Patient Attachment to Therapist Rating Scale: Development and psychometric properties

References

• Adamson, L., & Lyxell, B. (1996). Self-concept and questions of life: Identity development during late adolescence. Journal of Adolescence, 19, 569–582. doi:10.1006/jado.1996.0055
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text rev.). Washington DC: APA.
   Google Scholar
• Armelius, K. (2001). Reliabilitet och validitet för den svenska versionen av SASB - självbildstestet [Reliability and validity for the Swedish version of SASB introject questionnaire]. Tips. Umeå: Department of Applied Psychology, Umeå University.
   Google Scholar
• Auerbach, J., & Blatt, S. J. (1996). Self-representation in severe pathology: The role of reflexive self-awareness. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 13, 297–341. doi:10.1037/h0079659
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bachelor, A., Meunier, G., Laverdiére, O., & Gamache, D. (2010). Client attachment to therapist: Relation to client personality and symptomatology, and their contributions to the therapeutic alliance. Psychotherapy, 47, 454–68. doi:10.1037/a0022079
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartholomew, K. (1990). Avoidance of intimacy: An attachment perspective. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 7, 147–178. doi:10.1177/0265407590072001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartholomew, K., & Horowitz, M. (1991). Attachment styles among young adults: A test of a four category model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 226–244. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.61.2.226
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bender, R., & Lange, S. (2001). Adjusting for multiple testing - when and how? Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 54, 343–349. doi:10.1016/S0895-4356(00)00314-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benjamin, L. S. (1984). Principles of prediction using Structural Analysis of Social Behavior. In R. A. Zucker, J. Aaronoff & A. J. Rabin (Eds.), Personality and the prediction of behavior (pp. 121–174). New York: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Benjamin, L. S. (2000). SASB Intrex user's manual. Salt lake City, UT: University of Utah.
   Google Scholar
• Benjamin, L. S., Rothweiler, J. C., & Critchfield, K. L. (2006). The use of Structural Analysis of Social Behavior (SASB) as an assessment tool. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 2, 83–109. doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.2.022305.095337
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blatt, S. J., & Auerbach, J. S. (2001). Mental representation, severe psychopathology, and the therapeutic process. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 49, 113–159. doi:10.1177/00030651010490010201
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bordin, E. S. (1979). The generalizability of the psychoanalytic concept of the working alliance. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 16, 252–260. doi:10.1037/h0085885
   Google Scholar
• Bowlby, J. (1988). A secure base: Parent-child attachment and healthy human development. New York: Basic Books.
   Google Scholar
• Cassidy, J., & Shaver, P. R. (Eds.). (2008). Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Cicchetti, D. V. (1994). Guidelines, criteria, and rules of thumb for evaluating normed and standardized assessment instruments in psychology. Psychological Assessment, 6, 284–290. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.6.4.284
   Google Scholar
• Costello, A. B., & Osborne, J. W. (2005). Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: Four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis. Practical Assessment Research & Evaluation, 10, 1–9.
   Google Scholar
• Daniel, S. I. F. (2006). Adult attachment patterns and individual psychotherapy: A review. Clinical Psychology Review, 26, 968–984. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2006.02.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Haas, M. A., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., & van Ijzendoorn, M. H. (1994). The Adult Attachment Interview and questionnaires for attachment style, temperament, and memories of parental behavior. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 155, 471–486. doi:10.1080/00221325.1994.9914795
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Derogatis, L. R. (1994). Symptom checklist-90-R: Administration, scoring and procedures manual (3rd ed.). Minneapolis: National Computer Systems.
   Google Scholar
• Derogatis, L. R., Lipman, R. S., & Covi, L. (1973). SCL-90: An outpatient psychiatric rating scale – preliminary report. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 9, 13–27.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Derogatis, L. R., Rickels, K., & Rock, A. F. (1976). The SCL-90 and the MMPI: A step in the validation of a new self-report scale. British Journal of Psychiatry, 128, 280–289. doi:10.1192/bjp.128.3.280
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diamond, D., Blatt, S. J., Steyner, D., & Kaslow, N. (1995). Differentiation-relatedness of self and object representations. Revised scale. Unpublished research manual. New Haven, CT.
   Google Scholar
• Diamond, D., Stovall-Mclough, C., Clarkin, J. F., & Levy, K. N. (2003). Patient-therapist attachment in the treatment of borderline personality disorder. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 67, 227–259. doi:10.1521/bumc.67.3.227.23433
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diener, M. J., & Monroe, J. M. (2011). The relationship between adult attachment style and therapeutic alliance in individual psychotherapy: A meta-analytic review. Psychotherapy, 48, 237–248. doi:10.1037/a0022425
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards, D. W., Yarvis, R. M., Mueller, D. P., Zingale, H. C., & Wagman, W. J. (1978). Test-taking and the ability of adjustment scales: Can we assess patient deterioration? Evaluation Quarterly, 2, 275–292. doi:10.1177/0193841X7800200206
   Google Scholar
• Erikson, E. H. (1959). Identity and the life cycle: Selected papers. New York: International University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Fabrigar, L. R., Wegener, D. T., MacCallum, R. C., & Strahan, E. J. (1999). Evaluating the use of exploratory factor analysis in psychological research. Psychological Methods, 4, 272–299. doi:10.1037/1082-989X.4.3.272
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farber, B., Lippert, R. A., & Nevas, D. B. (1995). The therapist as attachment figure. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 32, 204–212. doi:10.1037/0033-3204.32.2.204
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farber, B. A., & Metzger, J. A. (2009). The therapist as a secure base. In J. H. Obegi & E. Berant (Eds.), Attachment theory and research in clinical work with adults (pp. 46–70). New York: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Fridell, M., Zvonomir, C., Johansson, M., & Malling Thorsen, S. (2002). SCL-90. Svensk normering, standardisering och validering av symtomskalan [Swedish standardization and validation of SCL-90]. Stockholm: Statens Institutionsstyrelse.
   Google Scholar
• Hatcher, R. L. (2010). Alliance theory and measurement. In C. J. Muran & J. P. Barber (Eds.), The therapeutic alliance (pp. 7–28). New York: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hazan, C., & Shaver, P. (1987). Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 511–524. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.52.3.511
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hesse, E., & Main, M. (2000). Disorganized infant, child, and adult attachment: Collapse in behavioral and attentional strategies. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 48, 1097–1127. doi:10.1177/00030651000480041101
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hjälmdahl, Y., Claesson, M., Werbart, A., & Levander, S. (2001). Bedömning av differentiering-relaterande i själv- och objektrepresentationer I: En validitetsstudie [Differentiation- relatedness of self and object relations I: Validity of the Swedish version]. No. 20. Stockholm: Institute of Psychotherapy and Psychotherapy Section at Karolinska Institutet.
   Google Scholar
• Holmes, J. (2001). The search for the secure base: Attachment theory and psychotherapy. London: Taylor & Francis.
   Google Scholar
• Holmes, J. (2010). Exploring in security: Towards an attachment-informed psychoanalytic psychotherapy. London: Taylor & Francis.
   Google Scholar
• Horowitz, L.M., Rosenberg, S.E., Baer, B.A., Ureno, G., & Villasenor, V.S. (1988). Inventory of interpersonal problems: Psychometric properties and clinical applications. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56, 885–892. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.56.6.885
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobvits, D., Curran, M., & Moller, N. (2002). Measurement of adult attachment: The place of self-report and interview methodologies. Attachment and Human Development, 4, 207–215. doi:10.1080/14616730210154225
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Janzen, J., Fitzpatrik, M., & Drapeau, M. (2008). Process involved in client-nominated relationship building incidents: Client attachment, attachment to therapist, and session impact. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 45, 377–390. doi:10.1037/a0013310
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kobak, R. R., Cole, H. E., Ferenz-Gillies, R., Fleming, W. S., & Gamble, W. (1993). Attachment and emotion regulation during mother-teen problem solving: a control theory analysis. Child Development, 64, 231–245. doi:10.2307/1131448
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lilliengren, P., & Werbart, A. (2010). Therapists' view of therapeutic action in psychoanalytic psychotherapy with young adults. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 47, 570–585. doi:10.1037/a0021179
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindgren, A., Werbart, A., & Philips, B. (2010). Long-term outcome and post-treatment effects of psychoanalytic psychotherapy with young adults. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 83, 27–43. doi:10.1348/147608309X464422
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luborsky, L., Barber, J. P., Siqueland, L., Johnson, S., Najavits, L. M., & Frank, A. (1996). The revised helping alliance questionnaire (Haq-II). Journal of Psychotherapy Practice and Research, 5, 260–270.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maier, M., Bernier, A., Pekrun, R., Zimmermann, P., & Grossmann, K. (2004). Attachment working models as unconscious structures: An experimental test. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 28, 180–189. doi:10.1080/01650250344000398
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mallinckrodt, B. (2010). The psychotherapy relationship as attachment: Evidence and implications. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 27, 262–270. doi:10.1177/0265407509360905
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mallinckrodt, B., Coble, H. M., & Gantt, D. L. (1995). Toward differentiating client attachment from working alliance and transference: reply to Robbins (1995). Journal of Counseling Psychology, 42, 320–322. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.42.3.320
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mallinckrodt, B., Gantt, D., & Coble, H. M. (1995). Attachment patterns in the psychotherapy relationship: Development of the client attachment to therapist scale. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 42, 307–317. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.42.3.307
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mallinckrodt, B., Porter, M. J., & Kivlighan, D. M. (2005). Client attachment to therapist, depth of in-session exploration, and object relations in brief psychotherapy. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Training, Practice, 42, 85–100. doi:10.1037/0033-3204.42.1.85
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2007). Attachment in adulthood: Structure, dynamics, and change. New York: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Moore, S. R., & Gelso, C. J. (2011). Recollections of a secure base in psychotherapy: Considerations of the real relationship. Psychotherapy, 48, 368–373. doi:10.1037/a0022421
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muller, R. T. (2010). Trauma and the avoidant client: Attachment-based strategies for healing. New York: Norton.
   Google Scholar
• Obegi, J. H. (2008). The development of the client-therapist bond through the lens of attachment theory. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Training, Practice, 45, 431–446. doi:10.1037/a0014330
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Obegi, J. H., & Berant, E. (Eds.). (2009). Attachment theory and research in clinical work with adults. New York: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ottosson, H., Bodlund, O., Ekselius, L., von Knorring, L., Kullgren, G., Lindström, E., & Söderberg, S. (1995). The DSM-IV and ICD-10 Personality Questionnaire (DIP-Q): Construction and preliminary validation. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 49, 285–291. doi:10.3109/08039489509011918
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ottosson, H., Bodlund, O., Ekselius, L., Grann, M., von Knorring, L., Kullgren, G., Lindström, E., & Söderberg, S. (1998). DSM-IV and ICD-10 Personality disorders: A comparison of self-report questionnaire (DIP-Q) with a structured interview. European Psychiatry, 13, 246–253. doi:10.1016/S0924-9338(98)80013-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parish, M. (2000). The nature of the patient's tie to the therapist. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B Sciences and Engineering, 60, 6378.
   Google Scholar
• Parish, M., & Eagle, M. N. (2003a). Attachment to the therapist. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 20, 271–286. doi:10.1037/0736-9735.20.2.271
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parish, M., & Eagle, M. N. (2003b). A new measure of components of attachment. Unpublished manuscript, Derner Institute of Advanced Psychological Studies, Adelphi University, Long Island, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Pearl, E. (2008). Psychotherapy with adolescent girls and young women. New York: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Petrowski, K., Pokorny, D., Nowacki, K., & Buchheim, A. (2013). The therapist's attachment representation and the patient's attachment to the therapist. Psychotherapy Research, 23, 25–34. doi:10.1080/10503307.2012.717307
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Philips, B., Wennberg, P., Werbart, A., & Schubert, J. (2006). Young adults in psychoanalytic psychotherapy: Patient characteristics and therapy outcome. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 79, 89–106. doi:10.1348/147608305X52649
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2012). Sources of method bias in social science research and recommendations on how to control it. Annual Review of Psychology, 63, 539–569. doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-120710-100452
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ravitz, P., Maunder, R., Hunter, J., Sthankiya, B., & Lancee, W. (2010). Adult attachment measures: A 25-year review. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 69, 419–432. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2009.08.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romano, V., Fitzpatrick, M., & Janzen, J. (2008). The secure-base hypothesis: Global attachment, attachment to counsellor, and session exploration in psychotherapy. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 4, 495–504. doi:10.1037/a0013721
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosander, M., & Stiwne, D. (1997). Inventory of interpersonal problems, IIP: Konstruktion och normering av svensk kortversion [Inventory of interpersonal problems, IIP: Construction and norms of a Swedish short version]. Unpublished manuscript. Linköping University, Sweden.
   Google Scholar
• Sauer, E., Anderson, M. Z., Gormley, B., Richmond, C. J., & Preaco, L. (2010). Client attachment orientations, working alliances, and responses to therapy: A psychology training clinic study. Psychotherapy Research, 20, 702–711. doi:10.1080/10503307.2010.518635
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saypol, E., & Farber, B. (2010). Attachment style and patient disclosure in psychotherapy. Psychotherapy Research, 20, 462–471. doi:10.1080/10503301003796821
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shedler, J., Mayman, M., & Manis, M. (1993). The illusion of mental health. American Psychologist, 48, 1117–1131. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.48.11.1117
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shrout, P. E., & Fleiss, J. L. (1979). Intraclass correlations: uses in assessing rater reliability. Psychological Bulletin, 86, 420–428. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.86.2.420
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slade, A. (2008). The implications of attachment theory and research for adult psychotherapy. In J. Cassidy & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (pp. 762–782). New York: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, A. E. M., Msetfi, R. M., & Golding, L. (2010). Client self-rated adult attachment patterns and the therapeutic alliance: A systematic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 30, 326–337. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2009.12.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Söderberg, P., Tungström, S., & Armelius, B. A. (2005). Reliability of Global Assessment of Functioning ratings made by clinical psychiatric staff. Psychiatric Services, 56, 434–438. doi:10.1176/appi.ps.56.4.434
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Streiner, D. L. (2003). Starting at the beginning: An introduction to coefficient alpha and internal consistency. Journal of Personality Assessment, 80, 99–103. doi:10.1207/S15327752JPA8001_18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tabachnick, B., & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics (6th ed.). New York: Pearson.
   Google Scholar
• Wallin, D. J. (2007). Attachment in psychotherapy. New York: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Walter, S. D., Eliasziw, M., & Donner, A. (1998). Sample size and optimal designs for reliability studies. Statistics in Medicine, 17, 101–110. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0258(19980115)17:1%3C101::AID-SIM727%3E3.0.CO;2-E
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinryb, R. M., Gustavsson, J. P., Hellström, C., Andersson, E., Broberg, A., & Gunnar, R. (1996). Interpersonal problems and personality characteristics: Psychometric studies of the Swedish version of the IIP. Personality and Individual Differences, 20, 13–23. doi:10.1016/0191-8869(95)00137-U
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Werbart, A., & Levander, S. (2005). Understanding the incomprehensible: Private theories of first-episode psychotic patients and their therapists. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 69, 103–136. doi:10.1521/bumc.69.2.103.66507
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Werbart, A., & Levander, S. (2006). Two sets of private theories in analysands and their analysts: Utopian versus attainable cures. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 23, 108–127. doi:10.1037/0736-9735.23.1.108
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westen, D., Defife, J. A, Bradley, B., & Hilsenroth, M. J. (2010). Prototype personality diagnosis in clinical practice: A viable alternative for DSM-V and ICD-11. Professional Psychology, Research and Practice, 41(6), 482–487. doi:10.1037/a0021555
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiman, M., & Werbart, A. (2002). Unga vuxna i psykoterapi II: Hur uppfattar de själva sina problem? [Young adults in psychotherapy II: How do they perceive their problems?]. Psykoterapi: Forskning och utveckling [Psychotherapy: Research and Development], Report 23. Stockholm: Institute of Psychotherapy and Psychotherapy Section at Karolinska Institutet.
   Google Scholar