Changes in implicit and explicit self-esteem following cognitive and psychodynamic therapy in social anxiety disorder

References

• Alden , L. E. , Mellings , T. M. , & Ryder , A. G. 2001 . Social anxiety, social phobia, and the self . In S. G. Hofmann & P. M. DiBartolo , From social anxiety to social phobia (pp. 304 – 320 ). Boston : Allyn & Bacon .
   Google Scholar
• Beck , A. T. , & Steer , R. A. 1987 . Beck depression inventory . San Antonio : The Psychological Corporation .
   Google Scholar
• Beutler , L. E. , & Hamblin , D. L. 1986 . Individualized outcome measures of internal change: Methodological considerations . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 23 , 305 – 310 .
   Google Scholar
• Bosson , J. K. , Brown , R. P. , Zeigler-Hill , V. , & Swann , W. B. 2003 . Self-enhancement tendencies among people with high explicit self-esteem: The moderating role of implicit self-esteem . Self & Identity , 2 , 169 – 187 doi: 10.1080/15298860309029 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cella , D. F. , & Perry , S. W. 1986 . Reliability and concurrent validity of three visual-analogue mood scales . Psychological Reports , 59 , 827 – 833 doi: 10.2466/pr0.1986.59.2.827 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark , D. M. , Ehlers , A. , Hackmann , A. , McManus , F. , Fennell , M. , Grey , N. , Waddington , L. , & Wild , J. 2006 . Cognitive therapy versus exposure and applied relaxation in social phobia: A randomized control trial . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 74 , 568 – 578 doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.74.3.568 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark , D. M. , Ehlers , A. , McManus , F. , Hackmann , A. , et al. 2003 . Cognitive therapy versus fluoxetine in generalized social phobia: A randomized placebo-controlled trial . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 71 , 1058 – 1067 doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.71.6.1058 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark , D. M. , & Wells , A. 1995 . A cognitive model of social phobia . In R. Heimberg , M. Liebowitz , D. A. Hope & F. R. Schneider , Social phobia: Diagnoses, assessments and treatment . (pp. 69 – 93 ). New York : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Clerkin , E. M. , & Teachman , B. A. 2010 . Training implicit social anxiety associations: An experimental intervention . Journal of Anxiety Disorders , 24 , 300 – 308 doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.01.001 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen , J. 1988 . Statistical power analysis for the behavioural sciences . Hillsdale : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Collani , V. G. , & Herzberg , P. Y. 2003 . Eine revidierte Fassung der deutschsprachigen Skala zum Selbstwertgefühl von Rosenberg [A revised version of the german adaptation of Rosenberg's self-esteem scale] . Zeitschrift für Differentielle und Diagnostische Psychologie , 24 , 3 – 7 doi: 10.1024//0170-1789.24.1.3 .
   Google Scholar
• De Jong , P. 2002 . Implicit self-esteem and social anxiety: Differential self-favouring effects in high and low anxious individuals . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 40 , 501 – 508 doi: 10.1016/S0005-7967(01)00022-5 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dickinson , K. A. , & Pincus , A. L. 2003 . Interpersonal analysis of grandiose and vulnerable narcissism . Journal of Personality Disorders , 17 , 188 – 207 doi: 10.1521/pedi.17.3.188.22146 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• First , M. B. , Spitzer , R. L. , Gibbon , M. , & Williams , J. B. W. ( 1997a ). Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders . Arlington : American Psychiatric Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• First , M. B. , Spitzer , R. L. , Gibbon , M. , & Williams , J. B. W. ( 1997b ). User's Guide for the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Personality Disorders (SCID-II) . Washington , DC : American Psychiatry Press .
   Google Scholar
• Fydrich , T. 2002 . Soziale Phobie und Angstinventar (SPAI). Deutschsprachige Adaptation des ‘Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory’ von Turner und Beidel [German version of the Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory (SPAI) by Turner and Beidel] . In E. Brähler , J. Schumacher & B. Strauß , Assessments in psychotherapy (pp. 335 – 338 ). Göttingen : Hogrefe .
   Google Scholar
• Gabbard , G. O. 1992 . Psychodynamics of panic disorder and social phobia . Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic , 56 , A3 – A13 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gamer , J. , Schmukle , S. C. , Luka-Krausgrill , U. , & Egloff , B. 2008 . Examining the dynamics of the implicit and the explicit self-concept in social anxiety: Changes in the implicit association test-anxiety and the social phobia anxiety inventory following treatment . Journal of Personality Assessment , 90 , 476 – 480 doi: 10.1080/00223890802248786 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gawronski , B. , & Bodenhausen , G. V. 2006 . Associative and propositional processes in evaluation: An integrative review of implicit and explicit attitude change . Psychological Bulletin , 132 , 692 – 731 doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.132.5.692 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ginzburg , D. M. , Bohn , C. , Höfling , V. , Weck , F. , Clark , D. M. , & Stangier , U. 2012 . Treatment specific competence predicts outcome in cognitive therapy for social anxiety disorder . Behavior Research and Therapy , 50 , 747 – 752 doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2012.09.001 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glashouwer , K. A. , Vroling , M. S. , de Jong , P. , Lange , W. G. , & de Keijser , J. 2013 . Low implicit self-esteem and dysfunctional automatic associations in social anxiety disorder . Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry , 44 , 262 – 270 doi: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2012.11.005 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenwald , A. G. , & Banaji , M. R. 1995 . Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem and stereotypes . Psychological Review , 102 , 4 – 27 doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.102.1.4 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenwald , A. G. , Banaji , M. R. , Rudman , L. A. , Farnham , S. D. , Nosek , B. A. , & Mellot , D. S. 2002 . A unified theory of implicit attitudes, stereotypes, self-esteem, and self-concept . Psychological Review , 109 , 3 – 25 doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.109.1.3 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenwald , A. G. , & Farnham , S. D. 2000 . Using the implicit association test to measure self-esteem and self-concept . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 79 , 1022 – 1038 doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.79.6.1022 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenwald , A. G. , McGhee , D. E. , & Schwartz , J. L. K. 1998 . Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The implicit association test . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 74 , 1464 – 1480 doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.74.6.1464 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenwald , A. G. , Nosek , B. A. , & Banaji , M. R. 2003 . Understanding and using the implicit association test: I. An improved scoring algorithm . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 85 , 197 – 216 doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.197 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hautzinger , M. , Bailer , M. , Worall , H. , & Keller , F. 2000 . Beck-Depressions-Inventar (BDI) [Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)] . Bern : Hogrefe .
   Google Scholar
• Heimberg , R. G. 2002 . Cognitive-behavioral therapy for social anxiety disorder: Current status and future directions . Biological Psychiatry , 51 , 101 – 108 doi: 10.1016/S0006-3223(01)01183-0 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffmann , S. O. 2002 . Die Psychodynamik der sozialen Phobien. Eine Übersicht mit einem ersten ‘Leitfaden’ zur psychoanalytisch orientierten Psychotherapie [Psychodynamics of social phobia. A review and a first guideline for psychoanalytically oriented psychotherapy] . Forum der Psychoanalyse , 18 , 51 – 71 doi: 10.1007/s00451-002-0115-4 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofmann , S. G. 2004 . Cognitive mediation of treatment change in social phobia . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 72 , 392 – 399 doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.72.3.392 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofmann , S. G. , Moscovitch , D. A. , Kim , H. , & Taylor , A. N. 2004 . Changes in self perception during treatment of social phobia . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 72 , 588 – 596 doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.72.4.588 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofmann , W. , Gawronski , B. , Gschwender , T. , Le , H. , & Schmitt , M. 2005 . A meta-analysis on the correlation between the implicit association test end explicit self-report measures . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 31 , 1369 – 1385 doi: 10.1177/0146167205275613 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leichsenring , F. , Beutel , M. , & Leibing , E. 2007 . Psychodynamic psychotherapy for social phobia: A treatment manual based on supportive-expressive therapy . Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic , 71 , 56 – 83 doi: 10.1521/bumc.2007.71.1.56 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leichsenring , F. , Hoyer , J. , Beutel , M. , Herpertz , S. , Hiller , W. , Irle , E. , … Leibing , E. 2009 . The Social Phobia Psychotherapy Research Network. The first multicenter randomized controlled trial of psychotherapy for social phobia: Rationale, methods and patient characteristics . Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics , 78 , 35 – 41 doi: 10.1159/000162299 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leichsenring , F. , Salzer , S. , Beutel , M. E. , Herpertz , S. , Hiller , W. , Hoyer , J. , … Leibing , E. 2013 . Psychodynamic therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy in social anxiety disorder: A multicenter randomized controlled trial . The American Journal of Psychiatry . doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.12081125
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liebowitz , M. R. 1987 . Social phobia . Modern Problems of Pharmacopsychiatry , 22 , 141 – 173 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Luborsky , L. 1984 . Principles of psychoanalytic psychotherapy: A manual for supportive expressive treatments . New York : Basic Books .
   Google Scholar
• McCullough , J. P. 2006 . Treating chronic depression with disciplined personal involvement. Cognitive behavioral analysis system of psychotherapy . New York : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• McHugh , R. K. , Murray , H. W. , & Barlow , D. H. 2009 . Balancing fidelity and adaptation in the dissemination of empirically-supported treatments: The promise of transdiagnostic interventions . Behavior Research and Therapy , 47 , 946 – 53 doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2009.07.005 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McManus , F. , Van Doorn , K. , & Yiend , J. 2012 . Examining the effects of thought records and behavioral experiments in instigating belief change . Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry , 43 , 540 – 547 doi: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2011.07.003 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mörtberg , E. , Clark , D. M. , Sundin , Ö. , & Aberg Wistedt , A. 2007 . Intensive group cognitive treatment and individual cognitive therapy vs. treatment as usual in social phobia: a randomized controlled trial . Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica , 115 , 142 – 154 doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2006.00839.x .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moscovitch , D. A. , Anthony , M. M. , & Swinson , R. P. 2009 . Exposure-based treatments for anxiety disorders: Theory and process . In M. M. Anthony & M. B. Stein , Oxford handbook of anxiety and related disorders (pp. 461 – 475 ). Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Nosek , B. A. , & Banaji , M. R. 2001 . The go/no-go association task . Social Cognition , 19 , 625 – 664 doi: 10.1521/soco.19.6.625.20886 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olatunji , B. O. , Cisler , J. M. , & Deacon , B. J. 2010 . Efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy for anxiety disorders: A review of meta-analytic findings . Psychiatric Clinics of North America , 33 , 557 – 577 doi: 10.1016/j.psc.2010.04.002 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orr , E. M. , & Moscovitch , D. A. 2010 . Learning to re-appraise the self during video feedback for social anxiety: Does depth of processing matter? Behavior Research and Therapy , 48 , 728 – 737 doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2010.04.004 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pöhlmann , K. , Döbbel , S. , Schönberg , C. , Israel , M. , & Joraschky , P. 2008 . How does self-concept change in the course of stationary psychodynamic therapy in social anxiety disorder? In E. Leibing , S. Salzer & F. Leichsenring , SOPHO-NET – The social phobia psychotherapy research network (pp. 67 – 90 ). Göttingen : Cuvillier .
   Google Scholar
• Ritter , V. , Ertel , C. , Beil , K. , Steffens , M. C. , & Stangier , U. ( in press ). In the presence of social threat: Implicit and explicit self-esteem in social anxiety disorder . Cognitive Therapy and Research .
   Google Scholar
• Rosenberg , M. 1965 . Society and the adolescent self-image . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Rudman , L. A. , Phelan , J. E. , & Heppen , J. B. 2007 . Developmental sources of implicit attitudes . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 33 , 1700 – 1713 doi: 10.1177/0146167207307487 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schreiber , F. , Bohn , C. , Aderka , I. M. , Stangier , U. , & Steil , R. 2012 . Discrepancies between implicit and explicit self-esteem among adolescents with social anxiety disorder . Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry , 43 , 1074 – 1081 doi: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2012.05.003 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schröder-Abé , M. , Rudolph , A. , Wiesner , A. , & Schütz , A. 2007 . Self-esteem discrepancies and defensive reactions to social feedback . International Journal of Psychology , 42 , 174 – 183 doi: 10.1080/00207590601068134 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stangier , U. , Clark , D. M. , & Ehlers , A. 2006 . Soziale Phobie. Fortschritte der Psychotherapie [Social phobia. Progress in psychotherapy] . Göttingen : Hogrefe .
   Google Scholar
• Stangier , U. , & Heidenreich , T. 2005 . Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS) . In Collegium Internationale Psychiatriae Scalarum , Internationale Skalen für Psychiatrie [International scales for psychiatry] . Weinheim : Beltz .
   Google Scholar
• Stangier , U. , Heidenreich , T. , Peitz , M. , Lauterbach , W. , & Clark , D. M. 2003 . Cognitive therapy for social phobia: Individual versus group treatment . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 41 , 991 – 1007 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stangier , U. , Schramm , E. , Heidenreich , T. , Berger , W. , & Clark , D. M. 2011 . Cognitive therapy versus interpersonal psychotherapy in social anxiety disorder: A randomized controlled trial . Archives of General Psychiatry , 68 , 1 – 9 doi: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.67 .
   Google Scholar
• Steffens , M. C. , Kirschbaum , M. , & Glados , P. 2008 . Avoiding stimulus confounds in implicit association test by using the concepts as stimuli . British Journal of Social Psychology , 47 , 217 – 243 doi: 10.1348/014466607X226998 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steketee , G. S. , & Chambless , D. L. 1992 . Methodological issues in the prediction of treatment outcome . Clinical Psychology Review , 12 , 387 – 400 doi: 10.1016/0272-7358(92)90123-P .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strack , F. , & Deutsch , R. 2004 . Reflective and impulsive determinants of social behavior . Personality & Social Psychology Review , 8 , 220 – 247 doi: 10.1207/s15327957pspr0803_1 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanner , R. J. , Stopa , L. , & De Houwer , J. 2006 . Implicit views of the self in social anxiety . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 44 , 1397 – 1409 doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2005.10.007 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teachman , B. A. , Marker , C. D. , Smith-Jannik , S. B. 2008 . Automatic associations and panic disorder: Trajectories of change over the course of therapy . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 76 , 988 – 1002 doi: 10.1037/a0013113 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teachman , B. A. , & Woody , S. R. 2003 . Automatic processing in spider phobia: Implicit fear associations over the course of treatment . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 112 , 100 – 109 doi: 10.1037/0021-843X.112.1.100 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner , S. M. , Beidel , D. C. , Dancu , C. V. , & Stanley , M. A. 1989 . An empiricially derived inventory to measure social fears and anxiety: The social phobia and anxiety inventory . Psychological Assessment , 1 , 35 – 40 doi: 10.1037/1040-3590.1.1.35 .
   Google Scholar
• Vertue , F. M. 2003 . From adaptive emotion to dysfunction: An attachment perspective on social anxiety disorder . Personality and Social Psychology Review , 7 , 170 – 191 doi: 10.1207/S15327957PSPR0702_170-191 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webb , C. A. , DeRubeis , R. J. , & Barber , J. P. 2010 . Therapists adherence/ competence and treatment outcome: A meta-analytic review . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 78 , 200 – 210 doi: 10.1037/a0018912 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wells , A. 2009 . Meta-cognitive therapy for anxiety and depression . New York : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Westberg , P. , Lundh , L. G. , & Jönsson , P. 2007 . Implicit associations and social anxiety . Cognitive Behavior Therapy , 36 , 43 – 51 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wittchen , H. U. , Zaudig , M. , & Fydrich , T. 1997 . Structured clinical interview for DSM-IV Axis I and II disorders . Göttingen : Hogrefe .
   Google Scholar
• Wild , J. , Hackmann , A. , & Clark , D. M. 2008 . Rescripting early memories linked to negative images in social phobia: A pilot study . Behavior Therapy , 39 , 47 – 56 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar