Patient–therapist convergence in alliance ratings as a predictor of outcome in psychotherapy for generalized anxiety disorder

References

• Aiken, L. S., & West, S. G. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text revision). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5. Washington, DC: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson, C., & Keltner, D. (2004). The emotional convergence hypothesis: Implications for individuals, relationships, and cultures. In L. Z. Tiedens, & C. W. Leach (Eds.), The social life of emotions (pp. 144–163). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511819568.009
   Google Scholar
• Antony, M. M., Bieling, P. J., Cox, B. J., Enns, M. W., & Swinson, R. P. (1998). Psychometric properties of the 42-item and 21-item versions of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales in clinical groups and a community sample. Psychological Assessment, 10, 176–181. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.10.2.176
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atzil-Slonim, D., Bar-Kalifa, E., Rafaeli, E., Lutz, W., Rubel, J., Schiefele, A., & Peri, T. (2015). Therapeutic bond judgments: Congruence and incongruence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 83, 773–784. doi:10.1037/ccp0000015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baldwin, S. A., & Imel, Z. E. (2013). Therapist effects: Findings and methods. In M. J. Lambert (Eds.), Bergin and Garfield’s handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change (pp. 258–297). Hoboken, NJ: John: Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Bolger, N., & Laurenceau, J. (2013). Intensive longitudinal methods: An introduction to diary and experience sampling research. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bordin, E. S. (1979). The generalizability of the psychoanalytic concept of the working alliance. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research & Practice, 16, 252–260. doi:10.1037/h0085885
   Google Scholar
• Brown, T. A., Antony, M. M., & Barlow, D. H. (1992). Psychometric properties of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire in a clinical anxiety disorders sample. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 30, 33–37. doi:10.1016/0005-7967(92)90093-V
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell-Sills, L., & Brown, T. A. (2010). Generalized anxiety disorder. In M. M. Antony, & D. H. Barlow (Eds.), Handbook of assessment and treatment planning for psychological disorders (pp. 224–266). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Cano, A., Johansen, A. B., & Franz, A. (2005). Multilevel analysis of couple congruence on pain, interference, and disability. Pain, 118, 369–379. doi:10.1016/j.pain.2005.09.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Constantino, M. J., Castonguay, L. G., Zack, S., & DeGeorge, J. (2010). Engagement in psychotherapy: Factors contributing to the facilitation, demise, and restoration of the therapeutic alliance. In D. Castro-Blanco, & M. S. Carver (Eds.), Elusive alliance: Treatment engagement strategies with high-risk adolescents (pp. 199–209). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. doi:10.1037/12139-001
   Google Scholar
• Constantino, M. J., & Westra, H. A. (2012). An expectancy-based approach to facilitating corrective experiences in psychotherapy. In L. G. Castonguay, & C. E. Hill (Eds.), Transformation in psychotherapy: Corrective experiences across cognitive, behavioral, humanistic, and psychodynamic approaches (pp. 121–139). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Elvins, R., & Green, J. (2008). The conceptualization and measurement of therapeutic alliance: An empirical review. Clinical Psychology Review, 28, 1167–1187. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2008.04.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eubanks-Carter, C., Muran, J. C., & Safran, J. D. (2010). Alliance ruptures and resolution. In J. C. Muran, & J.P. Barber (Eds.), The therapeutic alliance: An evidence-based guide to practice (pp. 74–94). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• First, M. B., Spitzer, R. L., Gibbon, M., & Williams, J. B. (1996). Structured clinical interview for DSM-IV. New York, NY: Biometrics Research Department.
   Google Scholar
• Gonzaga, G. C., Campos, B., & Bradbury, T. (2007). Similarity, convergence, and relationship satisfaction in dating and married couples. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93, 34–48. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.93.1.34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartmann, A., Joos, A., Orlinsky, D. E., & Zeeck, A. (2015). Accuracy of therapist perceptions of patient’s alliance: Exploring the divergence. Psychotherapy Research, 25, 408–419. doi:10.1080/10503307.2014.927601
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hedeker, D. (2004). An introduction to growth modeling. In D. Kaplan (Ed.), The sage handbook of quantitative methodology for the social sciences (pp. 215–234). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Henry, J. D., & Crawford, J. R. (2005). The short-form version of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21): Construct validity and normative data in a large non-clinical sample. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 44, 227–239. doi:10.1348/014466505X29657
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hersoug, A., Høglend, P., Monsen, J. T., & Havik, O. E. (2001). Quality of working alliance in psychotherapy: Therapist variables and patient/therapist similarity as predictors. Journal of Psychotherapy Practice and Research, 10, 205–216.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Horvath, A. O., Del Re, A. C., Flückiger, C., & Symonds, D. (2011). Alliance in individual psychotherapy. Psychotherapy, 48, 9–16. doi:10.1037/a0022186
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horvath, A. O., & Greenberg, L. S. (1989). Development and validation of the working alliance inventory. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 36, 223–233. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.36.2.223
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kazantzis, N., Whittington, C., & Dattilio, F. (2010). Meta-analysis of homework effects in cognitive and behavioral therapy: A replication and extension. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 17, 144–156. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2850.2010.01204.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kenny, D. A., & Kashy, D. A. (1994). Enhanced co-orientation in the perception of friends: A social relations analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 1024–1033. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.67.6.1024
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laws, H. B., Constantino, M. J., Sayer, A., Klein, D. N., Kocsis, J. H., Manber, R., … Arnow, B. A. (2016, February). Convergence in patient-therapist therapeutic alliance ratings and its relation to outcome in chronic depression treatment. Psychotherapy Research. Advance online publication. doi:10.1080/10503307.2015.1114687
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levy, K. N., Ellison, W. D., Scott, L. N., & Bernecker, S. L. (2011). Attachment style. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 67, 193–203. doi:10.1002/jclp.20756
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lombardi, D. R., Button, M. L., & Westra, H. A. (2014). Measuring motivation: Change talk and counter-change talk in cognitive behavioral therapy for generalized anxiety. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 43, 12–21. doi:10.1080/16506073.2013.846400
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Long, J. R. (2001). Goal agreement and early therapeutic change. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 38, 219–232. doi:10.1037/0033-3204.38.2.219
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lovibond, P. F., & Lovibond, S. H. (1995). The structure of negative emotional states: Comparison of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) with the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33, 335–343. doi:10.1016/0005-7967(94)00075-U
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marcus, D. K., Kashy, D. A., & Baldwin, S. A. (2009). Studying psychotherapy using the one-with-many design: The therapeutic alliance as an exemplar. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 56, 537–548. doi:10.1037/a0017291
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marmarosh, C. L., & Kivlighan, D. J. (2012). Relationships among client and counselor agreement about the working alliance, session evaluations, and change in client symptoms using response surface analysis. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 59, 352–367. doi:10.1037/a0028907
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer, T. J., Miller, M. L., Metzger, R. L., & Borkovec, T. D. (1990). Development and validation of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 28, 487–495. doi:10.1016/0005-7967(90)90135-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, W. R., & Johnson, W. R. (2008). A natural language screening measure for motivation to change. Addictive Behaviors, 33, 1177–1182. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2008.04.018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, W. R., & Rollnick, S. (2002). Motivational interviewing: Preparing people for change (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Newman, M. G., Crits-Christoph, P. F., & Szkodny, L. E. (2013). Generalized anxiety disorder. In L. G. Castonguay, T. F. Oltmanns, L. G. Castonguay, & T. F. Oltmanns (Eds.), Psychopathology: From science to clinical practice (pp. 62–87). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Newman, M. G., Llera, S. J., Erickson, T. M., Przeworski, A., & Castonguay, L. G. (2012). Worry and generalized anxiety disorder: A review and theoretical synthesis of evidence on nature, etiology, mechanisms, and treatment. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 9, 7.1–7.25. doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185544
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pepinsky, H. B., & Karst, T. O. (1964). Convergence: A phenomenon in counseling and in psychotherapy. American Psychologist, 19, 333–338. doi: 10.1037/h0044396
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raudenbush, S. W., & Bryk, A. S. (2002). Hierarchical linear models: Applications and data analysis methods (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Raudenbush, S. W., Bryk, A. S., & Congdon, R. (2011). Hlm 7 for Windows [computer software]. Lincolnwood, IL: Scientific Software International.
   Google Scholar
• Roemer, L., Molina, S., & Borkovec, T. D. (1997). An investigation of worry content among generally anxious individuals. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 185, 314–319. doi:10.1097/00005053-199705000-00005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rowe, M. L., Raudenbush, S. W., & Goldin-Meadow, S. (2012). The pace of vocabulary growth helps predict later vocabulary skill. Child Development, 83, 508–525. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2011.01710.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Safran, J. D., & Muran, J. C. (2006). Has the concept of the therapeutic alliance outlived its usefulness? Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 43, 286–291. doi:10.1037/0033-3204.43.3.286
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Safran, J. D., Muran, J. C., & Eubanks-Carter, C. (2011). Repairing alliance ruptures. Psychotherapy, 48, 80–87. doi:10.1037/a0022140
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tracey, T. J., & Kokotovic, A. M. (1989). Factor structure of the Working Alliance Inventory. Psychological Assessment: A Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1, 207–210. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.1.3.207
   Google Scholar
• Tryon, G. S., Blackwell, S. C., & Hammel, E. F. (2007). A meta-analytic examination of client-therapist perspectives of the working alliance. Psychotherapy Research, 17, 629–642. doi:10.1080/10503300701320611
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westra, H. A., Constantino, M. J., & Antony, M. M. (2016). Integrating motivational interviewing with cognitive-behavioral therapy for severe generalized anxiety disorder: An allegiance-controlled randomized clinical trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 84, 768–782. doi:10.1037/ccp0000098
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zilcha-Mano, S., Snyder, J., & Silberschatz, G. (2016). The effect of congruence in patient and therapist alliance on patient’s symptomatic levels. Psychotherapy Research. Advance online publication. doi:10.1080/10503307.2015.112668
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar