A relational perspective on the association between working alliance and treatment outcome

References

• Atzil-Slonim, D., Bar-Kalifa, E., Rafaeli, E., Lutz, W., Rubel, J., Schiefele, A.-K., & Peri, T. (2015). Therapeutic bond judgments: Congruence and incongruence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 83, 773–784. doi: 10.1037/ccp0000015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bachelor, A. (2013). Clients’ and therapists’ views of the therapeutic alliance: Similarities, differences and relationship to therapy outcome. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 20, 118–135. doi: 10.1002/cpp.792
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baldwin, S. A., Imel, Z. E., Braithwaite, S. R., & Atkins, D. C. (2014). Analyzing multiple outcomes in clinical research using multivariate multilevel models. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 82(5), 920–930. doi: 10.1037/a0035628
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baldwin, S. A., Wampold, B. E., & Imel, Z. E. (2007). Untangling the alliance–outcome correlation: Exploring the relative importance of therapist and patient variability in the alliance. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 75, 842–852. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.75.6.842
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crits-Christoph, P., Gibbons, M. B. C., Hamilton, J., Ring-Kurtz, S., & Gallop, R. (2011). The dependability of alliance assessments: The alliance–outcome correlation is larger than you might think. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 79(3), 267–278. doi: 10.1037/a0023668
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Del Re, A. C., Flückiger, C., Horvath, A. O., Symonds, D., & Wampold, B. E. (2012). Therapist effects in the therapeutic alliance–outcome relationship: A restricted-maximum likelihood meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 32, 642–649. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2012.07.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elfström, M. L., Evans, C., Lundgren, J., Johansson, B., Hakeberg, M., & Carlsson, S. G. (2012). Validation of the Swedish version of the clinical outcomes in routine evaluation outcome measure (CORE-OM). Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 20, 447–455.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans, C., Connell, J., Barkham, M., Margison, F., McGrath, G., Mellor-Clark, J., & Audin, K. (2002). Towards a standardised brief outcome measure: Psychometric properties and utility of the CORE-OM. British Journal of Psychiatry, 180, 51–60. doi: 10.1192/bjp.180.1.51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falkenström, F., Ekeblad, A., & Holmqvist, R. (2016). Improvement of the working alliance in one treatment session predicts improvement of depressive symptoms by the next session. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 84(8), 738–751. doi: 10.1037/ccp0000119
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falkenström, F., Granström, F., & Holmqvist, R. (2013). Therapeutic alliance predicts symptomatic improvement session by session. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 60(3), 317–328. doi: 10.1037/a0032258
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falkenström, F., Granström, F., & Holmqvist, R. (2014). Working alliance predicts psychotherapy outcome even while controlling for prior symptom improvement. Psychotherapy Research, 24, 146–159. doi: 10.1080/10503307.2013.847985
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falkenström, F., Hatcher, R. L., & Holmqvist, R. (2015). Confirmatory factor analysis of the patient version of the working alliance inventory - short form revised. Assessment, 22, 581–593. doi: 10.1177/1073191114552472
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falkenström, F., Hatcher, R. L., Skjulsvik, T., Larsson, M. H., & Holmqvist, R. (2015). Development and validation of a 6-item working alliance questionnaire for repeated administrations during psychotherapy. Psychological Assessment, 27(1), 169–183. doi: 10.1037/pas0000038
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falkenström, F., Josefsson, A., Berggren, T., & Holmqvist, R. (2016). How much therapy is enough? Comparing dose-effect and good-enough models in two different settings. Psychotherapy, 53(1), 130–139. doi: 10.1037/pst0000039
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flückiger, C., Del Re, A. C., Wampold, B. E., & Horvath, A. O. (2018, May 24). The alliance in adult psychotherapy: A meta-analytic synthesis. Psychotherapy. Advance Online Publication, doi: 10.1037/pst0000172
   Google Scholar
• Gullo, S., Lo Coco, G., & Gelso, C. (2012). Early and later predictors of outcome in brief therapy: The role of real relationship. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 68, 614–619. doi: 10.1002/jclp.21860
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartmann, A., Joos, A., Orlinsky, D. E., & Zeeck, A. (2015). Accuracy of therapist perceptions of patients’ alliance: Exploring the divergence. Psychotherapy Research, 25, 408–419. doi: 10.1080/10503307.2014.927601
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatcher, R. L., & Gillaspy, J. A. (2006). Development and validation of a revised short version of the working alliance inventory. Psychotherapy Research, 16, 12–25. doi: 10.1080/10503300500352500
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heppner, P. P., Wampold, B. E., & Kivlighan, D. M., Jr. (2008). Research design in counseling (3rd ed.). Belmont, CA: Thomson Brooks/Cole.
   Google Scholar
• Holmqvist, R., Ström, T., & Foldemo, A. (2014). The effects of psychological treatment in primary care in Sweden—A practice-based study. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 68(3), 204–212. doi: 10.3109/08039488.2013.797023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horvath, A. O., Del Re, A. C., Flückiger, C., & Symonds, D. (2011). Alliance in individual psychotherapy. Psychotherapy, 48(1), 9–16. doi: 10.1037/a0022186
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horvath, A. O., & Greenberg, L. S. (1989). Development and validation of the working alliance inventory. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 36(2), 223–233. doi: 10.1037/0022-0167.36.2.223
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huppert, J. D., Kivity, Y., Barlow, D. H., Gorman, J. M., Shear, M. K., & Woods, S. W. (2014). Therapist effects and the outcome-alliance correlation in cognitive behavioral therapy for panic disorder with agoraphobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 52, 26–34. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2013.11.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kenny, D. A. (1994). Interpersonal perception: A social relations analysis. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kenny, D. A., Kashy, D. A., & Cook, W. L. (2006). Dyadic data analysis. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kivlighan, D. M., Jr., Gelso, C. J., Ain, S., Hummel, A. M., & Markin, R. D. (2015). The therapist, the client, and the real relationship: An actor–partner interdependence analysis of treatment outcome. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 62(2), 314–320. doi: 10.1037/cou0000012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kivlighan, D. M., Jr., Hill, C. E., Gelso, C. J., & Baumann, E. (2016). Working alliance, real relationship, session quality, and client improvement in psychodynamic psychotherapy: A longitudinal actor partner interdependence model. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 63(2), 149–161. doi: 10.1037/cou0000134
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lingiardi, V., Holmqvist, R., & Safran, J. D. (2016). Relational turn and psychotherapy research. Contemporary Psychoanalysis, 52, 275–312. doi: 10.1080/00107530.2015.1137177
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marcus, D. K., Kashy, D. A., & Baldwin, S. A. (2009). Studying psychotherapy using the one-with-many design: The therapeutic alliance as an exemplar. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 56(4), 537–548. doi: 10.1037/a0017291
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marcus, D. K., Kashy, D. A., Wintersteen, M. B., & Diamond, G. S. (2011). The therapeutic alliance in adolescent substance abuse treatment: A one-with-many analysis. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 58(3), 449–455. doi: 10.1037/a0023196
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marmarosh, C. L., & Kivlighan, D. M., Jr. (2012). Relationships among client and counselor agreement about the working alliance, session evaluations, and change in client symptoms using response surface analysis. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 59(3), 352–367. doi: 10.1037/a0028907
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mechler, J., & Holmqvist, R. (2016). Deteriorated and unchanged patients in psychological treatment in Swedish primary care and psychiatry. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 70(1), 16–23. doi: 10.3109/08039488.2015.1028438
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raudenbush, S. W., Brennan, R. T., & Barnett, R. C. (1995). A multivariate hierarchical model for studying psychological change within married couples. Journal of Family Psychology, 9(2), 161–174. doi: 10.1037/0893-3200.9.2.161
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rousmaniere, T., Goodyear, R. K., Miller, S. D., & Wampold, B. E. (2017). The cycle of excellence. Using deliberate practice to improve supervision and training. . Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Safran, J. D., & Muran, J. C. (2000). Negotiating the therapeutic alliance: A relational treatment guide. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Schiefele, A. K., Lutz, W., Barkham, M., Rubel, J., Böhnke, J., Delgadillo, J., … Lambert, M. J. (2017). Reliability of therapist effects in practice-based psychotherapy research: A guide for the planning of future studies. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 44(5), 598–613. doi: 10.1007/s10488-016-0736-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tracey, T. J., & Kokotovic, A. M. (1989). Factor structure of the working alliance inventory. Psychological Assessment: A Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1(3), 207–210. doi: 10.1037/1040-3590.1.3.207
   Google Scholar
• Tryon, G. S., Blackwell, S. C., & Hammel, E. F. (2007). A meta-analytic examination of client-therapist perspectives of the working alliance. Psychotherapy Research, 17, 629–642. doi: 10.1080/10503300701320611
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wampold, B. E., & Imel, Z. E. (2015). The great psychotherapy debate: The evidence for what makes psychotherapy work (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Zilcha-Mano, S., Solomonov, N., Chui, H., McCarthy, K. S., Barrett, M. S., & Barber, J. P. (2015). Therapist-reported alliance: Is it really a predictor of outcome? Journal of Counseling Psychology, 62(4), 568–578. doi: 10.1037/cou0000106
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zuroff, D. C., Kelly, A. C., Leybman, M. J., Blatt, S. J., & Wampold, B. E. (2010). Between-therapist and within-therapist differences in the quality of the therapeutic relationship: Effects on maladjustment and self-critical perfectionism. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 66(7), 681–697.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar