Alliance in action: A new measure of clients' perceptions of therapists' alliance activity

References

• Ackerman , S. and Hilsenroth , M. 2001 . A review of therapist characteristics and techniques negatively impacting the therapeutic alliance . Psychotherapy , 38 : 171 – 185 . doi: 10.1037/0033-3204.38.2.171
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ackerman , S.J. and Hilsenroth , M.J. 2003 . A review of therapist characteristics and techniques positively impacting the therapeutic alliance . Clinical Psychology Review , 23 : 1 – 33 . doi: 10.1016/S0272-7358(02)00146-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alexander , L.B. and Luborsky , L. 1986 . “ The Penn Helping Alliance Scales ” . In The psychotherapeutic process: A research handbook , Edited by: Greenberg , L.S. and Pinsof , W.M. 325 – 366 . New York : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Anker , M.G. , Owen , J. , Duncan , B.L. and Sparks , J.A. 2010 . The alliance in couple therapy: Partner influence, early change, and alliance patterns in a naturalistic sample . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 78 : 635 – 645 . doi: 10.1037/a0020051
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bachelor , A. and Horvath , A. 1999 . “ The therapeutic relationship ” . In The heart and soul of change: What works in therapy , Edited by: Duncan , B.L. 133 – 178 . Washington , DC : American Psychological Association .
   Google Scholar
• Baldwin , S.A. , Wampold , B.E. and Imel , Z.E. 2007 . Untangling the alliance–outcome correlation: Exploring the relative importance of therapist and patient variability in the alliance . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 75 : 842 – 852 . doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.75.6.842
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barber , J.P. 2009 . Toward a working through of some core conflicts in psychotherapy research . Psychotherapy Research , 19 : 1 – 12 . doi: 10.1080/10503300802609680
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bedi , R. 2006 . Concept mapping the client's perspective on counseling alliance formation . Journal of Counseling Psychology , 53 : 26 – 35 . doi: 10.1037/0022-0167.53.1.26
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blais , M.A. , Lenderking , W.R. , Baer , L. , deLorell , A. , Peets , K. Leahy , L. 1999 . Development and initial validation of a brief mental health outcome measure . Journal of Personality Assessment , 73 : 359 – 373 . doi: 10.1207/S15327752JPA7303_5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bordin , E.S. 1979 . The generalizability of the psychoanalytic concept of the working alliance . Psychotherapy , 16 : 252 – 260 . doi: 10.1037/h0085885
   Google Scholar
• Castonguay , L.G. , Constantino , M.J. and Holtforth , M.G. 2006 . The working alliance: Where are we and where should we go? . Psychotherapy , 43 : 271 – 279 . doi: 10.1037/0033-3204.43.3.271
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crits-Christoph , P. , Gibbons , M.B.C. , Crits-Christoph , K. , Narduci , J. , Schamberger , M. and Gallop , R. 2006 . Can therapists be trained to improve their alliances? A preliminary study of alliance-fostering psychotherapy . Psychotherapy Research , 16 : 268 – 281 . doi: 10.1080/10503300500268557
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crits-Christoph , P. , Gallop , R. , Temes , C.M. , Woody , G. , Ball , S.A. , Martino , S. and Carrol , K.M. 2009 . The alliance in motivational enhancement therapy and counseling as usual for substance use problems . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 77 : 1125 – 1135 . doi: 10.1037/a0017045
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crits-Christoph , P. , Connolly Gibbons , M.B. , Hamilton , J. , Ring-Kurtz , S. and Gallop , R. 2011 . The dependability of alliance assessments: The alliance–outcome correlation is larger than you might think . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 79 : 267 – 278 . doi: 10.1037/a0023668
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeFife , J.A. , Hilsenroth , M.J. and Gold , J.R. 2008 . Patient ratings of psychodynamic psychotherapy session activities and their relation to outcome . The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , 196 : 538 – 547 . doi: 10.1097/NMD.0b013e31817cf6d0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dinger , U. , Strack , M. , Leichsenring , F. , Wilmers , F. and Schauenburg , H. 2008 . Therapist effects on outcome and alliance in inpatient psychotherapy . Journal of Clinical Psychology , 64 : 344 – 354 . doi: 10.1002/jclp.20443
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duff , C.T. and Bedi , R.P. 2010 . Counsellor behaviours that predict therapeutic alliance: From the client's perspective . Counselling Psychology Quarterly , 23 : 91 – 110 . doi: 10.1080/09515071003688165
   Google Scholar
• Flückiger , C. , Del Re , A.C. , Wampold , B.E. , Symonds , D. and Horvath , A.O. 2012 . How central is the alliance in psychotherapy? A multilevel longitudinal meta-analysis . Journal of Counseling Psychology , 59 : 10 – 17 . doi: 10.1037/a0025749
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedlander , M.L. , Escudero , V. , Heatherington , L. and Diamond , G.M. 2011 . Alliance in couple and family therapy . Psychotherapy , 48 : 25 – 33 . doi: 10.1037/a0022060
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaston , L. 1991 . Reliability and criterion-related validity of the California Psychotherapy Alliance Scales—Patient version . Psychological Assessment , 3 : 68 – 74 . doi: 10.1037/1040-3590.3.1.68
   Google Scholar
• Geller , S. , Greenberg , L.S. and Watson , J. 2010 . Therapist and client perceptions of therapeutic presence: The development of a measure . Psychotherapy Research , 20 : 599 – 610 . doi: 10.1080/10503307.2010.495957
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenson , R. 1965 . The working alliance and the transference neurosis . The Psychoanalytic. Quarterly , 34 : 155 – 181 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamaker , E.L. and Klugkist , I. 2011 . “ Bayesian estimation of multilevel models ” . In Handbook for advanced multilevel analysis , Edited by: Hox , J.J. and Roberts , J.K. 137 – 161 . New York : Routledge/Taylor & Francis .
   Google Scholar
• Hatcher , R.L. , Barends , A. , Hansell , J. and Gutfreund , M.J. 1995 . Patients’ and therapists' shared and unique views of the therapeutic alliance: An investigation using confirmatory factor analysis in a nested design . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 63 : 636 – 643 . doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.63.4.636
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatcher , R.L. and Barends , A.W. 1996 . Patient's view of psychotherapy: Exploratory factor analysis of three alliance measures . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 64 : 1326 – 1336 . doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.64.6.1326
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatcher , R.L. and Gillaspy , J.A. 2006 . Development and validation of a revised short version of the Working Alliance Inventory . Psychotherapy Research , 16 : 12 – 25 . doi: 10.1080/10503300500352500
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hepner , K.A. , Greenwood , G.L. , Azocar , F. , Miranda , J. and Burnam , M.A. 2010 . Usual care psychotherapy for depression in a large managed behavioral health organization . Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research , 37 : 270 – 278 . doi: 10.1007/s10488-009-0247-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horvath , A.O. 2009 . How real is the “real relationship”? . Psychotherapy Research , 19 : 273 – 277 . doi: 10.1080/10503300802592506
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horvath , A.O. , Del Re , A.C. , Flückiger , C. and Symonds , D. 2011 . Alliance in individual psychotherapy . Psychotherapy , 48 : 9 – 16 . doi: 10.1037/a0022186
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horvath , A.O. and Greenberg , L.S. 1986 . “ The development of the Working Alliance Inventory ” . In The psychotherapeutic process: A research handbook , Edited by: Greenberg , L.S. and Pinsof , W.M. 529 – 556 . New York : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Johnson , J.E. , Burlingame , G.M. , Olsen , J. , Davies , D.R. and Gleave , R.L. 2005 . Group climate, cohesion, alliance, and empathy in group psychotherapy: Multilevel structural equation models . Journal of Counseling Psychology , 52 : 310 – 321 . doi: 10.1037/0022-0167.52.3.310
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson , J.E. , Pulsipher , D. , Ferrin , S.L. , Burlingame , G.M. , Davies , D.R. and Gleave , R.L. 2006 . Measuring group processes: A comparison of the GCQ and CCI . Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice , 10 : 136 – 145 . doi: 10.1037/1089-2699.10.2.136
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambert , M.J. and Shimokawa , K. 2011 . Collecting client feedback . Psychotherapy , 48 : 72 – 79 . doi: 10.1037/a0022238
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Latham , G.P. and Wexley , K.N. 1981 . Increasing productivity through performance appraisal , Reading , MA : Addison-Wesley .
   Google Scholar
• Luborsky , L. 1976 . “ Helping alliances in psychotherapy ” . In Successful psychotherapy , Edited by: Cleghorn , J.L. 92 – 116 . New York : Brunner/Mazel .
   Google Scholar
• Luborsky , L. 1984 . Principles of psychodynamic psychotherapy , New York : Basic Books .
   Google Scholar
• Maas , C.J.M. and Hox , J.J. 2005 . Sufficient sample sizes for multilevel modeling . Methodology , 1 : 86 – 92 .
   Google Scholar
• Mallinckrodt , B. 1996 . Change in working alliance, social support, and psychological symptoms in brief therapy . Journal of Counseling Psychology , 43 : 448 – 455 . doi: 10.1037/0022-0167.43.4.448
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marcus , D. , Kashy , D. and Baldwin , S. 2009 . Studying psychotherapy using the one- with-many design: The therapeutic alliance as an exemplar . Journal of Counseling Psychology , 56 : 537 – 548 . doi: 10.1037/a0017291
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCarthy , K.S. and Barber , J.P. 2009 . The Multitheoretical List of Therapeutic Interventions (MULTI): Initial report . Psychotherapy Research , 19 : 96 – 113 . doi: 10.1080/10503300802524343
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohr , J.J. and Woodhouse , S.S. 2001 . Looking inside the therapeutic alliance: Assessing clients' visions of helpful and harmful psychotherapy . Psychotherapy Bulletin , 36 : 15 – 16 .
   Google Scholar
• Morgan , R. , Luborsky , L. , Crits-Christoph , P. , Curtis , H. and Solomon , J. 1982 . Predicting the outcomes of psychotherapy by the Penn Helping Alliance rating method . Archives of General Psychiatry , 39 : 397 – 402 . doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1982.04290040013002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muran , J.C. and Barber , J.P. 2010 . The therapeutic alliance: An evidence-based guide to practice , New York : Guilford .
   Google Scholar
• Owen , J. , Hilsenroth , M.J. , & Rodolfa , E. (in press) . Interaction among alliance, psychodynamic, and cognitive-behavioral technique in the prediction of post-session changes . Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy .
   Google Scholar
• Owen , J. and Imel , Z. 2010 . “ Rating scales in psychotherapy practice ” . In Handbook of clinical rating scales and assessment in psychiatry and mental health , Edited by: Blais , M.A. and Baer , L. 257 – 270 . New York : Humana Press .
   Google Scholar
• Owen , J. , Leach , M.M. , Wampold , B. and Rodolfa , E. 2011 . Client and therapist variability in clients' perceptions of their therapists' multicultural competencies . Journal of Counseling Psychology , 58 : 1 – 9 . doi: 10.1037/a0021496
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Owen , J. , Quirk , K. , Hilsenroth , M.J. and Rodolfa , E.R. 2012 . Working through: In-session processes that promote between-session thoughts and activities . Journal of Counseling Psychology , 59 : 161 – 167 . doi: 10.1037/a0023616
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raudenbush , S.W. and Bryk , A.S. 2002 . Hierarchical linear models , 2nd ed. , Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Reese , R. , Toland , M. , Slone , N. and Norsworthy , L. 2010 . Effect of client feedback on couple psychotherapy outcomes . Psychotherapy , 47 : 616 – 630 . doi: 10.1037/a0021182
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Safran , J.D. and Muran , J.C. 2000 . Resolving therapeutic alliance ruptures: diversity and integration . In Session: Psychotherapy in Practice , 56 : 233 – 243 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Safran , J.D. , Muran , J.C. and Eubanks-Carter , C. 2011 . Repairing alliance ruptures . Psychotherapy , 48 : 80 – 87 . doi: 10.1037/a0022140
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siev , J. , Huppert , J. and Chambless , D.L. 2009 . The dodo bird, treatment technique, and disseminating empirically supported treatments . The Behavior Therapist , 32 : 69 – 75 .
   Google Scholar
• Sparks , J.A. , & Duncan , B.L. 2010 . Common factors in couple and family therapy: Must all have prizes? In B.L. Duncan , S.D. Miller , B.E. Wampold , and Mark A. Hubble , The heart and soul of change , 2nd ed (pp. 357 – 392 ). Washington , DC : American Psychological Association .
   Google Scholar
• Tabachnick , B.G. and Fidell , L.S. 2001 . Using multivariate statistics , 4th ed. , Needham Heights , MA : Allyn and Bacon .
   Google Scholar
• Tryon , G.S. , Blackwell , S.C. and Hammel , E.F. 2007 . A meta-analytic examination of client-therapist perspectives of the working alliance . Psychotherapy Research , 17 : 629 – 642 . doi: 10.1080/10503300701320611
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wampold , B.E. 2001 . The great psychotherapy debate , Mahwah , NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Watson , J.C. and Greenberg , L.S. 1996 . Pathways to change in the psychotherapy of depression: Relating process to session change and outcome . Psychotherapy , 33 : 262 – 274 . doi: 10.1037/0033-3204.33.2.262
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson , J.C. , Schein , J. and McMullen , E. 2010 . An examination of clients in-session changes and their relationship to the working alliance and outcome . Psychotherapy Research , 20 : 224 – 233 . doi: 10.1080/10503300903311285
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webb , C.A. , DeRubeis , R.J. and Barber , J.P. 2010 . Therapist adherence/competence and treatment outcome: A meta-analytic review . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 78 : 200 – 211 . doi: 10.1037/a0018912
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• West , S.G. , Finch , J.F. and Curran , P.J. 1995 . “ Structural equation models with non- normal variables: Problems and remedies ” . In Structural equation modeling: Concepts, issues, and applications , Edited by: Hoyle , R.H. 56 Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar