Nonconscious priming enhances the therapy relationship: An experimental analog study

References

• Bargh, J. A., & Chartrand, T. L. (2000). The mind in the middle: A practical guide to priming and automaticity effects. In H. T. Reis & C. M. Judd (Eds.), Handbook of research methods in social and personality psychology (pp. 253–285). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bargh, J. A., Chen, M., & Burrows, L. (1996). Automaticity of social behavior: Direct effects of trait construct and stereotype activation on action. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 230–244. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.71.2.230
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bargh, J. A. & Williams E. L. (2006). The automaticity of social life. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 15, 1–4. doi: 10.1111/j.0963-7214.2006.00395.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrett-Lennard, G. T. (1962). Dimensions of therapist response as causal factors in therapeutic change. Psychological Monographs: General and Applied, 76, 1–36. doi: 10.1037/h0093918
   Google Scholar
• Borkenau, P., Mauer, N., Riemann, R., Spinath, F. M., & Angleitner, A. (2004). Thin slices of behavior as cues of personality and intelligence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86, 599–614. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.86.4.599
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cappas, N. M., Andres-Hyman, R., & Davidson, L. (2005). What psychotherapists can begin to learn from neuroscience: Seven principles of a brain-based psychotherapy. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 42, 374–383. doi:10.1037/0033-3204.42.3.374
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carney, D. R., Colvin, C. R., & Hall, J. A. (2007). A thin slice perspective on the accuracy of first impressions. Journal of Research in Personality, 41, 1054–1072. doi: 10.1016/j.jrp.2007.01.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ciani, K. D., & Sheldon, K. M. (2010). A versus F: The effects of implicit letter priming on cognitive performance. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 80, 99–119. doi:10.1348/000709909X466479
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.) Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Cook, S., Heather, N., McCambridge, J., & United Kingdom Alcohol Treatment Trial Research Team (2015). The role of the working alliance in treatment for alcohol problems. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 29, 371–381. doi:10.1037/adb0000058
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliott, R., Bohart, A. C., Watson, J. C., & Greenberg, L. S. (2011). Empathy. Psychotherapy, 48, 43–49. doi:10.1037/a0022187
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans, I. M. (2010). Positive affective priming: A behavioral technique to facilitate therapeutic engagement by families, caregivers, and teachers. Child and Family Behavior Therapy, 32, 257–271. doi: 10.1080/07317107.2010.515518
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falkenstrom, F., Granstrom, F., & Holmqvist, R. (2014). Working alliance predicts psychotherapy outcome even while controlling for prior symptom improvement. Psychotherapy Research, 24, 146–159. doi:10.1080/10503307.2013.847985
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feeley, M., DeRubeis, R. J., & Gelfand, L. A. (1999). The temporal relation of adherence and alliance to symptom change in cognitive therapy for depression. Journal of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, 67, 578–582. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.67.4.578
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fluckiger, C., Del Re, A. C., Wampold, B. E., Symonds, D., & Horvath, A. O. (2012). How central is the alliance in psychotherapy? A multilevel longitudinal meta-analysis. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 59, 10–17. doi:10.1037/a0025749
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grecco, E., Robbins, S. J., Bartoli, E., & Wolff, E. F. (2013). Use of nonconscious priming to promote self-disclosure. Clinical Psychological Science, 1, 311–315. doi:10.1177/2167702612472176
   Google Scholar
• Gueguen, N., Jacob, C., & Ardiccioni, R. (2012). Effect of watermarks as visual cues for guiding consumer choice: An experiment with restaurant menus. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 31, 617–619. doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2011.04.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris, J. L., Bargh, J. A., & Brownell, K. D. (2009). Priming effects of television food advertising on eating behavior. Health Psychology, 28, 404–413. doi: 10.1037/a0014399
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horvath, A. O., Del Re, A. C., Fluckiger, C., & Symonds, D. (2011). Alliance in individual psychotherapy. Psychotherapy, 48, 9–16. doi:10.1037/a0022186
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horvath, A. O., & Symonds, B. D. (1991). Relation between working alliance and outcome in psychotherapy: A meta-analysis. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 38, 139–149. doi: 10.1037/0022-0167.38.2.139
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolden, G. G., Klein, M. H., Wang, C.-C., & Austin, S. B. (2011). Congruence/genuineness. Psychotherapy, 48, 65–71. doi:10.1037/a0022064
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambert, M. J., & Barley, D. E. (2001). Research summary on the therapeutic relationship and psychotherapy outcome. Psychotherapy, 38, 357–361. doi: 10.1037/0033-3204.38.4.357
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malin, A. J., & Pos, A. E. (2015). The impact of early empathy on alliance building, emotional processing, and outcome during experiential treatment of depression. Psychotherapy Research, 25, 445–459. doi:10.1080/10503307.2014.901572
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNair, D. M., Lorr, M., & Droppleman, L. F. (1971). The profile of mood states. San Diego, CA: Educational and Industrial Testing Service.
   Google Scholar
• Norcross, J. C., & Lambert, M. J. (2011). Psychotherapy relationships that work II. Psychotherapy, 48, 4–8. doi:10.1037/a0022180
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norcross, J. C., & Lambert, M. J. (2014). Relationship science and practice in psychotherapy: Closing commentary. Psychotherapy, 51, 398–403. doi:10.1037/a0037418
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norcross, J. C., & Wampold, B. E. (2011). Evidence-based therapy relationships: Research conclusions and clinical practices. Psychotherapy, 48, 98–102. doi:10.1037/a0022161
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shalev, I., & Bargh, J. A. (2011). Use of priming-based interventions to facilitate psychological health: Commentary on Kazdin and Blase (2011). Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6, 488–492. doi:10.1177/1745691611416993
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanislavova, O., Robbins, S. J., & Oatis, C. A. (2013). Nonconscious priming of elderly or youthful stereotypes influences walking velocity in healthy undergraduates. Gait and Posture, 37, 470–471. doi:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2012.08.018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tschuschke, V., Crameri, A., Koehler, M., Berglar, J., Muth, K., Staczan, P., … Koemeda-Lutz, M. (2015). The role of therapists’ treatment adherence, professional experience, therapeutic alliance, and clients’ severity of psychological problems: Prediction of treatment outcome in eight different psychotherapy approaches. Preliminary results of a naturalistic study. Psychotherapy Research, 25, 420–434. doi:10.1080/10503307.2014.896055
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tyron, G. S., & Winograd, G. (2011). Goal consensus and collaboration. Psychotherapy, 48, 50–57. doi:10.1037/a0022061
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webb, C. A., Beard, C., Auerbach, R. P., Menninger, E., & Bjorgvinsson, T. (2014). The therapeutic alliance in a naturalistic psychiatric setting: Temporal relations with depressive symptom change. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 61, 70–77. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2014.07.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, L. E., & Bargh, J. A. (2008a). Experiencing physical warmth promotes interpersonal warmth. Science, 322, 606–607. doi:10.1126/science.1162548
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, L. E., & Bargh, J. A. (2008b). Keeping one's distance: The influence of spatial distance cues on affect and evaluation. Psychological Science, 19, 302–308. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02084.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu, H., & Tracey, T. J. G. (2015). Reciprocal influence model of working alliance and therapeutic outcome over individual therapy course. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 62, 351–359. doi:10.1037/cou0000089
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zilcha-Mano, S., Dinger, U., McCarthy, K. S., & Barber, J. P. (2014). Does alliance predict symptoms throughout treatment, or is it the other way around? Journal of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, 82, 931–935. doi:10.1037/a0035141
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar