Psychotherapist trainees’ professional self-doubt and negative personal reaction: Changes during cognitive behavioral therapy and association with patient progress

References

• Abramowitz, J. S. (1996). Variants of exposure and response prevention in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: A meta-analysis. Behavior Therapy, 27(4), 583–600. doi:10.1016/S0005-7894(96)80045-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, T., Ogles, B. M., Patterson, C. L., Lambert, M. J., & Vermeersch, D. A. (2009). Therapist effects: Facilitative interpersonal skills as a predictor of therapist success. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 65(7), 755–768. doi:10.1002/jclp.20583
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arthur, A. R. (2000). The personality and cognitive-epistemological traits of cognitive-behavioural and psychoanalytic psychotherapists. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 73(2), 243–257. doi:10.1348/000711200160453
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arthur, A. R. (2001). Personality, epistemology and psychotherapists’ choice of theoretical model: A review and analysis. European Journal of Psychotherapy & Counselling, 4(1), 45–64. doi:10.1080/13642530110040082
   Google Scholar
• Baldwin, S. A., & Imel, Z. E. (2013). Therapist effects: Findings and methods. In M. J. Lambert (Ed.), Bergin and Garfield’s handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change (pp. 258–297). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Beutler, L. E., Malik, M., Alimohamed, S., Harwood, T. M., Talebi, H., Noble, S., … Wong, E. (2004). Therapist variables. In M. J. Lambert (Ed.), Bergin and Garfield’s handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change (5th ed., pp. 226–306). New York, NY: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Black, S., Hardy, G., Turpin, G., & Parry, G. (2005). Self-reported attachment styles and therapeutic orientation of therapists and their relationship with reported general alliance quality and problems in therapy. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 78(3), 363–377. doi:10.1348/147608305X43784
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buckman, J. R., & Barker, C. (2010). Therapeutic orientation preferences in trainee clinical psychologists: Personality or training? Psychotherapy Research, 20(3), 247–258. doi:10.1080/10503300903352693
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Degnan, A., Seymour-Hyde, A., Harris, A., & Berry, K. (2016). The role of therapist attachment in alliance and outcome: A systematic literature review. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 23(1), 47–65. doi:10.1002/cpp.1937
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Derogatis, L. R. (1975). Brief symptom inventory. Baltimore, MD: Clinical Psychometric Research.
   Google Scholar
• Elliott, R., Bohart, A. C., Watson, J. C., & Greenberg, L. S. (2011). Empathy. Psychotherapy, 48(1), 43–49. doi:10.1037/a0022187
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franke, G. (2000). BSI. Brief Symptom Inventory—Deutsche Version [BSI. Brief Symptom Inventory: German Version]. Manual. Göttingen: Beltz.
   Google Scholar
• Fydrich, T., Renneberg, B., Schmitz, B., & Wittchen, H.-U. (1997). Strukturiertes Klinisches Interview für DSM-IV, Achse II: Persönlichkeitsstörungen [Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR Axis II Disorders: Personality Disorders]. Göttingen: Hogrefe.
   Google Scholar
• Gelso, C., & Hayes, J. (2007). Countertransference and the inner world of the psychotherapist: Perils and possibilities. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Greenhalgh, J., Long, A. F., & Flynn, R. (2005). The use of patient reported outcome measures in routine clinical practice: Lack of impact or lack of theory? Social Science & Medicine, 60(4), 833–843. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2004.06.022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatcher, R. L. (2015). Interpersonal competencies: Responsiveness, technique, and training in psychotherapy. American Psychologist, 70(8), 747–757. doi:10.1037/a0039803
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes, J. A., & Gelso, C. J. (2001). Clinical implications of research on countertransference: Science informing practice. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 57(8), 1041–1051. doi:10.1002/jclp.1072
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes, J. A., Gelso, C. J., & Hummel, A. M. (2011). Managing countertransference. Psychotherapy, 48(1), 88–97. doi:10.1037/a0022182
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes, S. C., Wilson, K. G., Gifford, E. V., Follette, V. M., & Strosahl, K. (1996). Experiential avoidance and behavioral disorders: A functional dimensional approach to diagnosis and treatment. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64(6), 1152. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.64.6.1152
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heck, R. H., Thomas, S. L., & Tabata, L. N. (2014). Multilevel and longitudinal modeling with IBM SPSS. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Heinonen, E., Knekt, P., Jääskeläinen, T., & Lindfors, O. (2014). Therapists’ professional and personal characteristics as predictors of outcome in long-term psychodynamic psychotherapy and psychoanalysis. European Psychiatry, 29(5), 265–274. doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2013.07.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heinonen, E., Lindfors, O., Härkänen, T., Virtala, E., Jääskeläinen, T., & Knekt, P. (2014). Therapists’ professional and personal characteristics as predictors of working alliance in short-term and long-term psychotherapies. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 21(6), 475–494. doi:10.1002/cpp.1852
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heinonen, E., Lindfors, O., Laaksonen, M. A., & Knekt, P. (2012). Therapists’ professional and personal characteristics as predictors of outcome in short-and long-term psychotherapy. Journal of Affective Disorders, 138(3), 301–312. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2012.01.023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heinonen, E., & Orlinsky, D. E. (2013). Psychotherapists’ personal identities, theoretical orientations, and professional relationships: Elective affinity and role adjustment as modes of congruence. Psychotherapy Research, 23(6), 718–731. doi:10.1080/10503307.2013.814926
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horowitz, L. M., Alden, L. E., Kordy, H., & Strauß, B. (2000). Inventar zur Erfassung interpersonaler Probleme: Deutsche Version. Manual (2., überarbeitete und neu normierte Auflage) [Inventory of interpersonal problems (IIP-D): German Version. Manual (2nd edition)]. Göttingen: Beltz-Test GmbH.
   Google Scholar
• Horowitz, L. M., Rosenberg, S. E., Baer, B. A., Ureño, G., & Villaseñor, V. S. (1988). Inventory of interpersonal problems: psychometric properties and clinical applications. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56(6), 885. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.56.6.885
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mander, J., Schlarb, A., Teufel, M., Keller, F., Hautzinger, M., Zipfel, S., … Sammet, I. (2015). The individual therapy process questionnaire: Development and validation of a revised measure to evaluate general change mechanisms in psychotherapy. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 22(4), 328–345. doi:10.1002/cpp.1892
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mander, J. V., Jacob, G. A., Götz, L., Sammet, I., Zipfel, S., & Teufel, M. (2015). Associations between Grawe’s general mechanisms of change and Young’s early maladaptive schemas in psychotherapy research: A comparative study of change processes. Psychotherapy Research, 25(2), 249–262. doi:10.1080/10503307.2014.889330
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mander, J. V., Wittorf, A., Schlarb, A., Hautzinger, M., Zipfel, S., & Sammet, I. (2013). Change mechanisms in psychotherapy: Multiperspective assessment and relation to outcome. Psychotherapy Research, 23(1), 105–116. doi:10.1080/10503307.2012.744111
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLennan, J., & Poznanski, J. (2004). Theoretical orientation and the person of the therapist: An Australian study. Psychotherapy in Australia, 10(3), 62–66.
   Google Scholar
• Mischel, W. (2004). Toward an integrative science of the person. Annual Review of Psychology, 55, 1–22. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.55.042902.130709
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nissen-Lie, H. A. (2001). The relationship between therapists’ experiences of difficulties in practice and their interpersonal functioning: An empirical investigation. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. University of Oslo, Department of Psychology.
   Google Scholar
• Nissen-Lie, H. A., Goldberg, S. B., Hoyt, W. T., Falkenström, F., Holmqvist, R., Nielsen, S. L., & Wampold, B. E. (2016). Are therapists uniformly effective across patient outcome domains? A study on therapist effectiveness in two different treatment contexts. Journal of Counseling Psychology. doi:10.1037/cou0000151
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nissen-Lie, H. A., Havik, O. E., Høglend, P. A., Rønnestad, M. H., & Monsen, J. T. (2015). Patient and therapist perspectives on alliance development: Therapists’ practice experiences as predictors. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 22(4), 317–327. doi:10.1002/cpp.1891
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nissen-Lie, H. A., Monsen, J. T., & Rønnestad, M. H. (2010). Therapist predictors of early patient-rated working alliance: A multilevel approach. Psychotherapy Research, 20(6), 627–646. doi: 10.1080/10503307.2010.497633
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nissen-Lie, H. A., Monsen, J. T., Ulleberg, P., & Rønnestad, M. H. (2013). Psychotherapists’ self-reports of their interpersonal functioning and difficulties in practice as predictors of patient outcome. Psychotherapy Research, 23(1), 86–104. doi:10.1080/10503307.2012.735775
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nissen-Lie, H. A., Rønnestad, M. H., Høglend, P. A., Havik, O. E., Solbakken, O. A., Stiles, T. C., & Monsen, J. T. (2015). Love yourself as a person, doubt yourself as a therapist? Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy. doi:10.1002/cpp.1977
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Odyniec, P., Victor, P. P., Berner, A., & Willutzki, U. (2016). Difficulties in psychotherapeutic practice. Psychotherapeut, 61(3), 216–221. doi:10.1007/s00278-016-0105-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogles, B. M., Lambert, M. J., & Masters, K. S. (1996). Assessing outcome in clinical practice. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
   Google Scholar
• Orlinsky, D. E., Ambühl, H., Rønnestad, M., Davis, J., Gerin, P., Davis, M., … Wiseman, H. (1999). Development of psychotherapists: Concepts, questions, and methods of a collaborative international study. Psychotherapy Research, 9(2), 127–153. doi:10.1080/10503309912331332651
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orlinsky, D. E., & Rønnestad, M. H. (2005). How psychotherapists develop: A study of therapeutic work and professional growth. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Poznanski, J. J., & McLennan, J. (2003). Becoming a psychologist with a particular theoretical orientation to counselling practice. Australian Psychologist, 38(3), 223–226. doi:10.1080/00050060310001707247
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raudenbush, S. W., & Bryk, A. S. (2002). Hierarchical linear models: Applications and data analysis methods (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Rønnestad, M. H., & Skovholt, T. M. (2012). The developing practitioner: Growth and stagnation of therapists and counselors. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Rosa-Alcázar, A. I., Sánchez-Meca, J., Gómez-Conesa, A., & Marín-Martínez, F. (2008). Psychological treatment of obsessive–compulsive disorder: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 28(8), 1310–1325. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2008.07.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanness, K. J. (2012). Predictors and moderators of difficulties and coping for trauma therapists (Doctoral Dissertation). The George Washington University, Washington.
   Google Scholar
• Scherr, S. R., Herbert, J. D., & Forman, E. M. (2015). The role of therapist experiential avoidance in predicting therapist preference for exposure treatment for OCD. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 4(1), 21–29. doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2014.12.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schiefele, A.-K., Lutz, W., Barkham, M., Rubel, J., Böhnke, J., Delgadillo, J., … Nielsen, S. L. (2016). Reliability of therapist effects in practice-based psychotherapy research: A guide for the planning of future studies. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 1–16. doi:10.1007/s10488-016-0736-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schröder, T., Wiseman, H., & Orlinsky, D. (2009). “You were always on my mind”: Therapists’ intersession experiences in relation to their therapeutic practice, professional characteristics, and quality of life. Psychotherapy Research, 19(1), 42–53. doi:10.1080/10503300802326053
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schulte, D., & Eifert, G. H. (2002). What to do when manuals fail? The dual model of psychotherapy. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 9(3), 312–328. doi:10.1093/clipsy.9.3.312
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schumacher, S., Gaudlitz, K., Plag, J., Miller, R., Kirschbaum, C., Fehm, L., … Ströhle, A. (2014). Who is stressed? A pilot study of salivary cortisol and alpha-amylase concentrations in agoraphobic patients and their novice therapists undergoing in vivo exposure. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 49, 280–289. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.07.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scragg, P., Bor, R., & Watts, M. (1999). The influence of personality and theoretical models on applicants to a counselling psychology course: A preliminary study. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 12(3), 263–270. doi:10.1080/09515079908254096
   Google Scholar
• Skovholt, T. M., & Jennings, L. (2004). Master therapist: Exploring expertise in therapy and counseling. Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
   Google Scholar
• Stiles, W. B. (2013). The variables problem and progress in psychotherapy research. Psychotherapy, 50(1), 33–41. doi:10.1037/a0030569
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoltenberg, C. D., McNeill, B. W., & Delworth, U. (1998). IDM supervision: An integrative developmental model for supervising counselors and therapists. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
   Google Scholar
• Tasca, G. A., & Gallop, R. (2009). Multilevel modeling of longitudinal data for psychotherapy researchers: I. The basics. Psychotherapy Research, 19(4–5), 429–437. doi:10.1080/10503300802641444
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wampold, B. E. (2015). How important are the common factors in psychotherapy? An update. World Psychiatry, 14(3), 270–277. doi:10.1002/wps.20238
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wampold, B. E., Hollon, S. D., & Hill, C. E. (2011). Unresolved questions and future directions in psychotherapy research. In J. C. Norcross, G. R. VandenBos, & D. K. Freedheim (Eds.), History of psychotherapy: Continuity and change (2nd ed., pp. 333–356). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Willutzki, U., Hernandez Bark, G., Davis, J., & Orlinsky, D. E. (1997, June). Client outcomes as a function of the therapist’s difficulties and coping strategies in the course of psychotherapy: Initial results. Paper presented at the 28th Annual International Conference of the Society for Psychotherapy Research, Geilo, Norway.
   Google Scholar
• Wittchen, H.-U., Wunderlich, U., Gruschwitz, S., & Zaudig, M. (1997). SKID I. Strukturiertes Klinisches Interview für DSM-IV. Achse I: Psychische Störungen [Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR Axis I Disorders: Psychological Disorders]. Göttingen: Beltz-Test.
   Google Scholar
• Yonatan-Leus, R., Tishby, O., Shefler, G., & Wiseman, H. (2017). Therapists’ honesty, humor styles, playfulness, and creativity as outcome predictors: A retrospective study of the therapist effect. Psychotherapy Research, 1–10. doi:10.1080/10503307.2017.1292067
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar