Setbacks in the process of assimilation of problematic experiences in two cases of emotion-focused therapy for depression

References

• Allen, J. G., & Fonagy, P. (Eds.) (2006).Handbook of mentalization-based treatment. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Bateman, A., & Fonagy, P. (2006). Mentalization-based treatment for borderline personality disorder. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bauer, S., Lambert, M. J., & Nielsen, S. L. (2004). Clinical significance methods: A comparison of statistical techniques. Journal of Personality Assessment, 82, 60–70. doi: 10.1207/s15327752jpa8201_11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Brown, G. K. (1996). Manual for the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II). San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.
   Google Scholar
• Brinegar, M. G., Salvi, L. M., Stiles, W. B., &Greenberg, L. S. (2006). Building a meaning bridge: Therapeutic progress from problem formulation to understanding. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 53, 165–180. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.53.2.165
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campos, R. C., & Gonçalves, B. (2011).The Portuguese version of the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II). European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 27, 258–264. doi:10.1027/1015-5759/a000072
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caro Gabalda, I. (1996). The linguistic therapy of evaluation: A perspective on language in psychotherapy. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 10, 83–104.
   Google Scholar
• Caro Gabalda, I. (2002). An introduction to the linguistic therapy of evaluation. In I. Caro & C. Read (Eds.), General semantics in psychotherapy (pp. 154–181). New York, NY: Institute of General Semantics.
   Google Scholar
• Caro Gabalda, I., & Stiles, W. B. (2009). Retrocessos no contexto de terapialinguística de avaliação [Setbacks in the context of linguistic therapy of evaluation] Irregular assimilation progress: Reasons for setbacks in the context of linguistic therapy of evaluation. Análise Psicológica, 2, 199–212.
   Google Scholar
• Caro Gabalda, I., & Stiles, W. B. (2013). Irregular assimilation progress: Reasons for setbacks in the context of linguistic therapy of evaluation. Psychotherapy Research, 23, 35–53. doi:10.1080/10503307.2012.721938
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caro Gabalda, I., Stiles, W. B., & Pérez Ruiz, S. (2016). Therapist activities preceding setbacks in the assimilation process. Psychotherapy Research, 26, 653–664. doi:10.1080/10503307.2015.1104422
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castonguay, L. G., Goldfried, M. R., Wiser, S., Raue, P. J., & Hayes, A. M. (1996). Predicting the effect of cognitive therapy for depression: A study of unique and common factors. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64(3), 497–504. Disponívelem http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8698942. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.64.3.497
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coelho, R., Martins, A., & Barros, H. (2002). Clinical profiles relating gender and depressive symptoms among adolescents ascertained by the Beck Depression Inventory II. European Psychiatry, 17, 222–226. doi: 10.1016/S0924-9338(02)00663-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Jong, K., Nugter, M. A., Polak, M. G., Wagenborg, J. E. A., Spinhoven, P., & Heiser, W. J. (2007). The outcome questionnaire (OQ-45) in a Dutch population: A cross-cultural validation. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 14, 288–301. doi:10.1002/cpp.529
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Detert, N. B., Llewelyn, S., Hardy, G. E., Barkham, M., & Stiles, W. B. (2006). Assimilation in good- and poor-outcome cases of very brief psychotherapy for mild depression: An initial comparison. Psychotherapy Research, 16(4), 393–407. doi:10.1080/10503300500294728
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dimaggio, G., Carcione, A., Salvatore, G., Semerari, A., & Nicolò, G. (2010). A rational model for maximizing the effects of therapeutic relationship regulation in personality disorders with poor metacognition and over-regulation of affects. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 83, 363–384. doi:10.1348/147608310X485256
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dimaggio, G., & Lysaker, P. H. (2015).Metacognition and mentalizing in the psychotherapy of patients with psychosis and personality disorders. Journal of Clinical Psychology: In Session, 71(12), 117–124. doi:10.1002/jclp.22147
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dimaggio, G., Semerari, A., Carcione, A., Nicolò, G., &Procacci, M. (2007). Psychotherapy of personality disorders: Metacognition, states of mind and interpersonal cycles. Routledge. doi:10.1002/cpp.555
   Google Scholar
• Elliott, R., & Greenberg, L. S. (2007). The essence of process-experiential/emotion-focused therapy. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 61, 241–254.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Elliott, R., Watson, J. C., Goldman, R., & Greenberg, L. S. (2004). Learning emotion-focused therapy: The process-experiential approach to change. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. doi:10.1037/10725-000
   Google Scholar
• Engle, D., & Arkowitz, H. (2006). Ambivalence in psychotherapy. Facilitating readiness to change. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Eubanks-Carter, C., Muran, J. C., & Safran, J. (2015). Alliance-focused training. Psychotherapy, 52, 169–173. doi:10.1037/a0037596
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fiore, D., Dimaggio, G., Nicoló, G., Semerari, A., & Carcione, A. (2008). Metacognitive interpersonal therapy in a case of obsessive–compulsive and avoidant personality disorders. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 64, 168–180. doi:10.1002/jclp.20450
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finn, J. D. (1974). A general model for multivariate analysis. New York: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston.
   Google Scholar
• First, M. B., Gibbon, M., Spitzer, R. L., Williams, J. B. W., & Benjamin, L. S. (1997). Structured clinical interview for DSM-IV Axis II Personality Disorders, (SCID-II). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
   Google Scholar
• First, M. B., Spitzer, R. L, Gibbon, M. W., & Williams, J. B. W. (1996) Structured clinical interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders, Clinician Version (SCID-CV). Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Press.
   Google Scholar
• Fleiss, J. L. (1981). Balanced incomplete block designs for interrater reliability studies. Applied Psychological Measurement, 5, 105–112. doi:10.1177/014662168100500115
   Google Scholar
• Gendlin, E. T. (1981). Focusing (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Bantam Books.
   Google Scholar
• Goldman, R., & Greenberg, L. (n.d.). Experiential therapy adherence measure (Unpublished material).
   Google Scholar
• Goldman, R. N., Greenberg, L. S., & Pos, A. E. (2005). Depth of emotional experience and outcome. Psychotherapy Research, 15, 248–260. doi:10.1080/10503300512331385188
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonçalves, M. M., Ribeiro, A. P., Stiles, W. B., Conde, T., Matos, M., Martins, C., & Santos, A. (2011). The role of mutual in-feeding in maintaining problematic self-narratives: Exploring one path to therapeutic failure. Psychotherapy Research, 21, 27–40. doi:10.1080/10503307.2010.507789
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenberg, L., & Watson, J. (1998). Experiential therapy of depression: Differential effects of client-centered relationship conditions and process experiential interventions. Psychotherapy Research, 8, 210–224. doi:10.1080/10503309812331332317
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenberg, L. S., Rice, L. N., & Elliott, R. (1993). Facilitating emotional change: The moment-by-moment process. New York, NY: Guilford.doi:10.1037/11286-000
   Google Scholar
• Greenberg, L. S., & Watson, J. C. (2006). Emotion-focused therapy for depression. Washington: American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Hill, C. E., & Lambert, M. J. (2004). Methodological issues in studying psychotherapy processes and outcomes. In M. J. Lambert (Ed.), Handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change (5th ed., pp. 84–135). New York, NY: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Honos-Webb, L., Stiles, W., Greenberg, L., & Goldman, R. (1998). Assimilation analysis of process-experiential psychotherapy: A comparison of two cases. Psychotherapy Research, 8(3), 264–286. doi:10.1093/ptr/8.3.264
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Honos-Webb, L., & Stiles, W. B. (1998). Reformulation of assimilation analysis in terms of voices. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 35, 23–33. doi:10.1037/h0087682
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Honos-Webb, L., Surko, M., Stiles, W. B., & Greenberg, L. S. (1999). Assimilation of voices in psychotherapy: The case of Jan. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 46, 448–460. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.46.4.448
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobson, N. S., & Truax, P. (1991). Clinical significance: A statistical approach to defining meaningful change in psychotherapy research. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59, 12–19. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.59.1.1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein, M., Mathieu-Coughlan, P., & Kiesler, D. (1986). The experiencing scales. In L. S. Greenberg & W. Pinsof (Eds.), The psychotherapeutic process: A research handbook (pp. 21–66). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lambert, M. J., Burlingame, G. M., Umphress, V., Hansen, N. B., Vermeersch, D. A., Clouse, G. C., & Yanchar, S. C. (1996). The reliability and validity of the outcome questionnaire. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 3, 249–258. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-0879(199612)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lani, J. A., Glick, M. J., Osatuke, K., Brandenburg, C., Gray, M. A., Humphreys, D. R., & Stiles, W.B. (2002) Markers of assimilation manual. Oxford, OH: Department of Psychology, Miami University.
   Google Scholar
• Leiman, M., & Stiles, W. B. (2001). Dialogical sequence analysis and the zone of proximal development as conceptual enhancements to the assimilation model: The case of Jan revisited. Psychotherapy Research, 11(3), 311–330. doi:10.1080/713663986
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leiper, R., & Kent, R. (2001). Working through setbacks in psychotherapy. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Lopes, R. T., Gonçalves, M. M., Machado, P. P. P., Sinai, D., Bento, T., & Salgado, J. (2014). Narrative therapy vs. cognitive-behavioral therapy for moderate depression: Empirical evidence from a controlled clinical trial. Psychotherapy Research, 24, 662–674. doi:10.1080/10503307.2013.874052
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Machado, P. P., & Fassnacht, D. (2014). The Portuguese version of the Outcome Questionnaire (OQ-45): Normative data, reliability, and clinical significance cut-offs scores. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice. doi:10.1111/papt.12048
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahoney, M. (2000). Core ordering and disordering processes: A constructive view of psychological development. In R. A. Neimeyer & J. A. Raskin (Eds.), Constructions of disorder: Meaning-making frameworks for psychotherapy (pp. 43–62). Washington, DC: APA.
   Google Scholar
• Mahoney, M. J. (1991). Human change processes: The scientific foundations of psychotherapy. New York: Basic Books.
   Google Scholar
• Mergenthaler, E., & Stinson, C. (1992). Psychotherapy transcription standards. Psychotherapy Research, 2, 125–142.doi:10.1080/10503309212331332904
   Google Scholar
• Nogueira, D., Monteiro, M., Bento, T., Almeida, C., & Salgado, J. (2012, October). Therapists adherence to emotion focused therapy within a comparative RCT of depression treatments. Paper presented at the 3rd joint meeting of Society for Psycho-therapy Research European and UK Chapters, Porto, Portugal.
   Google Scholar
• Omer, H. (1994). Critical interventions in psychotherapy. New York, NY: Norton.
   Google Scholar
• Osatuke, K., Glick, M. J., Stiles, W. B., Greenberg, L. S., Shapiro, D. A., & Barkham, M. (2005). Temporal patterns of improvement in client-centred therapy and cognitive-behaviour therapy. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 18, 95–108. doi:10.1080/09515070500136900~
   Google Scholar
• Osatuke, K., & Stiles, W. B. (2006). Problematic internal voices in clients with borderline features: An elaboration of the assimilation model. Journal of Constructivist Psychology, 19, 287–319. doi:10.1080/10720530600691699
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osatuke, K., Stiles, W. B., Barkham, M., Hardy, G. E., & Shapiro, D. A. (2011). Relationship between mental states in depression: The assimilation model perspective. Psychiatry Research, 190, 52–59. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2010.11.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Procacci, M., Popolo, R., Petrilli, D., & Dimaggio, G. (2007). Avoidant personality disorder: Model and treatment. In G. Dimaggio, A. Semerari with A. Carcione, G. Nicolò, & M. Procacci (Eds.), Psychotherapy of personality disorder: Metacognition, states of mind and interpersonal cycles (pp. 153–187). London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Ribeiro, E., Cunha, C., Teixeira, A. S., Stiles, W. B., Pires, N., Santos, B., Basto, I., & Salgado, J. (2016). Therapeutic collaboration and the assimilation of problematic experiences in emotion-focused therapy for depression: Comparison of two cases. Psychotherapy Research, 26, 665–680. doi: 10.1080/10503307.2016.1208853
   Google Scholar
• Ribeiro, A. P., Mendes, I., Stiles, W. B., Lynne, A., Sousa, I., & Gonçalves, M. M. (2014). Ambivalence in emotion-focused therapy for depression: The maintenance of problematically dominant self-narratives. Psychotherapy Research, 24, 702–710. doi:10.1080/10503307.2013.879620
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ribeiro, A. P., Ribeiro, E., Loura, J., Gonçalves, M. M., Stiles, W. B., Horvath, A. O., & Sousa, I. (2014). Therapeutic collaboration and resistance: Describing the nature and quality of the therapeutic relationship within ambivalence events using the Therapeutic Collaboration Coding System. Psychotherapy Research, 24, 346–359. doi:10.1080/10503307.2013.856042
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ribeiro, E. M., Ribeiro, A. P., Gonçalves, M. M., Horvath, A. O., & Stiles, W. B. (2013). How collaboration in therapy becomes therapeutic: The Therapeutic Collaboration Coding System. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, and Practice, 86, 294–314. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8341.2012.02066.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers, C. R. (1957). The necessary and sufficient conditions of therapeutic personality change. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 21, 95–103. doi: 10.1037/h0045357
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Safran, J. D., & Muran, J. C. (2000). Negotiating the therapeutic alliance, a relational treatment guide. New York: The Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Salgado, J. (2008). Decentering and change: Grant project PTDC/PSI PCL/103432/2008. Unpublished manuscript. FCT: Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology.
   Google Scholar
• Steer, R. A., Brown, G. K., Beck, A. T., & Sanderson, W. C. (2001). Mean Beck Depression Inventory-II scores by severity of major depressive episode. Psychological Reports, 88, 1075–1076. doi:10.2466/pr0.2001.88.3c.1075
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stiles, W. B. (2001).Assimilation of problematic experiences. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 38, 462–465. doi:10.1037/0033-3204.38.4.462
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stiles, W.B. (2005). Extending the Assimilation of Problematic Experiences Scale: Commentary on the special issue. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 18, 85–93. doi:10.1080/09515070500136868
   Google Scholar
• Stiles, W. B. (2006). Assimilation and the process of outcome: Introduction to a special section. Psychotherapy Research, 16, 389–392. doi:10.1080/10503300600735497
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stiles, W. B. (2007).Theory-building case studies of counselling and psychotherapy. Counselling and Psychotherapy Research, 7, 122–127. doi:10.1080/14733140701356742
   Google Scholar
• Stiles, W. B. (2011). Coming to terms. Psychotherapy Research, 21, 367–384. doi:10.1080/10503307.2011.582186
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stiles, W. B. (2015). Theory-building, enriching, and fact-gathering: Alternative purposes of psychotherapy research. In O. Gelo, A. Pritz, & B. Rieken (Eds.), Psychotherapy research: General issues, process, and outcome (pp. 159–179). New York, NY: Springer-Verlag.
   Google Scholar
• Stiles, W. B., Elliott, R., Llewelyn, S. P., Firth-Cozens, J. A., Margison, F. R., Shapiro, D. A., & Hardy, G. (1990). Assimilation of problematic experiences by clients in psychotherapy. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 27, 411–420. doi:10.1037/0033-3204.27.3.411
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stiles, W. B., Hill, C. E., & Elliott, R. (2015). Looking both ways. Psychotherapy Research, 25, 282–293. doi:10.1080/10503307.2014.981681
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stiles, W. B., Honos-Webb, L., & Lani, J. A. (1999). Some functions of narrative in the assimilation of problematic experiences. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 55, 1213–1226. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4679(199910)55:10<1213::AID-JCLP4>3.0.CO;2-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stiles, W. B., Morrison, L. A., Haw, S. K., Harper, H., Shapiro, D. A., & Firth-Cozens, J. (1991). Longitudinal study of assimilation in exploratory psychotherapy. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 28, 195–206. doi:10.1037/0033-3204.28.2.195
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stiles, W. B., Osatuke, K., Glick, M. J., & Mackay, H. C. (2004). Encounters between internal voices generate emotion: An elaboration of the assimilation model. In H. H. Hermans & G. Dimaggio (Eds.), The dialogical self in psychotherapy (pp. 91–107). New York, NY: Brunner-Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wachtel, P. L. (1999). Resistance as a problem for practice and theory. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 9, 103–117. doi:10.1023/A:1023262928748
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson, J. C., & Bedard, D. L. (2006). Clients’ emotional processing in psychotherapy: A comparison between cognitive-behavioral and process-experiential therapies. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74(1), 152–159. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.74.1.152
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeryomenko, N. (2012). Does the depth of client experiencing predict good psychotherapy outcomes? A meta-analysis of treatment outcomes (Unpublished master's thesis). University of Windsor, Ontario, Canada.
   Google Scholar
• Zonzi, A., Barkham, M., Herdy, G. E., Llewelyn, S. P., Stiles, W. B., & Leiman, M. (2014). Zone of proximal development (ZPD) as an ability to play in psychotherapy: A theory-building case study of very brief therapy. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 87, 447–464. doi:10.1111/papt.12022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar