1,777
Views
28
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
EMPIRICAL PAPER

“Spinning one's wheels”: Nonimproved patients view their psychotherapy

, , &
Pages 546-564 | Received 04 Jun 2014, Accepted 12 Nov 2014, Published online: 17 Dec 2014

References

  • American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text rev.). Washington, DC: Author.
  • Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55, 469–480. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.55.5.469
  • Aron, L. (2006). Analytic impasse and the third: Clinical implications of intersubjectivity theory. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 87, 349–368. doi:10.1516/15EL-284Y-7Y26-DHRK
  • Aspland, H., Llewelyn, S., Hardy, G. E., Barkham, M., & Stiles, W. (2008). Alliance ruptures and rupture resolution in cognitive behavior therapy: A preliminary task analysis. Psychotherapy Research, 18, 699–710. doi:10.1080/10503300802291463
  • Barkham, M., Saxon, D., Kilgarriff-Foster, A., & Parry, G. (2014, June). Therapist effects and risk factors: Their contribution to understanding patient dropout and reliable deterioration during therapy. In G. Parry (Chair), Understanding and preventing adverse effects of psychological therapy. Panel presented at the Society for Psychotherapy Research 45th Annual International Meeting, Copenhagen, Denmark.
  • Barlow, D. H. (2010). Negative effects from psychological treatments: A perspective. American Psychologist, 65(1), 13–20. doi:10.1037/a0015643
  • Benjamin, J. (2009). A relational psychoanalysis perspective on the necessity of acknowledging failure in order to restore the facilitating and containing features of the intersubjective relationship (the shared third). International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 90, 441–450. doi:10.1111/j.1745-8315.2009.00163.x
  • Bergin, A. E. (1963). The empirical emphasis in psychotherapy: A symposium. The effects of psychotherapy: Negative effects revisited. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 10, 244–250. doi:10.1037/h0043353
  • Bergin, A. E. (1966). Some implications of psychotherapy for therapeutic practice. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 71, 235–246. doi:10.1037/h0023577
  • Binder, J. L. (2004). Key competencies in brief psychodynamic psychotherapy: Clinical practice beyond the manual. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
  • Binder, P.-E., Holgersen, H., & Nielsen, G. H. (2010). What is a “good outcome” in psychotherapy? A qualitative exploration of former patients’ point of view. Psychotherapy Research, 20, 285–294. doi:10.1080/10503300903376338
  • Binder, J. L., & Strupp, H. H. (1997). “Negative process”: A recurrently discovered and underestimated facet of therapeutic process and outcome in the individual psychotherapy of adults. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 4(2), 121–139. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2850.1997.tb00105.x
  • Blatt, S. J., & Auerbach, J. S. (2001). Mental representations, severe psychopathology, and the therapeutic process. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 49, 113–159. doi:10.1177/00030651010490010201
  • Blatt, S. J., Auerbach, J. S., & Behrends, R. (2008). Changes in the representation of self and significant others in the treatment process: Links between representation, internalization, and mentalization. In E. J. Jurist, A. Slade, & S. Bergner (Eds.), Mind to mind: Infant research, neuroscience, and psychoanalysis (pp. 225–263). New York, NY: Other Press.
  • Blatt, S. J., Sanislow, C. A., Zuroff, D. C., & Pilkonis, P. A. (1996). Characteristics of effective therapists: Further analyses of data from the National Institute of Mental Health Treatment of Depression Collaborative Research Program. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 1276–1284. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.64.6.1276
  • Blatt, S. J., Stayner, D. A., Auerbach, J. S., & Behrends, R. S. (1996). Change in object and self-representations in long-term, intensive, inpatient treatment of seriously disturbed adolescents and young adults. Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes, 59, 82–107.
  • Blatt, S. J., Wein, S. J., Chevron, E. S., & Quinlan, D. M. (1979). Parental representations and depression in normal young adults. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 88, 388–397. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.88.4.388
  • Bleyen, K., Vertommen, H., & van Audenhove, C. (1998). A negotiation approach to systematic treatment selection: An evaluation of its impact on the initial phase of psychotherapy. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 14(1), 14–25. doi:10.1027/1015-5759.14.1.14
  • Bohart, A. C. (2000). The client is the most important common factor: Clients’ self-healing capacities and psychotherapy. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 10(2), 127–149. doi:10.1023/A:1009444132104
  • Bohart, A. C., Elliot, R., Greenberg, L. S., & Watson, J. C. (2002). Empathy. In J. C. Norcross (Ed.), Psychotherapy relationships that work: Therapist contributions and responsiveness to patients (pp. 89–108). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • Bohart, A. C., & Tallman, K. (1999). How clients make therapy work: The process of active self-healing. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
  • Bohart, A. C., & Tallman, K. (2010). Clients: The neglected common factor in psychotherapy. In B. L. Duncan, S. D. Miller, B. E. Wampold, & M. A. Hubble (Eds.), The heart and soul of change: Delivering what works in therapy (2nd ed., pp. 83–111). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
  • Bordin, E. (1979). The generalizability of the psychoanalytic concept of the working alliance. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 16, 252–260. doi:10.1037/h0085885
  • Bott, E. (2010). Favourites and others: Reflexivity and the shaping of subjectivities and data in qualitative research. Qualitative Research, 10, 159–173. doi:10.1177/1468794109356736
  • Carey, T. A., Kelly, R. E., Mansell, W., & Tai, S. J. (2012). What’s therapeutic about the therapeutic relationship? A hypothesis for practice informed by Perceptual Control Theory. The Cognitive Behaviour Therapist, 5(2–3), 47–59. doi:10.1017/S1754470X12000037
  • Carey, T. A., & Spratt, M. B. (2009). When is enough enough? Structuring the organization of treatment to maximize patient choice and control. The Cognitive Behaviour Therapist, 2, 211–226. doi:10.1017/S1754470X09000208
  • Castonguay, L. G., Boswell, J. F., Zack, S. E., Baker, S., Boutselis, M. A., Chiswick, N. R., … Holtforth, M. G. (2010). Helpful and hindering events in psychotherapy: A practice research network study. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 47, 327–344. doi:10.1037/a0021164
  • Charmaz, K. (2014). Constructing grounded theory (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Conrad, A. (2009). Ein verhängnisvolles Zusammenspiel: Misslungene Psychotherapie aus Klientensicht [A fatal interplay: Therapy failure from the clients’ perspective] (Doctoral dissertation). Fachbereich Erziehungswissenschaft und Psychologie, Freien Universität Berlin. Retrieved April 18, 2014, from http://www.diss.fu-berlin.de/diss/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/FUDISS_derivate_000000011537/Misslungene_Therapie_Conrad_2009.pdf;jsessionid=4F43FE9D0938075A119816CCBAC0F5AA?hosts=
  • Cooper, M. (2009). Counselling in UK secondary schools: A comprehensive review of audit and evaluation studies. Counselling and Psychotherapy Research, 9, 137–150. doi:10.1080/14733140903079258
  • Crits-Christoph, P., Baranackie, K., Kurcias, J., Beck, A., Carroll, K., Perry, K., … Zitrin, C. (1991). Meta-analysis of therapist effects in psychotherapy outcome studies. Psychotherapy Research, 1(2), 81–91. doi:10.1080/10503309112331335511
  • Curtis, R. C. (2012). New experiences and meanings: A model of change for psychoanalysis. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 29(1), 81–98. doi:10.1037/a0025086
  • Curtis, R., Field, C., Knaan-Kostman, I., & Mannix, K. (2004). What 75 psychoanalysts found helpful and hurtful in their own analyses. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 21, 183–202. doi:10.1037/0736-9735.21.2.183
  • Derogatis, L. R. (1994). Symptom Checklist90R: Administration, scoring and procedures manual (3rd rev. ed.). Minneapolis, MN: National Computer Systems.
  • Derogatis, L. R., Lipman, R. S., & Covi, L. (1973). SCL-90: An outpatient psychiatric rating scale—preliminary report. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 9, 13–27.
  • Dimidjian, S., & Hollon, S. D. (2010). How would we know if psychotherapy were harmful? American Psychologist, 65(1), 21–33. doi:10.1037/a0017299
  • Dimidjian, S., & Hollon, S. D. (2011). Introduction to special issue: What can be learned when empirically supported treatments fail? Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 18, 303–305. doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2011.02.001
  • Duncan, B. L. (2012). The Partners for Change Outcome Management System (PCOMS): The heart and soul of change project. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie canadienne, 53(2), 93–104. doi:10.1037/a0027762
  • Edwards, D. W., Yarvis, R. M., Mueller, D. P., Zingale, H. C., & Wagman, W. J. (1978). Test-taking and the stability of adjustment scales: Can we assess patient deterioration? Evaluation Review, 2, 275–291. doi:10.1177/0193841X7800200206
  • Elliott, R. (1985). Helpful and non-helpful events in brief counseling interviews: An empirical taxonomy. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 32, 307–322. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.32.3.307
  • Elliott, R., Fischer, C. T., & Rennie, D. L. (1999). Evolving guidelines for publication of qualitative research studies in psychology and related fields. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 38, 215–229. doi:10.1348/014466599162782
  • Elliott, R., & James, E. (1989). Varieties of client experience in psychotherapy: An analysis of the literature. Clinical Psychology Review, 9, 443–467. doi:10.1016/0272-7358(89)90003-2
  • Erikson, E. H. (1959). Identity and the life cycle. New York, NY: International Universities Press.
  • Escoll, P. J. (1987). Psychoanalysis of young adults: An overview. Psychoanalytic Inquiry, 7(1), 5–30. doi:10.1080/07351698709533657
  • Farber, B. A. (2003). Patient self-disclosure: A review of the research. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 59, 589–600. doi:10.1002/jclp.10161
  • Fassinger, R. E. (2005). Paradigms, praxis, problems, and promise: Grounded theory in counseling psychology research. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52, 156–166. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.52.2.156
  • Finlay, L. (2003). Through the looking glass: Intersubjectivity and hermeneutic reflection. In L. Finlay & B. Gough (Eds.), Reflexivity: A practical guide for researchers in health and social sciences (pp. 105–119). Oxford: Blackwell.
  • Fischer, C. T. (2009). Bracketing in qualitative research: Conceptual and practical matters. Psychotherapy Research, 19, 583–590. doi:10.1080/10503300902798375
  • Fitzpatrick, M. (2012). Blurring practice—research boundaries using progress monitoring: A personal introduction. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie canadienne, 53(2), 75–81. doi:10.1037/a0028051
  • Fridell, M., Cesarec, Z., Johansson, M., & Malling Thorsen, S. (2002) Svensk normering, standardisering och validering av symtomskalan SCL-90 [Swedish norms, standardisation, and validation of the symptom scale SCL-90]. Västervik: National Board of Institutional Care (SiS).
  • Geller, J. D. (2005). Boundaries and internalization in the psychotherapy of psychotherapists. In J. D. Geller, J. C. Norcross, & D. E. Orlinsky (Eds.), The psychotherapists own psychotherapy: Patient and clinician perspectives (pp. 379–404). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • Gerostathos, A., de Roten, Y., Berney, S., Despland, J.-N., & Ambresin, G. (2014). How does addressing patient’s defenses help to repair alliance ruptures in psychodynamic psychotherapy? Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 202, 419–424. doi:10.1097/NMD.0000000000000112
  • Glaser, B. G., & Strauss, A. L. (1967). The discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research. New York, NY: Aldine.
  • Gold, J., & Stricker, G., (2011). Failures in psychodynamic psychotherapy. Journal of Clinical Psychology: In Session, 67, 1096–1105. doi:10.1002/jclp.20847
  • Goldman, R. E., Hilsenroth, M. J., Owen, J. J., & Gold, J. R. (2013). Psychotherapy integration and alliance: Use of cognitive-behavioral techniques within a short-term psychodynamic treatment model. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 23, 373–385. doi:10.1037/a0034363
  • Greenberg, R. P., Constantino, M. J., & Bruce, N. (2006). Are patient expectations still relevant for psychotherapy process and outcome? Clinical Psychology Review, 26, 657–678. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2005.03.002
  • Hansen, N. B., Lambert, M. J., & Forman, E. M. (2002). The psychotherapy dose-response effect and its implications for treatment delivery services. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 9, 329–343. doi:10.1093/clipsy.9.3.329
  • Hardy, G. E., Kothari, G., Bishop-Edwards, L. J., O’Hara, R., Curran, J., Dent-Brown, K., … Parry, G. (2014, June). Learning from therapists’ and patients’ experience of failed therapy. In G. Parry (Chair), Understanding and preventing adverse effects of psychological therapy. Panel presented at the Society for Psychotherapy Research 45th Annual International Meeting, Copenhagen, Denmark.
  • Henkelman, J., & Paulson, B. (2006). The client as expert: Researching hindering experiences in counselling. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 19, 139–150. doi:10.1080/09515070600788303
  • Henry, W. P., Schacht, T. E., & Strupp, H. H. (1990). Patient and therapist introject, interpersonal process, and differential psychotherapy outcome. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 58, 768–774. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.58.6.768
  • Henwood, K., & Pidgeon, N. (2006). Grounded theory. In G. M. Breakwell, J. A. Smith, & D. B. Wright (Eds.), Research methods in psychology (pp. 342–364). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Hill, C. E., Knox, S., Thompson, B. J., Williams, E. N., Hess, S. A., & Ladany, N. (2005). Consensual qualitative research: An update. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52, 196–205. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.52.2.196
  • Hill, C. E., & Lambert, M. J. (2004). Methodological issues in studying psychotherapy processes and outcomes. In M. J. Lambert (Ed.), Bergin and Garfields handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change (5th ed., pp. 85–135). New York, NY: Wiley.
  • Hill, C. E., Thompson, B. J., Cogar, M. C., & Denman, D. W. (1993). Beneath the surface of long-term therapy: Therapist and client report of their own and each other’s covert processes. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 40, 278–287. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.40.3.278
  • Hoehn-Saric, R., Frank, J. D., Imber, S. D., Nash, E. H., Stone, A. R., & Battle, C. C. (1964). Systematic preparation of patients for psychotherapy- I. Effects on therapy behavior and outcome. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 2, 267–281. doi:10.1016/0022-3956(64)90013-5
  • Horvath, A. O., Del Re, A. C., Flückiger, C., & Symonds, D. (2011). Alliance in individual psychotherapy. Psychotherapy, 48(1), 9–16. doi:10.1037/a0022186
  • Howe, D. (1993). On being a client: Understanding the processes of counselling and psychotherapy. London: Sage.
  • Hunsley, J., Aubry, T. D., Verstervelt, C. M., & Vito, D., (1999). Comparing therapist and client perspectives on reasons for psychotherapy termination. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 36, 380–388. doi:10.1037/h0087802
  • Jacobson, N. S., Roberts, L. J., Berns, S. B., & McGlinchey, J. B. (1999). Methods for defining and determining the clinical significance of treatment effects: Description, application, and alternatives. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67, 300–307. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.67.3.300
  • Jacobson, N. S., & Truax, P. (1991). Clinical significance: A statistical approach to defining meaningful change in psychotherapy research. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59(1), 12–19. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.59.1.12
  • Joyce, A. S., Piper, W. E., Ogrodniczuk, J. S., & Klein, R. H. (2007). Therapist-initiated termination. In Termination in psychotherapy: A psychodynamic model of processes and outcomes (pp. 157–165). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
  • Kächele, H., & Schachter, J. (2014). On side effects, destructive processes, and negative outcomes in psychoanalytic therapies: Why is it difficult for psychoanalysts to acknowledge and address treatment failures? Contemporary Psychoanalysis, 50, 233–258. doi:10.1080/00107530.2014.880321
  • Kazdin, A. E. (1985). Assessment and design prerequisites for identifying negative therapy outcome. In E. J. Mays & C. M. Franks (Eds.), Negative outcome in psychotherapy and what to do about it (pp. 231–248). New York, NY: Springer.
  • Knox, S., Schlosser, L. Z., Pruitt, N. T., & Hill, C. E., (2006). A qualitative examination of graduate advising relationships: The advisor perspective. The Counseling Psychologist, 34, 489–518. doi:10.1177/0011000006290249
  • Lambert, M. (2007). Presidential address: What we have learned from a decade of research aimed at improving psychotherapy outcome in routine care. Psychotherapy Research, 17(1), 1–14. doi:10.1080/10503300601032506
  • Lambert, M. J. (2011). What have we learned about treatment failure in empirically supported treatments? Some suggestions for practice. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 18, 413–420. doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2011.02.002
  • Lambert, M. J. (2013a). Outcomes in psychotherapy: The past and important advances. Psychotherapy, 50(1), 42–51. doi:10.1037/a0030682
  • Lambert, M. J. (2013b). The efficacy and effectiveness of psychotherapy. In M. J. Lambert (Ed.), Bergin and Garfields handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change (6th ed., pp. 169–218). New York, NY: Wiley.
  • Lambert, M. J., & Barley, D. E. (2002). Research summary on the therapeutic relationship and psychotherapy outcome. In: J. C. Norcross (Ed.), Psychotherapeutic relationships that works: Therapist contributions and responsiveness to patients (pp. 17–32). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Lambert, M. J., Hansen, N. B., & Finch, A. E. (2001). Patient-focused research: Using patient outcome data to enhance treatment effects. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 69, 159–172. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.69.2.159
  • Lambert, M. J., Harmon, C., Slade, K., Whipple, J. L., & Hawkins, E. J. (2005). Providing feedback to psychotherapists on their patients’ progress: Clinical results and practice suggestions. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61, 165–174. doi:10.1002/jclp.20113
  • Lambert, M. J., & Shimokawa, K. (2011). Collecting client feedback. Psychotherapy, 48(1), 72–79. doi:10.1037/a0022238
  • Lampropoulos, G. K. (2011). Failure in psychotherapy: An introduction. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 67, 1093–1095. doi:10.1002/jclp.20858
  • Lemma, A., Target, M., & Fonagy, P. (2011). Brief dynamic interpersonal therapy: A clinicians guide. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Lindgren, A., Werbart, A., & Philips, B. (2010). Long-term outcome and post-treatment effects of psychoanalytic psychotherapy with young adults. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 83, 27–43. doi:10.1037/a0021179
  • Llewelyn, S. P. (1988). Psychological therapy as viewed by clients and therapists. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 27, 223–237. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1988.tb00779.x
  • Lorentzen, S., Høglend, P., Martinsen, E. W., & Ringdal, E. (2011). Practice based evidence: Patients who did not respond to group analysis. International Journal of Group Psychotherapy, 61, 366–395. doi:10.1521/ijgp.2011.61.3.366
  • Luborsky, L. (1984). Principles of psychoanalytic psychotherapy: A manual for supportive/expressive treatment. New York, NY: Basic Books.
  • Luborsky, L., McLellan, A. T., Diguer, L., Woody, G., & Seligman, D. A. (1997). The psychotherapist matters: Comparison of outcomes across twenty-two therapists and seven patient samples. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 4(1), 53–65. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2850.1997.tb00099.x
  • Lynass, R., Pykhtina, O., & Cooper, M. (2012). A thematic analysis of young people’s experience of counselling in five secondary schools across the UK. Counselling and Psychotherapy Research, 12(1), 53–62. doi:10.1080/14733145.2011.580853
  • Mallinckrodt, B. (2010). The psychotherapy relationship as attachment: Evidence and implications. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 27, 262–270. doi:10.1177/0265407509360905
  • Mallinckrodt, B., Porter, M. J., & Kvilighan, D. M. (2005). Client attachment to therapist, depth of in-session exploration, and object relations in brief psychotherapy. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Training, Practice, 42, 85–100. doi:10.1037/0033-3204.42.1.85
  • Malterud, K. (2001). Qualitative research: Standards, challenges, and guidelines. Lancet, 358, 483–488. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)05627-6
  • Mash, E. J., & Hunsley, J. (1990). Assessment considerations in the identification of failing psychotherapy: Bringing the negatives out of the darkroom. Psychological Assessment, 3, 292–301. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.5.3.292
  • Mays, D. T., & Franks, C. M. (1985). Negative outcome in psychotherapy and what to do about it. New York, NY: Springer.
  • McLeod, J. (1990a). The client’s experience of counselling and psychotherapy: A review of the literature. In D. Mearns & W. Dryden (Eds.), Experiences of counselling in action (pp. 1–19). London: Sage.
  • McLeod, J. (1990b). The practitioner’s experience of counselling and psychotherapy: A review of the literature. In D. Mearns & W. Dryden (Eds.), Experiences of counselling in action (pp. 66–79). London: Sage.
  • McLeod, J. (2000). Qualitative research in counselling and psychotherapy. London: Sage.
  • Mohr, D. C., (1995). Negative outcome in psychotherapy: A critical review. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 2(1), 1–27. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2850.1995.tb00022.x
  • Morrow, S. L. (2005). Quality and trustworthiness in qualitative research in counseling psychology. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52, 250–260. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.52.2.250
  • Mueller, M., & Pekarik, G. (2000). Treatment duration prediction: Client accuracy and its relationship to dropout, outcome, and satisfaction. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 37, 117–123. doi:10.1037/h0087701
  • Norcross, J. C. (Ed.) (2011). Psychotherapy relationships that work: Evidence-based responsiveness (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • Nilsson, T., Svensson, M., Sandell, R., & Clinton, D. (2007). Patients’ experiences of change in cognitive behavioral therapy and psychodynamic therapy: A qualitative comparative study. Psychotherapy Research, 17, 553–566. doi:10.1080/10503300601139988
  • Orlinsky, D. E., & Norcross, J. C. (2005). Outcomes and impacts of the psychotherapists’ own psychotherapy: A research review. In J. D. Geller, J. C. Norcross, & D. E. Orlinsky (Eds.), The psychotherapists own psychotherapy (pp. 214–230). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • Ottosson, H., Bodlund, O., Ekselius, L., Grann, M., von Knorring, L., Kullgren, G., … Soderberg, S. (1998). DSM-IV and ICD-10 personality disorders: A comparison of a self-report questionnaire (DIP-Q) with a structured interview. European Psychiatry, 13, 246–253. doi:10.1016/S0924-9338(98)80013-8
  • Ottosson, H., Bodlund, O., Ekselius, L., von Knorring, L., Kullgren, G., Lindström, E., & Söderberg, S. (1995). The DSM-IV and ICD-10 Personality Questionnaire (DIP-Q): Construction and preliminary validation. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 49, 285–292. doi:10.3109/08039489509011918
  • Palmstierna, V., & Werbart, A. (2013). Successful psychotherapies with young adults: An explorative study of the participants’ view. Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy, 27(1), 21–40. doi:10.1080/02668734.2012.760477
  • Parish, M., & Eagle, M. N. (2003). Attachment to the therapist. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 20, 271–286. doi:10.1037/0736-9735.20.2.271
  • Parry, G., Barkham, M., Chambers, E., Curran, J., O’Hara, R., & Saxon, D. (2010, June). When is treatment failure harmful? Paper presented at the Society for Psychotherapy Research 41st Annual Meeting. Asilomar, CA.
  • Paulson, B. L., Everall, R. D., & Stuart, J. (2001). Client perceptions of hindering experiences in counselling. Counselling and Psychotherapy Research, 1(1), 53–61. doi:10.1080/14733140112331385258
  • Pearls, E. (2008). Psychotherapy with adolescent girls and young women. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
  • Philips, B., Wennberg, P., Werbart, A., & Schubert, J. (2006). Young adults in psychoanalytic psychotherapy: Patient characteristics and therapy outcome. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory Research and Practice, 79(1), 89–106. doi:10.1348/147608305X52649
  • Regan, A. M., & Hill, C. E. (1992). An investigation of what clients and counselors do not say in brief therapy. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 39, 168–174. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.39.2.168
  • Reis, B. F., & Brown, L. G. (1999). Reducing psychotherapy dropouts: Maximizing perspective convergence in the psychotherapy dyad. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 36, 123–136. doi:10.1037/h0087822
  • Rennie, D. L. (2000). Aspects of client’s conscious control of the psychotherapeutic process. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 10, 151–167. doi:10.1023/A:1009496116174
  • Rennie, D. L. (2001). Grounded theory methodology as methodical hermeneutics: Reconciling realism and relativism. In J. Frommer & D. L. Rennie (Eds.), Qualitative psychotherapy research: Methods and methodology (pp. 32–49). Lengerich: Pabst.
  • Rennie, D. L. (2002). Experiencing psychotherapy: Grounded theory studies. In R. C. Page, J. F. Weiss, & G. Lietaer (Eds.), Humanistic psychotherapies: Handbook of research and practice (pp. 117–144). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
  • Rennie, D. L. (2006). The grounded theory method: Application of a variant of its procedure of constant comparative analysis to psychotherapy research. In C. T. Fischer (Ed.), Qualitative research methods for psychologists: Introduction through empirical studies (pp. 59–78). Amsterdam: Academic Press.
  • Rennie, D. L., Phillips, J. R., & Quartaro, G. K. (1988). Grounded theory: A promising approach to conceptualization in psychology? Canadian Psychology/Psychologie canadienne, 29, 139–150. doi:10.1037/h0079765
  • Rhodes, R. H., Hill, C. E., Thompson, B. J., & Elliott, R. (1994). Client retrospective recall of resolved and unresolved misunderstanding events. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 41, 473–483. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.41.4.473
  • Safran, J. D., & Muran, J. C. (2000). Negotiating the therapeutic alliance: A relational treatment guide. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
  • Samstag, L. W., Muran, J. C., Wachtel, P. L., Slade, A., Safran, J. D., & Winston, A. (2008). Evaluating negative process: A comparison of working alliance, interpersonal behavior, and narrative coherency among three psychotherapy outcome conditions. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 62, 165–194.
  • Sandell, R., Blomberg, J., Lazar, A., Carlsson, J., Broberg, J., & Schubert, J. (2000). Varieties of long-term outcome among patients in psychoanalysis and long-term psychotherapy a review of findings in the Stockholm outcome of psychoanalysis and psychotherapy project (STOPPP). International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 81, 921–942. doi:10.1516/0020757001600291
  • Schlesinger, H. J. (2014). Endings and beginnings: On the technique of terminating psychotherapy and psychoanalysis (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Shedler, J., Mayman, M., & Manis, M. (1993). The illusion of mental health. American Psychologist, 48, 1117–1131. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.48.11.1117
  • Sloane, R. B., Cristol, A. H., Pepernik, M. C., & Staples, F. R. (1970). Role preparation and expectation of improvement in psychotherapy. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 150(1), 18–26. doi:10.1097/00005053-197001000-00003
  • Stolorow, R. D. (2002). Impasse, affectivity, and intersubjective systems. Psychoanalytic Review, 89, 329–337. doi:10.1521/prev.89.3.329.22075
  • Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (1998). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Strupp, H. H., Fox, R., & Lessler, K. (1969). Patients view their psychotherapy. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • Strupp, H. H., & Hadley, S. W. (1977). A tripartite model of mental health and therapeutic outcomes: With special reference to negative effects in psychotherapy. American Psychologist, 33, 187–196. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.32.3.187
  • Strupp, H. H., Hadley, S. W., & Gomes-Schwartz, B. (1977). Psychotherapy for better or for worse: The problem of negative effects. New York, NY: Jason Aronson.
  • Swift, J. K., & Derthick, A. O. (2013). Increasing hope by addressing clients’ outcome expectations. Psychotherapy, 50, 284–287. doi:10.1037/a0031941
  • Timulak, L. (2010). Significant events in psychotherapy: An update of research findings. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 83, 421–447. doi:10.1348/147608310X499404
  • Tingey, R., Lambert, M., Burlingame, G., & Hansen, N. (1996). Assessing clinical significance: Proposed extensions to method. Psychotherapy Research, 6(2), 109–123. doi:10.1080/10503309612331331638
  • Tompkins, K. A., Swift, J. K., & Callahan, J. L. (2013). Working with clients by incorporating their preferences. Psychotherapy, 50, 279–283. doi:10.1037/a0032031
  • Vasquez, M. J. T., Bingham, R. P., & Barnett, J. E. (2008). Psychotherapy termination: Clinical and ethical responsibilities. Journal of Clinical Psychology: In Session, 64, 653–665. doi:10.1002/jclp.20478
  • von Below, C., & Werbart, A. (2012). Dissatisfied psychotherapy patients: A tentative conceptual model grounded in the participants’ view. Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy, 26, 211–229. doi:10.1080/02668734.2012.709536
  • Wachtel, P. L. (2008). Relational theory and the practice of psychotherapy. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
  • Walfish, S., McAlister, B., O’Donnell, P., & Lambert, M. J. (2012). An investigation of self-assessment bias in mental health providers. Psychological Reports, 110, 639–644. doi:10.2466/02.07.17.PR0.110.2.639-644
  • Walitzer, K. S., Dermen, K. H., & Connors, G. J. (1999). Strategies for preparing clients for treatment: A review. Behavior Modification, 23, 129–151. doi:10.1177/0145445599231006
  • Wampold, B. E. (2001). The great psychotherapy debate: Models, methods and findings. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
  • Wampold, B. E., & Brown, G. S. (2005). Estimating variability in outcomes attributable to therapists: A naturalistic study of outcomes in managed care. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73, 914–923. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.73.5.914
  • Warren, J. S., Nelson, P. L., Mondragon, S. A., Baldwin, S. A., & Burlingame, G. M. (2010). Youth psychotherapy change trajectories and outcomes in usual care: Community mental health vs. managed care settings. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 78, 144–155. doi:10.1037/a0018544
  • Weinstein, M. (2012). TAMS Analyzer: A qualitative research tool. [Version 4.41b3ahL]. Retrieved February 11, 2013, from http://tamsys.sourceforge.net/
  • Werbart, A., Andersson, H., & Sandell, R. (2014). Dropout revisited: Patient- and therapist-initiated discontinuation of psychotherapy as a function of organizational instability. Psychotherapy Research, 24, 724–737. doi:10.1080/10503307.2014.883087
  • Werbart, A., & Levander, S. (2005). Understanding the incomprehensible: Private theories of first–episode psychotic patients and their therapists. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 69(2), 103–136. doi:10.1521/bumc.69.2.103.66507
  • Werbart, A., & Levander, S. (2006). Two sets of private theories in analysands and their analysts: Utopian versus attainable cures. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 23(1), 108–127. doi:10.1037/0736-9735.23.1.108
  • Whipple, J. L., & Lambert, M. J., (2011). Outcome measures for practice. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 7(1), 87–111. doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-040510-143938
  • Wiman, M., & Werbart, A. (2002). Unga vuxna i psykoterapi II: Hur uppfattar de själva sina problem? [Young adults in psychotherapy II: How do they perceive their problems?]. Psykoterapi: Forskning och utveckling [Psychotherapy: Research and Development], Report 23. Stockholm: Institute of Psychotherapy and Psychotherapy Section at Karolinska Institutet.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.