God Representations, Attachment to God, and Satisfaction With Life: A Comparison of Doctrinal and Experiential Representations of God in Christian Young Adults

REFERENCES

• Aletti , M. 2005 . Religion as an illusion: Prospects for and problems with a psychoanalytical model . Archive for the Psychology of Religion , 27 : 1 – 18 .
   Google Scholar
• Allport , G. W. and Ross , J. M. 1967 . Personal religious orientation and prejudice . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 5 : 432 – 443 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baldwin , M. W. 1992 . Relational schemas and the processing of social information . Psychological Bulletin , 112 : 461 – 484 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnard , P. J. and Teasdale , J. D. 1991 . Interacting cognitive subsystems: A systemic approach to cognitive-affective interaction and change . Cognition and Emotion , 5 : 1 – 39 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Batson , C. D. , Schoenrade , P. A. and Ventis , W. L. 1993 . Religion and the individual: A social-psychological perspective New York , NY : Oxford University Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Beck , R. and McDonald , A. 2004 . Attachment to God: The Attachment to God Inventory, tests of working model correspondence, and an exploration of faith group differences . Journal of Psychology and Theology , 32 : 92 – 103 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benson , P. and Spilka , B. 1973 . God image as a function of self-esteem and locus of control . Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion , 12 : 297 – 310 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birgegard , A. and Granqvist , P. 2004 . The correspondence between attachment to parents and God: Three experiments using subliminal separation cues . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 30 : 1122 – 1135 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowlby , J. 1997 . Attachment and loss: Vol. 1. Attachment London , , UK : Pimlico-Random House. . (Original work published 1969)
   Google Scholar
• Bowlby , J. 2004 . Attachment and loss: Vol. 2. Separation. London , , UK : Pimlico-Random House. . (Original work published 1973)
   Google Scholar
• Bowlby , J. 2005 . Making and breaking of affectional bonds New York , NY : Routledge. . (Original work published 1979)
   Google Scholar
• Bradshaw , M. , Ellison , C. G. and Marcum , J. P. 2010 . Attachment to God, images of God, and psychological distress in a nationwide sample of Presbyterians . International Journal for the Psychology of Religion , 20 : 130 – 147 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dezutter , J. , Luyckx , K. , Schaap-Jonker , H. , Bussing , A. , Corveleyn , J. and Hutsebaut , D. 2010 . God image and happiness in chronic pain patients: The mediating role of disease interpretation . Pain Medicine , 11 : 765 – 773 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diener , E. , Emmons , R. A. , Larsen , R. J. and Griffin , S. 1985 . The Satisfaction With Life Scale . Journal of Personality Assessment , 49 : 71 – 75 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Exline , J. J. , Yali , A. M. and Sanderson , W. C. 2000 . Guilt, discord, and alienation: The role of religious strain in depression and suicidality . Journal of Clinical Psychology , 56 : 1481 – 1496 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Festinger , L. 1957 . A theory of cognitive dissonance Stanford , CA : Stanford University Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Fraley , R. C. , Heffernan , M. E. , Vicary , A. and Brumbaugh , C. C. 2011 . The Experiences in Close Relationships–Relationship Structures questionnaire: A method for assessing attachment orientations across relationships . Psychological Assessment , 23 : 615 – 625 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibson , N. J. S. 2006 . The experimental investigation of religious cognition Cambridge , , England : University of Cambridge. . (Unpublished doctoral dissertation), Retrieved from http://www.prrg.org/prrg/people/staff/staff.acds?instanceid=1609850&context=1609849
   Google Scholar
• Gorsuch , R. L. 1968 . The conceptualization of God as seen in adjective ratings . Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion , 7 : 56 – 64 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorsuch , R. L. and McPherson , S. E. 1989 . Intrinsic/extrinsic measurement: I/E–Revised and single-item scales . Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion , 28 : 348 – 354 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Granqvist , P. and Kirkpatrick , L. A. 2008 . “ Attachment and religious representations and behaviour. ” . In Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications, , 2nd ed. Edited by: Cassidy , J. and Shaver , P. R. 906 – 933 . New York , NY : Guilford. .
   Google Scholar
• Hall , T. W. 2003 . Relational spirituality: Implications of the convergence of attachment theory, interpersonal neurobiology, and emotional information processing . Psychology of Religion Newsletter , 28 : 1 – 12 .
   Google Scholar
• Hall , T. W. and Brokaw , B. F. 1995 . The relationship of spiritual maturity to level of object relations development and God image . Pastoral Psychology , 43 : 373 – 391 .
   Google Scholar
• Hall , T. W. , Tisdale , T. C. and Brokaw , B. F. 1994 . Assessment of religious dimensions in Christian clients: A review of selected instruments for research and clinical use . Journal of Psychology and Theology , 22 : 395 – 421 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higgins , E. T. 1987 . Self-discrepancy: A theory relating self and affect . Psychological Review , 94 : 319 – 340 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill , P. C. and Gibson , N. J. S. 2008 . Whither the roots? Achieving conceptual depth in psychology of religion . Archive for the Psychology of Religion , 30 : 19 – 35 .
   Google Scholar
• Hill , P. C. and Hood , R. W. Jr. 1999 . Affect, religion and unconscious processes . Journal of Personality , 67 : 1015 – 1046 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffman , L. , Jones , T. T. , Williams , F. and Dillard , K. S. The God image, the God concept, and attachment . Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Christian Association for Psychological Studies . St. Petersburg , FL . March .
   Google Scholar
• Hunsberger , B. 1989 . A short version of the Christian Orthodoxy Scale . Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion , 28 : 360 – 365 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaufman , G. D. 1981 . The theological imagination: Constructing the concept of God Philadelphia , PA : Westminster Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Kim , S. 2008 . Attachment to parents and God: Implicit and explicit investigations of the internal working model correspondence (Unpublished master's thesis) La Mirada , CA : Rosemead School of Psychology, Biola University. .
   Google Scholar
• Kirkpatrick , L. A. 2005 . Attachment evolution and the psychology of religion New York , NY : Guilford. .
   Google Scholar
• Koenig , H. G. , Parkerson , G. R. and Meador , K. G. 1997 . Religion index for psychiatric research: A 5-item measure for use in health outcome studies . American Journal of Psychiatry , 154 : 885
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawrence , R. T. 1991 . The God Image Inventory: The development, validation, and standardization of a psychometric instrument for research, pastoral and clinical use in measuring the image of God Washington , DC : The Catholic University of America. . (Unpublished doctoral dissertation)
   Google Scholar
• Lawrence , R. T. 1997 . Measuring the image of God: The God Image Inventory and the God Image Scales . Journal of Psychology and Theology , 25 : 214 – 226 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newton , A. T. and McIntosh , D. N. 2010 . Specific religious beliefs in a cognitive appraisal model of stress and coping . International Journal for the Psychology of Religion , 20 : 39 – 58 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pargament , K. I. , Ensing , D. S. , Falgout , K. and Olsen , H. 1990 . God help me: Religious coping efforts as predictors of the outcomes to significant negative life events . American Journal of Community Psychology , 18 : 793 – 824 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pew Research Center. 2008 . U.S. Religious Landscape Survey. Retrieved from http://religions.pewforum.org/pdf/report2-religious-landscape-study-full.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Rizzuto , A. M. 1979 . The birth of the living God: A psychoanalytic study Chicago , IL : University of Chicago Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Rosenberg , M. 1965 . Society and the adolescent self image, , Rev. ed. Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Rowatt , W. C. and Kirkpatrick , L. A. 2002 . Two dimensions of attachment to God and their relation to affect, religiosity, and personality constructs . Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion , 41 : 637 – 651 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaap-Jonker , H. , Eurelings-Bontekoe , E. H. M. , Zock , H. and Jonker , E. 2007 . The personal and normative image of God: the role of religious culture and mental health . Archive for the Psychology of Religion , 29 : 305 – 318 .
   Google Scholar
• Schaap-Jonker , H. , Eurelings-Bontekoe , E. H. M. , Zock , H. and Jonker , E. 2008 . Development and validation of the Dutch Questionnaire God Image: Effects of mental health and religious culture . Mental Health, Religion, and Culture , 11 : 501 – 515 .
   Google Scholar
• Sim , T. N. and Loh , S. M. 2003 . Attachment to God: Measurement and dynamics . Journal of Social and Personal Relationships , 20 : 373 – 389 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watts , F. N. and Williams , J. M. G. 1988 . The psychology of religious knowing Cambridge , , England : Cambridge University Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Wiegand , K. E. and Weiss , H. M. 2006 . Affective reactions to the thought of “God”: Moderating effects of the image of God . Journal of Happiness Studies , 7 : 23 – 40 .
   Google Scholar
• Wong-McDonald , A. and Gorsuch , R. 2004 . A multivariate theory of God concept, religious motivation, locus of control, coping, and spiritual well-being . Journal of Psychology and Theology , 32 : 318 – 334 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yarborough , C. A. , Gibson , N. J. S. and Moriarty , G. L. Depression and the emotional experience of God . Paper presented at the congress of the International Association for the Psychology of Religion . Vienna , Austria.
   Google Scholar
• Zahl , B. P. and Gibson , N. J. S. God concepts? Depends on how you ask: Exploring measurement differences in God concept research . Paper presented at the 2008 annual conference of the Christian Association of Psychological Studies . Phoenix , AZ .
   Google Scholar