Match-fixing: Moral challenges for those involved

References

• Aquilina, D., & Chetcuti, A. (2014). Match-fixing: The case of Malta. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, 6(1), 107–128. doi:10.1080/19406940.2013.777938
   Google Scholar
• Badminton Vlaanderen. (2019). Ledenlijst 2019 [Member list 2019]. Antwerp, Belgium: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Blair, K. (2018). The 2012 Olympic badminton scandal: Match-fixing, code of conduct documents, and women’s sport. The International Journal of the History of Sport, 35(2–3), 264–276. doi:10.1080/09523367.2018.1451330
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boeri, T., & Severgnini, B. (2011). Match rigging and the career concerns of referees. Labour Economics, 18(3), 349–359. doi:10.1016/j.labeco.2010.10.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boniface, P., Lacarriere, S., Verschuuren, P., Tuaillon, A., Forrest, D., Icard, -M. J.-M., … Wang, X. (2012). Paris sportifs et corruption: Comment préserver l’intégrité du sport [Sports betting and corruption: How to preserve the integrity of sport]. Paris: IRIS.
   Google Scholar
• Boyes, M. C., & Walker, L. J. (1988). Implications of cultural diversity for the universality claims of Kohlberg’s theory of moral reasoning. Human Development, 31, 44–59. Retrieved from papers://13507515-a992-4cea-b488-dec1e41c1983/Paper/p4608
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bozkurt, E. (2012, September). Match fixing and fraud in sport: Putting the pieces together. Retrieved from http://sportetcitoyennete.com/en/ressourceseuropeen/pdf/parliament/bozkurt_match_fixing_2012.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Butcher, R., & Schneider, A. (1998). Fair play as respect for the game. Journal of the Philosophy of Sport, 25(1), 1–22. doi:10.1080/00948705.1998.9714565
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carpenter, K. (2012). Match-fixing - The biggest threat to sport in the 21st century? International Sports Law Review, (2), 13–24.
   Google Scholar
• Cashmore, E., & Cleland, J. (2014). Football’s dark side: Corruption, homophobia, violence and racism in the beautiful game. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Chappelet, J. L. (2015). The Olympic fight against match-fixing. Sport in Society, 18(10), 1260–1272. doi:10.1080/17430437.2015.1034519
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Constandt, B., De Waegeneer, E., & Willem, A. (2019). Ethical code effectiveness in football clubs: A longitudinal analysis. Journal of Business Ethics, 156(3), 621–634. doi:10.1007/s10551-017-3552-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Constandt, B., & Willem, A. (2019). The trickle-down effect of ethical leadership in nonprofit soccer clubs. Nonprofit Management and Leadership, 29(3), 401–417. doi:10.1002/nml.21333
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costa, J. (2018). The globalised network of a dirty game: Match-fixing, illegal betting and transnational organised crime in Italian football. Global Crime, 19(2), 125–145. doi:10.1080/17440572.2018.1460952
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Council of Europe. (2014). Council of Europe convention on the manipulation of sports competitions. Retrieved from https://www.coe.int/en/web/sport/match-fixing
   Google Scholar
• De Waegeneer, E., Devisch, I., & Willem, A. (2017). Ethical codes in sports organizations: An empirical study on determinants of effectiveness. Ethics and Behavior, 27(4), 261–282. doi:10.1080/10508422.2016.1172011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Waegeneer, E., & Willem, A. (2016). Conceptualizations of fair play: A factorial survey study of moral judgments by badminton players. Ethics and Behavior, 26(4), 312–329. doi:10.1080/10508422.2015.1019071
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duggan, M., & Levitt, S. (2002). Winning isn’t everything: Corruption in sumo wrestling. American Economic Review, 92(5), 1594–1605. doi:10.1257/000282802762024665
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elaad, G., Krumer, A., & Kantor, J. (2018). Corruption and sensitive soccer games: Cross-country evidence. Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization, 34(3), 364–394. doi:10.1093/jleo/ewy013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feustel, E. D., & Rodenberg, R. M. (2015). Sports (betting) integrity: Detecting match-fixing in soccer. Gaming Law Review and Economics, 19(10), 689–694. doi:10.1089/glre.2015.19105
   Google Scholar
• FIFPro. (2012). FIFPro black book Eastern Europe: The problems professional footballers encounter: Research. Hoofddorp: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Garrigan, B., Adlam, A. L. R., & Langdon, P. E. (2018). Moral decision-making and moral development: Toward an integrative framework. Developmental Review, 49, 80–100. doi:10.1016/j.dr.2018.06.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gokhale, N. (2009). Fixing the fixers: The justification of criminal liability for match-fixing. NUJS Law Review, 2(2), 319–336. doi:10.1533/9781845699789.5.663
   Google Scholar
• Gorse, S., & Chadwick, S. (2010, July/August). Conceptualising corruption in sport: Implications for sponsorship programmes. The European Business Review, 40–45.
   Google Scholar
• Gorse, S., & Chadwick, S. (2011). The prevalence of corruption in international sport: A statistical analysis. Retrieved from http://www.eu-ssa.org/essa_wp/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/The-Prevalence-of-Corruption-in-International-Sport.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Gorsira, M., Denkers, A., & Huisman, W. (2018). Both sides of the coin: Motives for corruption among public officials and business employees. Journal of Business Ethics, 151(1), 179–194. doi:10.1007/s10551-016-3219-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haidt, J. (2001). The emotional dog and its rational tail: A social intuitionist approach to moral judgment. Psychological Review, 108(4), 814–834. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.108.4.814
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harkin, D. (2017). The questionable legitimacy of non-state anti-corruption bodies: A case study of the Tennis Integrity Unit. Crime, Law and Social Change, 68(1–2), 167–185. doi:10.1007/s10611-017-9680-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harvey, A. (2015). Match-fixing: Working towards an ethical framework. Journal of the Philosophy of Sport, 42(3), 393–407. doi:10.1080/00948705.2015.1037767
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harvey, A., & Levi, H. (2014). Don’t fix it! An education and prevention programme to fight match-fixing in football. Retrieved from http://www.jogoremoto.pt/site/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/DON%E2%80%99T-FIX-IT-AN-EDUCATION-AND-PREVENTION-PROGRAMME-TO-FIGHT-MATCH-FIXING-IN-FOOTBALL.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Hill, D. (2008). The fix: Soccer and organized crime. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart.
   Google Scholar
• Hill, D. (2009a). How gambling corruptors fix football matches. European Sport Management Quarterly, 9(4), 411–432. doi:10.1080/16184740903332018
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill, D. (2009b). To fix or not to fix? How corruptors decide to fix football matches. Global Crime, 10(3), 157–177. doi:10.1080/17440570802543524
   Google Scholar
• Hill, D. (2010). A critical mass of corruption: Why some football leagues have more match-fixing than others. International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship, 11(3), 38–52. doi:10.1108/IJSMS-11-03-2010-B005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill, D. (2013). The insider’s guide to match-fixing in football. Toronto: Anne McDermid & Associates Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• Hill, D. (2015). Jumping into fixing. Trends in Organized Crime, 18(3), 212–228. doi:10.1007/s12117-014-9237-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holden, J. T., & Rodenberg, R. M. (2017). Lone-wolf match-fixing: Global policy considerations. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, 9(1), 137–151. doi:10.1080/19406940.2016.1202304
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huggins, M. (2018). Match-fixing: A historical perspective. The International Journal of the History of Sport, 35(2–3), 123–140. doi:10.1080/09523367.2018.1476341
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Husting, A., Iglesias, M., Kern, P., Buinickaite, Z., Cutajar, C., Pons, N., & Schenk, S. (2012). Match-fixing in sport: A mapping of criminal law provisions in EU 27. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/assets/eac/sport/library/studies/study-sports-fraud-final-version_en.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Joinson, A. (1999). Social desirability, anonymity, and Internet-based questionnaires. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 31(3), 433–438. doi:10.3758/BF03200723
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerr, J. (2017). How to build an “open” match-fixing alert system. International Sports Law Journal, 17(1–2), 49–67. doi:10.1007/s40318-017-0115-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kihl, L. A. (2018). Corruption in sport: Causes, consequences, and reform. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Kohlberg, L. (1969). Stage and sequence: The cognitive-developmental approach to socialization. In D. A. Goslin (Ed.), Handbook of socialization theory and research (pp. 347–480). Chicago, IL: Rand McNally.
   Google Scholar
• Krebs, D. L., & Denton, K. (2005). Toward a more pragmatic approach to morality: A critical evaluation of Kohlberg’s model. Psychological Review, 112(3), 629–649. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.112.3.629
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lastra, R., Bell, P., & Bond, C. (2018). Sports betting and the integrity of Australian sport: Athletes’ and non-athletes’ perceptions of betting-motivated corruption in sport. International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice, 52, 185–198. doi:10.1016/j.ijlcj.2017.11.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, P.-C. (2017). Understanding the match-fixing scandals of professional baseball in Taiwan: An exploratory study of a Confucianism-oriented society. European Sport Management Quarterly, 17(1), 45–66. doi:10.1080/16184742.2016.1225111
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lincoln, S. H., & Holmes, E. K. (2011). Ethical decision making: A process influenced by moral intensity. Journal of Healthcare, Science and the Humanities, 1(1), 55–69.
   Google Scholar
• Little, R. J. A., & Rubin, D. B. (2019). Statistical analysis with missing data (3rd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Locke, D. (1979). Cognitive stages or developmental phases? A critique of Kohlberg’s stage-structural theory of moral reasoning. Journal of Moral Education, 8(3), 168–181. doi:10.1080/0305724790080303
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maennig, W. (2005). Corruption in international sports and sport management: Forms, tendencies, extent and countermeasures. European Sport Management Quarterly, 5(2), 187–225. doi:10.1080/16184740500188821
   Google Scholar
• Manoli, A. E., & Antonopoulos, G. A. (2015). ‘The only game in town?’: Football match-fixing in Greece. Trends in Organized Crime, 18(3), 196–211. doi:10.1007/s12117-014-9239-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molenberghs, G., & Kenward, M. G. (2007). Missing data in clinical studies. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Moriconi, M. (2018). The official football match-fixing prevention discourse as a cognitive limitation (the cases of Iberian countries). Soccer and Society, 19(2), 271–287. doi:10.1080/14660970.2016.1171213
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ncube, L. (2017). Sports journalists and corruption in Zimbabwean football: Reflections on the Asiagate scandal. Communicatio, 43(3–4), 19–35. doi:10.1080/02500167.2017.1385499
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nederhof, A. J. (1985). Methods of coping with social desirability bias: A review. European Journal of Social Psychology, 15(3), 263–280. doi:10.1002/(ISSN)1099-0992
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nowy, T., & Breuer, C. (2017). Match-fixing in European grassroots football. European Sport Management Quarterly, 17(1), 24–44. doi:10.1080/16184742.2016.1193212
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ötting, M., Langrock, R., & Deutscher, C. (2018). Integrating multiple data sources in match-fixing warning systems. Statistical Modelling, 18(5–6), 483–504. doi:10.1177/1471082X18804933
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Numerato, D. (2016). Corruption and public secrecy: An ethnography of football match-fixing. Current Sociology, 64(5), 699–717. doi:10.1177/0011392115599815
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paulhus, D. L. (1984). Two-component models of socially desirable responding. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46(3), 598–609. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.46.3.598
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piaget, J. (1932). The moral judgment of the child. London: Routledge & Kegan-Paul.
   Google Scholar
• Pitsch, W., Emrich, E., & Pierdzioch, C. (2012). Match Fixing im deutschen Fussball: Eine empirische Analyse mittels der Randomized-Response-Technik. In E. Emrich, C. Pierdzioch, & W. Pitsch (Eds.), Schriften des Europäischen Instituts für Sozioökonomie e.V (Vol. 10, pp. 157–172). Saarbrücken: Saarland University.
   Google Scholar
• Preston, I., & Szymanski, S. (2003). Cheating in contests. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 19(4), 612–624.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramos, M. A. (2009). Game, set, match-fixing: Will international anti-doping initiatives pave the way for similar reform for corrupt betting in tennis? Houston Journal of International Law, 32(1), 201–244. doi:10.3868/s050-004-015-0003-8
   Google Scholar
• Reade, J. J., & Akie, S. (2013). Using forecasting to detect corruption in international football. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Mathematics in Sport. Retrieved from http://www.gwu.edu/~forcpgm/2013-005.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Rebeggiani, L., & Rebeggiani, F. (2013). Which factors favor betting related cheating in sports? Some insights from political economy. In M. R. Haberfeld & D. Sheehan (Eds.), Match-fixing in international sports: Existing processes, law enforcement, and prevention strategies (pp. 157–176). New York, NY: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Rest, J. R. (1986). Moral development: Advances in research and theory. New York, NY: Praeger.
   Google Scholar
• Sailors, P. R., Teetzel, S., & Weaving, C. (2015). Lentius, inferius, debilius: The ethics of ‘not trying’ on the Olympic stage. Sport in Society, 18(1), 17–27. doi:10.1080/17430437.2014.919259
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serby, T. (2015). The Council of Europe convention on manipulation of sports competitions: The best bet for the global fight against match-fixing? The International Sports Law Journal, 15(1–2), 83–100. doi:10.1007/s40318-015-0069-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh, J. B. (2011). Determinants of the effectiveness of corporate codes of ethics: An empirical study. Journal of Business Ethics, 101(3), 385–395. doi:10.1007/s10551-010-0727-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smetana, J. G. (2006). Social-cognitive domain theory: Consistencies and variations in children’s moral and social judgments. In M. Killen & J. G. Smetana (Eds..), Handbook of moral development (pp. 119–155). doi:10.1080/03057240.2015.1053738
   Google Scholar
• Sokolowski, R. (1985). Moral action: A phenomenological study. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Spapens, T., & Olfers, M. (2013). Matchfixing in Nederland: De aard en reikwijdte van het probleem, de risico’s en de aanpak [Match-fixing in the Netherlands: The nature and scope of the problem, the risks and the approach]. Tilburg: Tilburg University.
   Google Scholar
• Spapens, T., & Olfers, M. (2015). Match-fixing: The current discussion in Europe and the case of the Netherlands. European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice, 23(4), 333–358. doi:10.1163/15718174-23032077
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tak, M., Sam, M. P., & Jackson, S. J. (2018). The problems and causes of match-fixing: Are legal sports betting regimes to blame? Journal of Criminological Research, Policy and Practice, 4(1), 73–87. doi:10.1108/JCRPP-01-2018-0006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tennis Vlaanderen. (2018). Tennis Vlaanderen Jaarverslag 2018 [Tennis Flanders annual report 2018]. Retrieved from https://www.tennisvlaanderen.be/documents/12301/325474/Jaarverslag+2018/58b5e163-3156-45da-b7c5-4f258184d971?version=1.1
   Google Scholar
• Theodorou, N. C. (2017). Fix-the-fixing, play the game 2017. Retrieved from https://www.slideshare.net/apolon1hermes1/match-fixing-sport-event-manipulation-in-eu-member-states
   Google Scholar
• University Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne, & International Centre for Sport Security. (2014, May). Protecting the integrity of sport competition: The last bet for modern sport. Paris: Sorbonne-ICSS research programme on ethics and sports integrity.
   Google Scholar
• Van Rompuy, B. (2015, January). The odds of match fixing: Facts & figures on the integrity risk of certain sports bets. Retrieved from https://www.asser.nl/media/2422/the-odds-of-matchfixing-report2015.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Voetbal Vlaanderen. (2018). Voetbal Vlaanderen jaarverslag 2018 [Soccer Flanders annual report 2018]. Brussels, Belgium: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Webley, S., & Werner, A. (2008). Corporate codes of ethics: Necessary but not sufficient. Business Ethics: A European Review, 17(4), 405–415. doi:10.1108/hrmid.2009.04417bad.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, H., & Liu, W. (2013). Analysis of the badminton match-throwing in London Olympics. Procedia Computer Science, 17, 1222–1230. doi:10.1016/j.procs.2013.05.156
   Google Scholar
• Yilmaz, S., Manoli, A. E., & Antonopoulos, G. A. (2018). An anatomy of Turkish football match-fixing. Trends in Organized Crime. Advance online publication. doi:10.1007/s12117-018-9345-8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zamante. (2012, December). Transfers, money and the social aspect in Belgian amateur football. Retrieved from https://www.slideshare.net/zamante/zamante-research-amateur-footb
   Google Scholar