists , Edited by: Rosen , H. and Kuelwein , K. New York : Jossey Bass .
  • Watson , J. and Rennie , D. 1994 . A qualitative analysis of clients’ reports of their subjective experiences while exploring problematic reactions in therapy . Journal of Counseling Psychology , 41 : 500 – 509 .
  • Westen , D. 2011 What happened to Obama? The New York Times Sunday Review: Opinion , August 6, 2011 New York : The New York Times Publications 3 .
  • White , M. 2007 . Maps of narrative practice , New York : W.W. Norton .
  • Williams , J.M.G. , Barnhofer , T. , Crane , C. , Hermans , D. , Raes , F. , Watkins , E. and Dalgleish , T. 2007 . Autobiographical memory specificity and emotional disorder . Psychological Bulletin , 133 ( 1 ) : 122 – 148 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.