965
Views
10
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
EMPIRICAL PAPERS

How specific is cognitive change? A randomized controlled trial comparing brief cognitive and mindfulness interventions for depression

, &
Pages 675-691 | Received 04 Nov 2018, Accepted 21 Oct 2019, Published online: 06 Nov 2019

References

  • American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV). Washington, DC: Author.
  • Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173–1182. Retrieved from http://psycnet.apa.org/buy/1987-13085-001
  • Bauer, D. J., Preacher, K. J., & Gil, K. M. (2006). Conceptualizing and testing random indirect effects and moderated mediation in multilevel models: New procedures and recommendations. Psychological Methods, 11(2), 142–163. doi: 10.1037/1082-989X.11.2.142
  • Beck, J. S. (2011). Cognitive therapy: Basics and beyond (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
  • Beck, A. T., Rush, A. J., Shaw, B. F., & Emery, G. (1979). Cognitive therapy of depression. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
  • Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Brown, G. K. (1996). Beck Depression Inventory. Manual (2nd ed.). San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.
  • Bishop, S. R., Lau, M., Shapiro, S., Carlson, L., Anderson, N. D., Carmody, J., … Devins, G. (2004). Mindfulness: A proposed operational definition. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 11(3), 230–241. doi: 10.1093/clipsy.bph077
  • Borkovec, T. D. (1990). Control groups and comparison groups in psychotherapy outcome research. National Institute on Drug Abuse Research Monograph, 104, 50–65.
  • Christopher, M. S., Jacob, K. L., Neuhaus, E. C., Neary, T. J., & Fiola, L. A. (2009). Cognitive and behavioral changes related to symptom improvement among patients with a mood disorder receiving intensive cognitive-behavioral therapy. Journal of Psychiatric Practice, 15(2), 95–102. doi: 10.1097/01.pra.0000348362.11548.5f
  • Cristea, I. A., Huibers, M. J. H., David, D., Hollon, S. D., Andersson, G., & Cuijpers, P. (2015). The effects of cognitive behavior therapy for adult depression on dysfunctional thinking: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 42, 62–71. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2015.08.003
  • Crits-Christoph, P., Gallop, R., Diehl, C. K., Yin, S., & Gibbons, M. B. C. (2017). Mechanisms of change in cognitive therapy for major depressive disorder in the community mental health setting. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 85(6), 550–561. doi: 10.1037/ccp0000198
  • DeRubeis, R. J., Evans, M. D., Hollon, S. D., Garvey, M. J., Grove, W. M., & Tuason, V. B. (1990). How does cognitive therapy work? Cognitive change and symptom change in cognitive therapy and pharmacotherapy for depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 58(6), 862–869. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.58.6.862
  • Evans, M., Rohan, K. J., Sitnikov, L., Mahon, J. N., Nillni, Y. I., Lindsey, K. T., & Vacek, P. M. (2013). Cognitive change across cognitive-behavioral and light therapy treatments for seasonal affective disorder: What accounts for clinical status the next winter? Cognitive Therapy and Research, 37(6), 1201–1213. doi: 10.1007/s10608-013-9561-0
  • Forman, E. M., Chapman, J. E., Herbert, J. D., Goetter, E. M., Yuen, E. K., & Moitra, E. (2012). Using session-by-session measurement to compare mechanisms of action for acceptance and commitment therapy and cognitive therapy. Behavior Therapy, 43(2), 341–354. doi: 10.1016/j.beth.2011.07.004
  • Frewen, P. A., Evans, E. M., Maraj, N., Dozois, D. J. A., & Partridge, K. (2008). Letting go: Mindfulness and negative automatic thinking. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 32(6), 758–774. doi: 10.1007/s10608-007-9142-1
  • Gallagher-Thompson, D., Gray, H. L., Dupart, T., Jimenez, D., & Thompson, L. W. (2008). Effectiveness of cognitive/behavioral small group intervention for reduction of depression and stress in non-hispanic white and hispanic/latino women dementia family caregivers: Outcomes and mediators of change. Journal of Rational-Emotive and Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 26(4), 286–303. doi: 10.1007/s10942-008-0087-4
  • Garratt, G., Ingram, R. E., Rand, K. L., & Sawalani, G. (2007). Cognitive processes in cognitive therapy: Evaluation of the mechanisms of change in the treatment of depression. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 14(3), 224–239. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2850.2007.00081.x
  • Gelman, A., Carlin, J. B., Stern, H. S., Dunson, D. B., Vehtari, A., & Rubin, D. B. (2014). Bayesian data analysis (3rd ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
  • Goldberg, S. B., Tucker, R. P., Greene, P. A., Davidson, R. J., Wampold, B. E., Kearney, D. J., & Simpson, T. L. (2018). Mindfulness-based interventions for psychiatric disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 59, 52–60. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2017.10.011
  • Greenberger, D., & Padesky, C. A. (1995). Mind over mood: A cognitive therapy treatment manual for clients. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
  • Harnett, P. H., Whittingham, K., Puhakka, E., Hodges, J., Spry, C., & Dob, R. (2010). The short-term impact of a brief group-based mindfulness therapy program on depression and life satisfaction. Mindfulness, 1(3), 183–188. doi: 10.1007/s12671-010-0024-3
  • Hautzinger, M., Keller, F., & Kuehner, C. (2006). Beck Depression Inventar (BDI-II). Deutsche Bearbeitung und Handbuch [Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II). German revision and manual]. Frankfurt: Harcourt Test Services.
  • Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
  • Hofmann, S. G., Asnaani, A., Vonk, I. J. J., Sawyer, A. T., & Fang, A. (2012). The efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy: A review of meta-analyses. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 36(5), 427–440. doi: 10.1007/s10608-012-9476-1
  • Hofmann, S. G., Sawyer, A. T., Witt, A. A., & Oh, D. (2010). The effect of mindfulness-based therapy on anxiety and depression: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 78(2), 169–183. doi: 10.1037/a0018555
  • Hollon, S. D., DeRubeis, R. J., & Evans, M. D. (1987). Causal mediation of change in treatment for depression: Discriminating between nonspecificity and noncausality. Psychological Bulletin, 102(1), 139–149. Retrieved from http://psycnet.apa.org/buy/1987-32125-001
  • Ilardi, S. S., & Craighead, W. E. (1994). The role of nonspecific factors in cognitive-behavior therapy for depression. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 1(2), 138–155. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2850.1994.tb00016.x
  • Ilardi, S. S., & Craighead, W. E. (1999). Rapid early response, cognitive modification, and nonspecific factors in cognitive behavior therapy for depression: A reply to Tang and DeRubeis. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 6(3), 295–299. doi: 10.1093/clipsy.6.3.295
  • Ingram, R. E., & Wisnicki, K. S. (1988). Assessment of positive automatic cognition. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56(6), 898–902. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.56.6.898
  • Jacob, K. L., Christopher, M. S., & Neuhaus, E. C. (2011). Development and validation of the cognitive-behavioral therapy skills questionnaire. Behavior Modification, 35(6), 595–618. doi: 10.1177/0145445511419254
  • Jacobson, N. S., Dobson, K. S., Truax, P. A., Addis, M. E., Koerner, K., Gollan, J. K., … Prince, S. E. (1996). A component analysis of cognitive-behavioral treatment for depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64(2), 295–304. doi: 10.1037//0022-006X.64.2.295
  • Jermann, F., van der Linden, M., Gex-Fabry, M., Guarin, A., Kosel, M., Bertschy, G., … Bondolfi, G. (2013). Cognitive functioning in patients remitted from recurrent depression: Comparison with acutely depressed patients and controls and follow-up of a mindfulness-based cognitive therapy trial. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 37(5), 1004–1014. doi: 10.1007/s10608-013-9544-1
  • Johansson, P., & Høglend, P. (2007). Identifying mechanisms of change in psychotherapy: Mediators of treatment outcome. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 14(1), 1–9. doi: 10.1002/cpp.514
  • Joormann, J. (2004). Die Faktorstruktur der Skala dysfunktionaler Einstellungen (DAS) in einer nicht-klinischen Stichprobe [The factor structure of the Dysfunctional Attitude Scale (DAS) in a non-clinical sample]. Diagnostica, 50(3), 115–123. doi: 10.1026/0012-1924.50.3.115
  • Kabat-Zinn, J. (1990). Full catastrophe living: The program of the stress reduction clinic at the University of Massachusetts Medical Center. New York, NY: Delta.
  • Kazdin, A. E. (2007). Mediators and mechanisms of change in psychotherapy research. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 3, 1–27. doi: 10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091432
  • Kendall, P. C., Howard, B. L., & Hays, R. C. (1989). Self-referent speech and psychopathology: The balance of positive and negative thinking. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 13(6), 583–598. doi: 10.1007/BF01176069
  • Keng, S.-L., Smoski, M. J., & Robins, C. J. (2011). Effects of mindfulness on psychological health: A review of empirical studies. Clinical Psychology Review, 31(6), 1041–1056. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2011.04.006
  • Kraemer, H. C., Wilson, G. T., Fairburn, C. G., & Agras, W. S. (2002). Mediators and moderators of treatment effects in randomized clinical trials. Archives of General Psychiatry, 59(10), 877. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.59.10.877
  • Leichsenring, F., Luyten, P., Hilsenroth, M. J., Abbass, A., Barber, J. P., Keefe, J. R., … Steinert, C. (2015). Psychodynamic therapy meets evidence-based medicine: A systematic review using updated criteria. The Lancet Psychiatry, 2(7), 648–660. doi: 10.1016/S2215-0366(15)00155-8
  • Lemmens, L. H. J. M., Galindo-Garre, F., Arntz, A., Peeters, F., Hollon, S. D., DeRubeis, R. J., & Huibers, M. J. H. (2017). Exploring mechanisms of change in cognitive therapy and interpersonal psychotherapy for adult depression. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 94, 81–92. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2017.05.005
  • Lipsey, M. W., & Wilson, D. B. (1993). The efficacy of psychological, educational, and behavioral treatment: Confirmation from meta-analysis. American Psychologist, 48(12), 1181–1209. Retrieved from http://psycnet.apa.org/doiLanding?doi=10.1037%2F0003-066X.48.12.1181
  • Little, T. D. (2013). Longitudinal structural equation modeling. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
  • Longmore, R. J., & Worrell, M. (2007). Do we need to challenge thoughts in cognitive behavior therapy? Clinical Psychology Review, 27(2), 173–187. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2006.08.001
  • Lorenzo-Luaces, L., German, R. E., & DeRubeis, R. J. (2015). It's complicated: The relation between cognitive change procedures, cognitive change, and symptom change in cognitive therapy for depression. Clinical Psychology Review, 41, 3–15. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2014.12.003
  • Muthén, B., & Asparouhov, T. (2012). Bayesian structural equation modeling: A more flexible representation of substantive theory. Psychological Methods, 17(3), 313–335. doi: 10.1037/a0026802
  • Oei, T. P. S., & Free, M. L. (1995). Do cognitive behaviour therapies validate cognitive models of mood disorders? A review of the empirical evidence. International Journal of Psychology, 30(2), 145–180. doi: 10.1080/00207599508246564
  • Perepletchikova, F., & Kazdin, A. E. (2005). Treatment integrity and therapeutic change: Issues and research recommendations. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 12(4), 365–383. doi: 10.1093/clipsy/bpi045
  • Pössel, P., Seemann, S., & Hautzinger, M. (2005). Evaluation eines deutschsprachigen Instrumentes zur Erfassung positiver und negativer automatischer Gedanken [Evaluation of a German-language instrument for assessing positive and negative automatic thoughts]. Zeitschrift für Klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie, 34(1), 27–34. doi: 10.1026/1616-3443.34.1.27
  • Preacher, K. J., Zhang, Z., & Zyphur, M. J. (2011). Alternative methods for assessing mediation in multilevel data: The advantages of multilevel SEM. Structural Equation Modeling, 18(2), 161–182. doi: 10.1080/10705511.2011.557329
  • Preacher, K. J., Zyphur, M. J., & Zhang, Z. (2010). A general multilevel SEM framework for assessing multilevel mediation. Psychological Methods, 15(3), 209–233. doi: 10.1037/a0020141
  • Segal, Z. V., Williams, J. M. G., & Teasdale, J. D. (2002). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for depression: A new approach to preventing relapse. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
  • Spiegelhalter, D. J., Best, N. G., Carlin, B. P., & van der Linde, A. (2002). Bayesian measures of model complexity and fit. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series B (Statistical Methodology), 64(4), 583–639.
  • Strunk, D. R., DeRubeis, R. J., Chiu, A. W., & Alvarez, J. (2007). Patients’ competence in and performance of cognitive therapy skills: Relation to the reduction of relapse risk following treatment for depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 75(4), 523–530. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.75.4.523
  • Tang, T. Z., DeRubeis, R. J., Beberman, R., & Pham, T. (2005). Cognitive changes, critical sessions, and sudden gains in cognitive-behavioral therapy for depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73(1), 168–172. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.73.1.168
  • Teasdale, J. D., Segal, Z. V., Williams, J. M. G., Ridgeway, V. A., Soulsby, J. M., & Lau, M. A. (2000). Prevention of relapse/recurrence in major depression by mindfulness-based cognitive therapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68(4), 615–623. doi:10.1037//0022-006X.68.4.615
  • Van der Velden, A. M., Kuyken, W., Wattar, U., Crane, C., Pallesen, K. J., Dahlgaard, J., … Piet, J. (2015). A systematic review of mechanisms of change in mindfulness-based cognitive therapy in the treatment of recurrent major depressive disorder. Clinical Psychology Review, 37, 26–39. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2015.02.001
  • Wampold, B. E., & Imel, Z. E. (2015). The great psychotherapy debate: The evidence for what makes psychotherapy work (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Warmerdam, L., van Straten, A., Jongsma, J., Twisk, J., & Cuijpers, P. (2010). Online cognitive behavioral therapy and problem-solving therapy for depressive symptoms: Exploring mechanisms of change. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 41(1), 64–70. doi: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2009.10.003
  • Weissman, A. N., & Beck, A. T. (1978). Development and validation of the dysfunctional attitudes scale: A preliminary investigation. Proceedings of the meeting of the American Educational research association, Toronto.
  • Whisman, M. A. (1993). Mediators and moderators of change in cognitive therapy of depression. Psychological Bulletin, 114(2), 248–265. doi: 10.1037//0033-2909.114.2.248
  • Wittchen, H.-U., Wunderlich, U., Gruschwitz, S., & Zaudig, M. (1997). SKID-I. Strukturiertes klinisches Interview für DSM-IV. Achse I: Psychische Störungen. Interviewheft [SCID-I. Structured clinical interview for the DSM-IV. Axis I disorders. Users guide]. Göttingen: Hogrefe.
  • Zeidan, F., Johnson, S. K., Diamond, B. J., David, Z., & Goolkasian, P. (2010). Mindfulness meditation improves cognition: Evidence of brief mental training. Consciousness and Cognition, 19(2), 597–605. doi: 10.1016/j.concog.2010.03.014
  • Zyphur, M. J., & Oswald, F. L. (2014). Bayesian estimation and inference. Journal of Management, 41(2), 390–420. doi: 10.1177/0149206313501200

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.