The associations among improvement and alliance expectations, alliance during treatment, and treatment outcome for major depressive disorder

References

• Barber, J. P. (2009). Towards a working through of some core conflicts in psychotherapy research. Psychotherapy Research, 19, 1–12. doi:10.1080/10503300802609680.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barber, J. P., Barrett, M. S., Gallop, R., Rynn, M. A., & Rickels, K. (2012). Short-term dynamic psychotherapy versus pharmacotherapy for major depressive disorder: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 73, 66–73. doi:10.4088/JCP.11m06831.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barber, J. P., Connolly, M. B., Crits-Christoph, P., Gladis, L., & Siqueland, L. (2000). Alliance predicts patients' outcome beyond in-treatment change in symptoms. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68, 1027–1032. doi:10.1037/0022-006x.68.6.1027.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barber, J. P., Luborsky, L., Crits-Christoph, P., Thase, M. E., Weiss, R., Frank, A., … Gallop, R. (1999). Therapeutic alliance as a predictor of outcome in treatment of cocaine dependence. Psychotherapy Research, 9, 54–73. doi:10.1093/ptr/9.1.54.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social-psychological research: Conceptual, strategic and statistical considerations. Jounral of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173–1182.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck, A. T., Rush, J. J., Shaw, B. F., & Emery, G. (1979). Cognitive therapy of depression. New York: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bordin, E. S. (1979). The generalizability of the psychoanalytic concept of the working alliance. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research & Practice, 16, 252–260. doi:10.1037/h0085885.
   Google Scholar
• Cohen, J., Cohen, P., West, S. G., & Aiken, L. S. (2003). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences (3rd ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Connolly Gibbons, M. B., Crits-Christoph, P., de la Cruz, C., Barber, J. P., Siqueland, L., & Gladis, M. (2003). Pretreatment expectations, interpersonal functioning, and symptoms in the prediction of the therapeutic alliance across supportive-expressive psychotherapy and cognitive therapy. Psychotherapy Research, 13, 59–76. doi:10.1093/ptr/kpg007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Constantino, M. J., Ametrano, R. M., & Greenberg, R. P. (2012). Clinician interventions and participant characteristics that foster adaptive patient expectations for psychotherapy and psychotherapeutic change. Psychotherapy, 49, 557–569. doi:10.1037/a0029440.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Constantino, M. J., Arnkoff, D. B., Glass, C. R., Ametrano, R. M., & Smith, J. Z. (2011). Expectations. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 67, 184–192. doi:10.1002/jclp.20754.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Constantino, M. J., Arnow, B. A., Blasey, C., & Agras, W. S. (2005). The association between patient characteristics and the therapeutic alliance in cognitive-behavioral and interpersonal therapy for bulimia nervosa. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73, 203–211. doi:10.1037/0022-006x.73.2.203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Constantino, M. J., Glass, C. R., Arnkoff, D. B., Ametrano, R. M., & Smith, J. Z. (2011). Expectations. In J. C. Norcross (Ed.), Psychotherapy relationships that work: Evidence-based responsiveness (2nd ed., pp. 354–376). New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Crits-Christoph, P., Connolly Gibbons, M. B., & Mukherjee, D. (2013). Psychotherapy process-outcome research. In M. J. Lambert (Ed.), Bergin and Garfield's handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change (6th ed.). New York: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Crits-Christoph, P., Gibbons, M. B. C., Hamilton, J., Ring-Kurtz, S., & Gallop, R. (2011). The dependability of alliance assessments: The alliance–outcome correlation is larger than you might think. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 79, 267–278. doi:10.1037/a0023668.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeRubeis, R. J., Brotman, M. A., & Gibbons, C. J. (2005). A conceptual and methodological analysis of the nonspecifics argument. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 12, 174–183. doi:10.1093/clipsy/bpi022.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diener, M. J., & Monroe, J. M. (2011). The relationship between adult attachment style and therapeutic alliance in individual psychotherapy: A meta-analytic review. Psychotherapy, 48, 237–248. doi:10.1037/a0022425.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diggle, P., Liang, K.-Y., & Zeger, S. L. (1994). Analysis of longitudinal data. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Dinger, U., Strack, M., Leichsenring, F., & Schauenburg, H. (2007). Influences of patients' and therapists' interpersonal problems and therapeutic alliance on outcome in psychotherapy. Psychotherapy Research, 17, 148–159. doi:10.1080/10503300600865393.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dinger, U., Strack, M., Sachsse, T., & Schauenburg, H. (2009). Therapists' attachment, patients' interpersonal problems and alliance development over time in inpatient psychotherapy. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 46, 277–290. doi:10.1037/a0016913.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elkin, I., Parloff, M. B., Hadley, S. W., & Autry, J. H. (1985). NIMH treatment of depression collaborative research program. Background and research plan. Archives of General Psychiatry, 42, 305–316.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fawcett, J., Epstein, P., Fiester, S. J., Elkin, I., & Autry, J. H. (1987). Clinical management – imipramine/placebo administration manual. NIMH Treatment of Depression Collaborative Research Program. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 23, 309–324.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feeley, M., DeRubeis, R. J., & Gelfand, L. A. (1999). The temporal relation of adherence and alliance to symptom change in cognitive therapy for depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67, 578–582. doi:10.1037/0022-006x.67.4.578.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• First, M. B., Spitzer, R. L., Gibbon, M., & Williams, J. B. W. (1995). The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R personality disorders (SCID-II): I. Description. Journal of Personality Disorders, 9, 83–91. 10.1521/pedi.1995.9.2.83
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flückiger, C., Del Re, A. C., Wampold, B. E., Symonds, D., & Horvath, A. O. (2012). How central is the alliance in psychotherapy? A multilevel longitudinal meta-analysis. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 59, 10–17. doi:10.1037/a0025749.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flückiger, C., Regli, D., & Grawe, K. (2005). Allgemeine Psychotherapie im Gruppensetting: Das Zusammenspiel von gruppen- und interventionsspezifischen Wirkfaktoren [General psychotherapy in the group setting: Interaction between group- and intervention-specific factors]. Gruppenpsychotherapie & Gruppendynamik, 41, 306–322.
   Google Scholar
• Gaston, L., & Marmar, C. R. (1994). The California Psychotherapy Alliance Scales. In A. O. Horvath & L. S. Greenberg (Eds.), The working alliance: Theory, research, and practice (pp. 85–108). Oxford, England: John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Gelso, C. J., & Carter, J. A. (1994). Components of the psychotherapy relationship: Their interaction and unfolding during treatment. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 41, 296–306. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.41.3.296.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenberg, L. S., & Malcolm, W. (2002). Resolving unfinished business: Relating process to outcome. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70, 406–416. doi:10.1037/0022-006x.70.2.406.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenberg, L. S., Rice, L. N., & Elliott, R. (1993). Facilitating emotional change: The moment by moment process. New York: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Greenson, R. R. (1965). The working alliance and the transference neurosis. In R. R. Greenson (Ed.), Explorations in psychoanalysis (pp. 199–224). New York: International Universities Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hamilton, M. (1960). A rating scale for depression. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 23, 56–61. doi:10.1136/jnnp.23.1.56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatcher, R. L., & Barends, A. W. (1996). Patient's view of the alliance of psychotherapy: Exploratory factor analysis of three alliance measures. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 1326–1336.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hilsenroth, M. J., Peters, E. J., & Ackerman, S. J. (2004). The development of therapeutic alliance during psychological assessment: patient and therapist perspectives across treatment. Journal Of Personality Assessment, 83, 332–344. 10.1207/s15327752jpa8303_14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horvath, A. O., Del Re, A. C., Flückiger, C., & Symonds, D. (2011). Alliance in individual psychotherapy. Psychotherapy, 48, 9–16. doi:10.1037/a0022186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horvath, A. O., & Greenberg, L. S. (1989). Development and validation of the Working Alliance Inventory. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 36, 223–233. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.36.2.223.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johansson, P., Høglend, P., & Hersoug, A. G. (2011). Therapeutic alliance mediates the effect of patient expectancy in dynamic psychotherapy. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 50, 283–297.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joyce, A. S., Ogrodniczuk, J. S., Piper, W. E., & McCallum, M. (2003). The alliance as mediator of expectancy effects in short-term individual therapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71, 672–679. doi:10.1037/0022-006x.71.4.672.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kivlighan, D. M., & Shaughnessy, P. (2000). Patterns of working alliance development: A typology of client's working alliance ratings. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 47, 362–371. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.47.3.362.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein, D. N., Schwartz, J. E., Santiago, N. J., Vivian, D., Vocisano, C., Castonguay, L. G., … Keller, M. B. (2003). Therapeutic alliance in depression treatment: Controlling for prior change and patient characteristics. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71, 997–1006. doi:10.1037/0022-006x.71.6.997.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kramer, U.,de Roten, Y., Beretta, V., Michel, L., & Despland, J.-N. (2008). Patients' and therapists' views of early alliance building in dynamic psychotherapy: Patterns and relation to outcome. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 55, 89–95. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.55.1.89.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krupnick, J. L., Elkin, I., Collins, J., Simmens, S., Sotsky, S. M., Pilkonis, P. A., & Watkins, J. T. (1994). Therapeutic alliance and clinical outcome in the NIMH Treatment of Depression Collaborative Research Program: Preliminary findings. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 31, 28–35. doi:10.1037/0033-3204.31.1.28.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krupnick, J. L., Sotsky, S. M., Simmens, S., Moyer, J., Elkin, I., Watkins, J., & Pilkonis, P. A. (1996). The role of the therapeutic alliance in psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy outcome: Findings in the National Institute of Mental Health Treatment of Depression Collaborative Research Program. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 532–539. doi:10.1037/0022-006x.64.3.532.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambert, M. J., & Barley, D. E. (2001). Research summary on the therapeutic relationship and psychotherapy outcome. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 38, 357–361. 10.1037/0033-3204.38.4.357
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luborsky, L. (1984). The principles of psychoanalytic psychotherapy. New York: Basic Books.
   Google Scholar
• Luborsky, L. (1995). Supportive-expressive dynamic psychotherapy of depression: A time-limited version. In J. P. Barber & P. Crits-Christoph (Eds.), Dynamic therapies for psychiatric disorders (pp. 41–83). New York: Basic Books.
   Google Scholar
• McKee, S. A., Carroll, K. M., Sinha, R., Robinson, J. E., Nich, C., Cavallo, D., & O'Malley, S. (2007). Enhancing brief cognitive-behavioral therapy with motivational enhancement techniques in cocaine users. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 91(1), 97–101.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer, B., Pilkonis, P. A., Krupnick, J. L., Egan, M. K., Simmens, S. J., & Sotsky, S. M. (2002). Treatment expectancies, patient alliance and outcome: Further analyses from the National Institute of Mental Health Treatment of Depression Collaborative Research Program. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70, 1051–1055. doi:10.1037/0022-006x.70.4.1051.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paivio, S. C., & Bahr, L. M. (1998). Interpersonal problems, working alliance, and outcome in short-term experiential therapy. Psychotherapy Research, 8, 392–407. doi:10.1093/ptr/8.4.392.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raudenbush, S. W., & Bryk, A. S. (2002). Hierarchical linear modeling (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Raue, P. J., & Goldfried, M. R. (1994). The therapeutic alliance in cognitive-behavior therapy. In A. Horvath & L. S. Greenberg (Eds.), The working alliance: Theory, research, practice (pp. 131–152). New York: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Reis, S., & Grenyer, B. F. S. (2004). Fearful attachment, working alliance and treatment response for individuals with major depression. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 11, 414–424. doi:10.1002/cpp.428.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sexton, H. C., Hembre, K., & Kvarme, G. (1996). The interaction of the alliance and therapy microprocess: A sequential analysis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 471–480. doi:10.1037/0022-006x.64.3.471.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sexton, H. C., Littauer, H., Sexton, A., & Tømmerås, E. (2005). Building an alliance: Early therapy process and the client–therapist connection. Psychotherapy Research, 15, 103–116. doi:10.1080/10503300512331327083.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shrout, J., & Fleiss, J. L. (1979). Intraclass correlations: Uses in assessing rater reliability. Psychological Bulletin, 86, 420–428.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stiles, W. B., Glick, M. J., Osatuke, K., Hardy, G. E., Shapiro, D. A., Agnew-Davies, R., … Barkham, M. (2004). Patterns of alliance development and the rupture-repair hypothesis: Are productive relationships U-shaped or V-shaped? Journal of Counseling Psychology, 51, 81–92. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.51.1.81.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strunk, D. R., Brotmann, M. A., & DeRubeis, R. J. (2010). The process of change in Cognitive Therapy for Depression: Predictors of early inter-session symptom gains. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 48, 599–606. 10.1016/j.brat.2010.03.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strunk, D. R., Cooper, A. A., Ryan, E. T., DeRubeis, R. J., & Hollon, S. D. (2012). The process of change in cognitive therapy for depression when combined with antidepressant medication: Predictors of early intersession symptom gains. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 80, 730–738. doi:10.1037/a0029281.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strunk, D. R., Stewart, M. O., Hollon, S. D., DeRubeis, R. J., Fawcett, J., Amsterdam, J. D., & Shelton, R. C. (2010). Can pharmacotherapists be too supportive? A process study of active medication and placebo in the treatment of depression. Psychological Medicine, 40, 1379–1387. doi:10.1017/s0033291709991553.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang, T. Z., & DeRubeis, R. J. (1999). Sudden gains and critical sessions in cognitive-behavioral therapy for depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67, 894–904. doi:10.1037/0022-006x.67.6.894.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tichenor, V., & Hill, C. E. (1989). A comparison of six measures of working alliance. Psychotherapy, 26, 195–199.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tracey, T. J., & Kokotovic, A. M. (1989). Factor structure of the Working Alliance Inventory. Psychological Assessment: A Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1, 207–210. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.1.3.207.
   Google Scholar
• Watson, J. C., McMullen, E. J., Prosser, M. C., & Bedard, D. L. (2011). An examination of the relationships among clients' affect regulation, in-session emotional processing, the working alliance, and outcome. Psychotherapy Research, 21, 86–96. doi:10.1080/10503307.2010.518637.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webb, C. A., DeRubeis, R. J., Amsterdam, J. D., Shelton, R. C., Hollon, S. D., & Dimidjian, S. (2011). Two aspects of the therapeutic alliance: Differential relations with depressive symptom change. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 79, 279–283. doi:10.1037/a0023252.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, J. B. (1988). A structured interview guide for the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. Archives of General Psychiatry, 45, 742–747. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1988.01800320058007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zilcha-Mano, S., Dinger, U., McCarthy, K. S., & Barber, J. P. ( in press). Does alliance predict symptomatic change, or is it the other way around? Journal of Counseling and Clinical Psychology.
   Google Scholar