Cognitive conflict resolution during psychotherapy: Its impact on depressive symptoms and psychological distress

References

• American Psychiatric Association. (2000). The diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-IV-TR) (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Bados, A., & Garcia-Grau, E. (2012). Terapia cognitivo-conductual de la depresión: Manual de tratamiento grupal [Cognitive behavioral therapy for depression: A manual for group intervention] (Unpublished manuscript). Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona.
   Google Scholar
• Bados, A., & García-Grau, E. (2012). Terapia cognitivo-conductual de la depresión: Manual de tratamiento individual [Cognitive behavioral therapy for depression: A manual for individual intervention] (Unpublished manuscript). Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona.
   Google Scholar
• Bates, D., Mächler, M., Bolker, B., & Walker, S. (2015). Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. Journal of Statistical Software, 67(1), 1–48. doi:10.18637/jss.v067.i0 doi: 10.18637/jss.v067.i01
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck, A., Rush, A., Shaw, B., & Emery, G. (1979). Cognitive therapy of depression. New York: Guilford.
   Google Scholar
• Beck, A., Steer, R., & Brown, G. (1996). Manual for the Beck depression inventory-second edition (BDI-II). San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.
   Google Scholar
• Binder, P. E., Holgersen, H., & Nielsen, G. H. (2010). What is a “good outcome” in psychotherapy? A qualitative exploration of former patients’ point of view. Psychotherapy Research, 20(3), 285–294. doi: 10.1080/10503300903376338
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Briggs, S. R., & Cheek, J. M. (1986). The role of factor analysis in the development and evaluation of personality scales. Journal of Personality, 54, 106–148. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.1986.tb00391.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Dozois, D., Dobson, K., & Ahnberg, J. (1998). A psychometric evaluation of the Beck depression inventory-II. Psychological Assessment, 10(2), 83–89. doi: 10.1037/1040-3590.10.2.83
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Epstein, S. (1982). Conflict and stress. Handbook of stress. New York: Free Press.
   Google Scholar
• Evans, C., Mellor-Clark, J., Margison, F., Barkham, M., Audin, K., Connell, J., & McGrath, G. (2000). Core: Clinical outcomes in routine evaluation. Journal of Mental Health, 9(3), 247–255. doi: 10.1080/713680250
   Google Scholar
• Feixas, G., Bados, A., García-Grau, E., Montesano, A., Dada, G., Compañ, V., … Winter, D. (2013). Efficacy of a dilemma-focused intervention for unipolar depression: Study protocol for a multicenter randomized controlled trial. Trials, 14(1), 144. doi: 10.1186/1745-6215-14-144
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Feixas, G., Bados, A., García-Grau, E., Paz, C., Montesano, A., Compañ, V., … Lana, F. (2016). A dilemma-focused intervention for depression: A multicenter, randomized controlled trial with a 3-month follow-up. Depression and Anxiety, 33(1), 862–869. doi: 10.1002/da.22510
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Feixas, G., & Compañ, V. (2016). Dilemma-focused intervention for unipolar depression: A treatment manual. BMC Psychiatry, 16(1), 179. doi: 10.1186/s12888-016-0947-x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Feixas, G., & Cornejo, J. M. (2002). GRIDCOR: Correspondence analysis for grid data v.4.0 [Computer software and repertory grid manual]. Retrieved from http://www.terapiacognitiva.net/record
   Google Scholar
• Feixas, G., Montesano, A., Compañ, V., Salla, M., Dada, G., Pucurull, O., … Guàrdia, J. (2014). Cognitive conflicts in major depression: Between desired change and personal coherence. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 53(1), 369–385. doi: 10.1111/bjc.12050
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Feixas, G., & Saúl, L. A. (2004). The multi-center dilemma project: An investigation on the role of cognitive conflicts in health. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 7(1), 69–78. doi: 10.1017/S1138741600004765
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Feixas, G., Saúl, LÁ, Winter, D., & Watson, S. (2008). Un estudio naturalista sobre el cambio de los conflictos cognitivos durante la psicoterapia [A naturalistic study about the change of cognitive conflicts during psychotherapy]. Apuntes de Psicología, 26(2), 243–255. http://campus.usal.es/~tcp/articulos/un_estudio_nat.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Fennell, M. J. (1989). Depression. In K. Hawton, P. M. Salkovskis, J. Kirk, & D. M. Clark (Eds.), Cognitive behaviour therapy for psychiatric problems: A practical guide (pp. 169–234). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ferrari, A. J., Charlson, F. J., Norman, R. E., Patten, S. B., Freedman, G., Murray, C. J. L., … Whiteford, H. A. (2013). Burden of depressive disorders by country, sex, age, and year: Findings from the global burden of disease study 2010. PLoS Medicine, 10(11), e1001547. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001547
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frank, J. D., & Frank, J. B. (1991). Persuasion and healing: A comparative study of psychotherapy (3rd ed.). Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Fransella, F., Bell, R., & Bannister, D. (2004). A manual for repertory and technique. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Freud, S. (1926/1936). Inhibitions, symptoms and anxiety. In J. Strachey (Ed. and Trans.), The standard edition of the complete works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 20, pp. 75–175). London: Hogarth Press.
   Google Scholar
• Grawe, K. (2004). Psychological therapy. Cambridge, MA: Hogrefe & Huber Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Greenberg, L. (2004). Emotion-focused therapy. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 11(1), 3–16. doi: 10.1002/cpp.388
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heider, F. (1946). Attitude and cognitive organization. Journal of Psychology, 21, 107–112. doi: 10.1080/00223980.1946.9917275
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hinkle, D. (1965/2010). The change of personal constructs from the viewpoint of a theory of construct implications. Personal Construct Theory & Practice, 7(Suppl. 1) (Doctoral dissertation). Ohio State University, Columbus, OH. Retrieved from http://www.pcp-net.org/journal/pctp10/hinkle1965.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Horney, K. (1945/1992). Our inner conflicts. A constructive theory of neurosis New York: Norton. Oxon: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Hoyer, J., Fecht, J., Lauterbach, W., & Schneider, R. (2001). Changes in conflict, symptoms, and well-being during psychodynamic and cognitive-behavioral alcohol inpatient treatment. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 70(4), 209–215. doi: 10.1159/000056255
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobson, N., & Truax, P. (1991). Clinical significance: A statistical approach to defining meaningful change in psychotherapy research. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59(1), 12–19. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.59.1.12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly, G. A. (1955/1991). The psychology of personal constructs. New York, NY: Norton.
   Google Scholar
• Kreft, I., & de Leeuw, J. (1998/2002). Introducing multilevel modeling. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Lauterbach, W. (1996). The measurement of personal conflict. Psychotherapy Research, 6, 213–225. doi: 10.1080/10503309612331331718
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lauterbach, W., & Newman, C. F. (1999). Computerized intrapersonal conflict assessment in cognitive therapy. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 6, 357–374. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-0879(199911)6:5<357::AID-CPP208>3.0.CO;2-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahoney, M. J. (2003). Constructive psychotherapy. New York: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Messer, S. B., & Wampold, B. E. (2002). Let’s face facts: Common factors are more potent than specific therapy ingredients. Clinical Psychology Science & Practice, 9(1), 21–25. doi: 10.1093/clipsy.9.1.21
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michalak, J. (2000). Zielkonflikte im therapeutischen Prozess [Conflicts in the therapeutic process]. Wiesbaden: Deutscher Universitätsverlag.
   Google Scholar
• Michalak, J., Heidenreich, T., & Hoyer, J. (2011). Goal conflicts and goal integration: Theory, assessment, and clinical implications. In W. M. Cox & E. Klinger (Eds.), Handbook of motivational counseling (2nd ed., pp. 89–107). Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Montesano, A., Feixas, G., Caspar, F., & Winter, D. (2017). Depression and identity: Are self-constructions negative or conflictual? Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 877. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00877
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montesano, A., Feixas, G., Saúl, L. A., Caicedo, M. I. E., Dada, G., & Winter, D. (2014). Cognitive conflicts and symptom severity in dysthymia : “I’d rather be good than happy”. Salud Mental, 37(1), 41–48. Retrieved from http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?pid=S0185-33252014000100006&script=sci_arttext doi: 10.17711/SM.0185-3325.2014.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montesano, A., Gonçalves, M. M., & Feixas, G. (2017). Self-narrative reconstruction after dilemma-focused therapy for depression: A comparison of good and poor outcome cases. Psychotherapy Research, 27(1), 112–126. doi: 10.1080/10503307.2015.1080874
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montesano, A., López-González, M. A., Saúl, L. Á., & Feixas, G. (2015). A review of cognitive conflicts research: A meta-analytic study of prevalence and relation to symptoms. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 12, 2997–3006. doi: 10.2147/NDT.S91861
   Google Scholar
• Paz, C., Pucurull, O., & Feixas, G. (2016). Change in symptoms and personal construct structure in anxiety disorders: A preliminary study on the effects of constructivist therapy. Journal of Constructivist Psychology, 29(3), 231–247. doi: 10.1080/10720537.2014.943914
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pucurull, O. (2015). Psicoterapia breve con un enfoque cognitivo constructivista en la atención primaria: Cambios sintomáticos y cognitivos [Brief psychotherapy with cognitive-constructivist approach in primary care: cognitive and symptoms change] (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona.
   Google Scholar
• Pueschel, O., Schulte, D., & Michalak, J. (2011). Be careful what you strive for: The significance of motive-goal congruence for depressivity. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 18(1), 23–33. doi: 10.1002/cpp.697
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R Core Team. (2014). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Retrieved from http://www.r-project.org/
   Google Scholar
• Renner, W., y Platz, T. (1999). Kognitive und symptombezogene Effekte standardisierter Verhaltenstherapie: Evaluation eines ambulanten Gruppenprogramms [Cognitive and symptom-related effects of standardized behavioral therapy: Evaluation of outpatient group programs]. Zeitschrift Für Klinische Psychologie, Psychiatrie Und Psychotherapie, 47(3), 271–291.
   Google Scholar
• Sanz, J., & Vázquez, C. (2011). Adaptación española del Inventario para la Depresión de Beck-II (BDI-II) [Spanish adaptation of the Beck depression inventory-II (BDI-II)]. Madrid: Pearson Education.
   Google Scholar
• Slade, P. D., & Sheehan, M. J. (1979). The measurement of “conflict” in repertory grids. British Journal of Psychology, 70(4), 519–524. doi: 10.1111/j.2044-8295.1979.tb01726.x
   Google Scholar
• Stangier, U., Ukrow, U., Schermelleh-Engel, K., Grabe, M., & Lauterbach, W. (2007). Intrapersonal conflict in goals and values of patients with unipolar depression. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 76(3), 162–170. doi: 10.1159/000099843
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinert, C., Hofmann, M., Kruse, J., & Leichsenring, F. (2014). Relapse rates after psychotherapy for depression – stable long-term effects? A meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 168(1), 107–118. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2014.06.043
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tasca, G. A., Illing, V., Joyce, A. S., & Ogrodniczuk, J. S. (2009). Three-level multilevel growth models for nested change data: A guide for group treatment researchers. Psychotherapy Research, 19(4–5), 453–461. doi: 10.1080/10503300902933188
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trujillo, A., Feixas, G., Bados, A., García-Grau, E., Salla, M., Medina, J. C., … Evans, C. (2016). Psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the clinical outcomes in routine evaluation – Outcome measure. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 12, 1457–66.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wampold, B. E. (2001). The great psychotherapy debate: Models, methods and findings. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Winter, D. A. (2003). Repertory grid technique as a psychotherapy research measure. Psychotherapy Research : Journal of the Society for Psychotherapy Research, 13(1), 25–42. doi: 10.1093/ptr/kpg005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolpe, J. (1968). Psychotherapy by reciprocal inhibition. Conditional Reflex: A Pavlovian Journal of Research & Therapy, 3(4), 234–240.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar