The ups and downs of psychotherapy: Sudden gains and sudden losses identified with session reports

References

• Barkham , M. , Stiles , W.B. and Shapiro , D.A. 1993 . The shape of change: Longitudinal assessment of personal problems . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 61 : 667 – 677 . doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.61.4.667
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck , A.T. , Rush , A.J. , Shaw , B.F. and Emery , G. 1979 . Cognitive therapy of depression. The Guilford clinical psychology and psychotherapy series , New York : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Busch , A.M. , Kanter , J.W. , Landes , S.J. and Kohlenberg , R.J. 2006 . Sudden gains and outcome: a broader temporal analysis of cognitive therapy for depression . Behavior Therapy , 37 ( 1 ) : 61 – 68 . doi: 10.1016/j.beth.2005.04.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Comninos , A. and Grenyer , B.F.S. 2007 . The influence of interpersonal factors on the speed of recovery from major depression . Psychotherapy Research , 17 ( 2 ) : 230 – 239 . doi: 10.1080/10503300600849140
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies , L. , Leach , C. , Lucock , M. , Stiles , W.B. , Iveson , S. and Barkham , M. 2006 . Therapists’ recall of early sudden gains in routine clinical practice . Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice , 79 ( 1 ) : 107 – 114 . doi: 10.1348/147608305X41209
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Derogatis , L.R. 1975 . Brief Symptom Inventory , Baltimor , MD : Clinical Psychometric Research .
   Google Scholar
• Elkin , I. , Shea , M.T. , Watkins , J.T. , Imber , S.D. , Sotsky , S.M. , Collins , J.F. and Parloff , M.B. 1989 . National Institute of Mental Health Treatment of Depression Collaborative Research Program . Archives of General Psychiatry , 46 : 971 – 982 . doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1989.01810110013002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finch , A.E. , Lambert , M.J. and Schaalje , B.G. 2001 . Psychotherapy quality control: the statistical generation of expected recovery curves for integration into an early warning system . Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy , 8 : 231 – 242 . doi: 10.1002/cpp.286
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• First , Michael B. , Spitzer , Robert L. , Gibbon , Miriam and Williams , Janet B.W. : Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR Axis I Disorders, Research Version, , Patient Edition . (SCID-I/P) New York : Biometrics Research, New York State Psychiatric Institute , November 2002 .
   Google Scholar
• Flückiger , C. , Regli , D. , Zwahlen , D. , Hostettler , S. and Caspar , F. 2010 . Der Berner Patienten- und Therapeutenstundenbogen 2000. Ein Instrument zur Erfassung von Therapieprozessen [Bern post session report for patients and for therapists: Measuring psychotherapeutic processes] . Zeitschrift für Klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie , 39 ( 2 ) : 71 – 79 . doi: 10.1026/1616-3443/a000015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frank , J.D. 1973 . Persuasion and healing: A comparative study of psychotherapy , Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Franke , G. 2000 . BSI. Brief Symptom Inventory: Deutsche Version [BSI. Brief Symptom Inventory: German Version]. Manual , Göttingen : Beltz .
   Google Scholar
• Freund , J.E. 1967 . Modern Elementary Statistics , 3rd ed , Englewood Cliffs , NJ : Prentice Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Gaynor , S.T. , Weersing , V.R. , Kolko , D.J. , Birmaher , B. , Heo , J. and Brent , D.A. 2003 . The prevalence and impact of large sudden improvements during adolescent therapy for depression: a comparison across cognitive-behavioral, family, and supportive therapy . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 71 ( 2 ) : 386 – 393 . doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.71.2.386
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grawe , K. 2000 . Psychologische Therapie , 2., korrigierte Aufl. [Psychological Therapy (2nd ed.)] . Göttingen : Hogrefe .
   Google Scholar
• Grawe , K. 2004 . Psychological therapy . Göttingen : Hogrefe .
   Google Scholar
• Grawe , K. and Braun , U. 1994 . Qualitätskontrolle in der Psychotherapiepraxis [Quality control in the psychotherapy practice] . Zeitschrift für Klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie , 23 ( 6 ) : 657 – 678 .
   Google Scholar
• Haas , E. , Hill , R.D. , Lambert , M.J. and Morrell , B. 2002 . Do early responders to psychotherapy maintain treatment gains? . Journal of Clinical Psychology , 58 ( 9 ) : 1157 – 1172 . doi: 10.1002/jclp.10044
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardy , G.E. , Cahill , J. , Stiles , W.B. , Ispan , C. , Macaskill , N. and Barkham , M. 2005 . Sudden gains in cognitive therapy for depression: a replication and extension . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 73 ( 1 ) : 59 – 67 . doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.73.1.59
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes , A.M. , Feldman , G.C. , Beevers , C.G. , Laurenceau , J.-P. , Cardaciotto , L. and Lewis-Smith , J. 2007 . Discontinuities and cognitive changes in an exposure-based cognitive therapy for depression . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 75 ( 3 ) : 409 – 421 . doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.75.3.409
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofmann , S.G. , Schulz , S.M. , Meuret , A.E. , Moscovitch , D.A. and Suvak , M. 2006 . Sudden gains during therapy of social phobia . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 74 ( 4 ) : 687 – 697 . doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.74.4.687
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horowitz , L.M. , Strauss , B. and Kordy , H. 2000 . Inventar Intrpersonaler Probleme (IIP-D): Deutsche Version [Inventory of interpersonal problems (IIP-D): German Version] , Weinheim : Beltz Test GmbH .
   Google Scholar
• Howard , K.I. , Kopta , M. , Krause , M. and Orlinsky , D. 1986 . The dose-effect response in psychotherapy . American Psychologist , 41 : 159 – 164 . doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.41.2.159
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howard , K.I. , Lueger , R.J. , Maling , M.S. and Martinovich , Z. 1993 . A phase model of psychotherapy outcome: Causal mediation of change . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 61 ( 4 ) : 678 – 685 . doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.61.4.678
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howard , K.I. , Moras , K. , Brill , P. , Martinovich , Z. and Lutz , W. 1996 . The evaluation of psychotherapy . American Psychologist , 5 : 1059 – 1064 . doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.51.10.1059
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ilardi , S.S. and Craighead , W.E. 1994 . The Role of nonspecific factors in cognitive-behavior therapy for depression . Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice , 1 ( 2 ) : 138 – 155 . doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2850.1994.tb00016.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobson , N. and Truax , P. 1991 . Clinical significance: A statistical approach to defining meaningful change in psychotherapy research . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 59 ( 1 ) : 12 – 19 . doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.59.1.12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kazdin , A.E. 2009 . Understanding how and why psychotherapy leads to change . Psychotherapy Research , 4-5 ( 19 ) : 418 – 428 . doi: 10.1080/10503300802448899
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly , M.A.R. , Roberts , J.E. and Ciesla , J.A. 2004 . Sudden gains in cognitive behavioral treatment for depression: when do they occur and do they matter? . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 43 : 703 – 714 . doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2004.06.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kline , R.B. 2004 . Beyond significance testing: Reforming data analysis methods in behavioral research , Washington , DC : APA .
   Google Scholar
• Krause , M.S. and Lutz , W. 2009 . Process transforms inputs to determine outcomes: Therapists are responsible for managing process . Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice , 16 : 73 – 81 . doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2850.2009.01146.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambert , M. 2007 . Presidential address: What we have learned from a decade of research aimed at improving psychotherapy outcome in routine care . Psychotherapy Research , 17 ( 1 ) : 1 – 14 . doi: 10.1080/10503300601032506
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambert , M.J. , Whipple , J.L. , Hawkins , E.J. , Vermeersch , D.A. , Nielsen , S.L. and Smart , D. 2003 . Is it time for clinicians to routinely track patient outcome? A meta-analysis . Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice , 10 : 288 – 301 . doi: 10.1093/clipsy.bpg025
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lutz , W. 2002 . Patient-focused psychotherapy research and individual treatment progress as scientific groundwork for an empirically based clinical practice . Psychotherapy Research , 12 ( 3 ) : 251 – 272 . doi: 10.1080/713664389
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lutz , W. 2010 . Lehrbuch Psychotherapie [Textbook Psychotherapy] , Bern : Huber .
   Google Scholar
• Lutz , W. , Böhnke , J.R. and Köck , K. 2011 . Evaluation and feedback of recovery and non-response in psychotherapy . Community Mental Health , 47 ( 3 ) : 311 – 317 . doi: 10.1007/s10597-010-9307-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lutz , W. , Martinovich , Z. and Howard , K.I. 1999 . Patient profiling: An application of random coefficient regression models to depicting the response of a patient to outpatient psychotherapy . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 67 : 571 – 577 . doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.67.4.571
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lutz , W. , Stulz , N. and Köck , K. 2009 . Patterns of early change and their relationship to outcome and follow-up among patients with major depressive disorders . Journal of Affective Disorders , 118 : 60 – 68 . doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2009.01.019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lutz , W. and Tschitsaz , A. 2007 . Plötzliche Gewinne und Verluste im Behandlungsverlauf von Angststörungen, depressiven und komorbiden Störungen [Sudden gains and losses in the treatment of patients with anxiety, depressive and comorbid disorders] . Zeitschrift für Klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie , 36 ( 4 ) : 298 – 308 . doi: 10.1026/1616-3443.36.4.298
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muran , C.J. , Segal , Z.V. , Samstag , L.W. and Crawford , C.E. 1994 . Patient pretreatment interpersonal problems and therapeutic alliance in short-term cognitive therapy . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 62 ( 1 ) : 185 – 190 . doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.62.1.185
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schulte , D. and Eifert , G.H. 2002 . What to do when manuals fail? The dual model of psychotherapy . Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice , 9 ( 3 ) : 312 – 328 . doi: 10.1093/clipsy.9.3.312
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spielmans , G.I. , Masters , K.S. and Lambert , M.J. 2006 . A comparison of rational versus empirical methods in the prediction of psychotherapy outcome . Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy , 13 : 202 – 214 . doi: 10.1002/cpp.491
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spitzer , R.L. , Williams , J.B.W. , Gibbon , M. and First , M.B. 1992 . The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R (SCID) I: History, rationale, and description . Archives of General Psychiatry , 49 : 624 – 629 . doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1992.01820080032005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stiles , W.B. , Barkham , M. , Connell , J. and Mellor-Clark , J. 2008 . Responsive regulation of treatment duration in routine practice in United Kingdom primary care settings: Replication in a larger sample . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 76 ( 2 ) : 298 – 305 . doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.76.2.298
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stiles , W.B. , Leach , C. , Barkham , M. , Lucock , M. , Iveson , S. , Shapiro , D.A. and Iveson , M. 2003 . Early sudden gains in psychotherapy under routine clinic conditions: practice-based evidence . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 71 ( 1 ) : 14 – 21 . doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.71.1.14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang , T.Z. and DeRubeis , R.J. 1999 . Sudden gains and critical sessions in cognitive-behavioral therapy for depression . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 67 ( 6 ) : 894 – 904 . doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.67.6.894
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang , T.Z. , DeRubeis , R.J. , Beberman , R. and Pham , T. 2005 . Cognitive changes, critical sessions, and sudden gains in cognitive-behavioral therapy for depression . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 73 ( 1 ) : 168 – 172 . doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.73.1.168
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson , M. , Thompson , L. , Gallagher-Thompson , D. and Alto , P. 1995 . Linear and nonlinear changes in mood between psychotherapy sessions: Implications for treatment outcome and relapse risk . Psychotherapy Research , 5 ( 4 ) : 327 – 336 . doi: 10.1080/10503309512331331436
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tschitsaz-Stucki , A. and Lutz , W. 2009 . Identifikation und Aufklärung von Veränderungssprüngen im individuellen Psychotherapieverlauf [Identification and clarification of sudden gains and losses in individual psychotherapy courses] . Zeitschrift für Klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie , 38 ( 1 ) : 13 – 23 . doi: 10.1026/1616-3443.38.1.13
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ullrich de Muynck , R. and Ullrich , R. 1977 . Das Emotionalitätsinventar als Befindlichkeitsmaβ: Testmanual EMI-B [The Inventory of Emotional Distress-Manual EMI-B] , München : Pfeiffer .
   Google Scholar
• Vittengl , J.R. , Clark , L.A. and Jarrett , R.B. 2005 . Validity of sudden gains in acute phase treatment of depression . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 73 ( 1 ) : 173 – 182 . doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.73.1.173
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar